Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 18 1 2024 05 09 1678 1678 Shahrzad Taheri Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur Universi-ty of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Elham Jahanifard Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur Universi-ty of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Babak Vazirianzadeh Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Reza Arjmand Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2023 09 03 2024 03 13 Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is widely distributed in Iran and around the world. Also, Khuzestan Province is an endemic focus of ZCL. This study aims to investigate the natural infection of sand flies with the Leishmania parasite in Karun County. Methods: Sand flies were collected from Jangiyeh, Qaleh Chanan, Kut-e-Navaser, and Ghazavieh in the spring and summer in the year of 2019, by installing 60 sticky paper traps each time (30 traps outdoors and 30 traps indoors). Two hun­dred female sand flies with different abdominal conditions (empty, blood-fed, semi-gravid, and gravid) were examined for infection rate using the Nested-PCR method. Results: In this study, seven species of sand flies including Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. sergenti, Ph. cau­casicus, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Se. sintoni, and Se. antennata were reported from Karun County, with a frequency of 79.64%, 16.96%, 1.07%, 0.18%, 0.36%, 1.61%, and 0.18%, respectively. Only eleven specimens of Ph. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major, with an overall infection rate of 7.8%. The infection of Ph. papatasi was specifically reported in blood-fed, gravid, and semi-gravid specimens, with infection rates of 17.02%, 4.35%, and 14.29%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the infection of L. major from Ph. papatasi was reported. The results can be used in planning the control of ZCL in the study area. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1678 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1678/648