Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 1 9 EN Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska The Chair of Medical Biology, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Alina Woźniak The Chair of Medical Biology, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Ewa Krzyżyńska-Malinowska Department of Cosmetology, Torun Higher School of Business, Toruń, Poland Lucyna Kałużna Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Roland Wesołowski The Chair of Medical Biology, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Wojciech Poćwiardowski Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Poland Marcin Owcarz Ludwik Rydygier Voivodship Polyclinical Hospital, Toruń, Poland 2016 02 09 2016 02 09 Background:  Scabies is an ectoparasitic infection, which occurs because of direct skin-to skin contact. The ideal treatment modality is still unclear and further research on this topic is warranted. The aim of the study was to com­pare the efficacy and safety of the topical scabicides: permethrin, crotamiton and sulfur ointment. Methods: Fifty four patients with diagnosed scabies were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The first group received 5% permethrin cream twice with one week interval, the patients from the second group were given crotamiton lotion for two days twice with one week interval, while the third group received 10% sulfur ointment for two or three weeks. All patients were followed up at 1, 2 and 4 weeks intervals. Results: At one-week follow up the cure rate was significantly higher at permethrin-treated group when compared to crotamiton group (P< 0.001) and sulfur group (P< 0.001). At the end of two-week interval, the cure rate at perme­thrin group was 100%, while at crotamiton group, 66.7% and in sulfur group 38.9% (P< 0.001). At 4-week follow up the applied treatment was effective in all studied individuals. Conclusion: The topical application of permethrin, crotamiton and sulfur was equally efficacious at 4-week follow up, however permethrin cream showed faster improvement at first and second follow up. Acquiring permethrin is considered as expensive option and crotamiton lotion seems to be cost-less alternative to this cream. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/381 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/381/304

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 147 155 EN Elham A El Zayyat Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Mohammed I Soliman Research Institute of Medical Entomology, Dokki, Egypt Noha A Elleboudy Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Shaimaa E Ofaa Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Protecting the environment from chemical hazards of synthetic insecticides along with offering of new breeding areas for vectors by urbanization indicate the trial of natural insecticides. Methods: The acetone extracts of Anethum graveolens, Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris were tested for their insecticidal effect on Culex pipiens adults and larvae in different concentrations depending on the technique used. Results: The extracts were significantly effective in all models used with basil being the best in all tested three tech­niques (LC50= 0.064) in larval feeding, (LC50= 0.330) in CDC bottle assay and (LC50= 13.148) in adults feeding (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The results recommend the eco-friendly studied extracts as candidates for controlling Cx.  pipiens the lymphatic filariasis vector. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/430 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/430/314

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 166 170 EN Teimour Hazratian Departement of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Ali Tagizadeh Departement of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad Chaichi Departement of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Madineh Abbasi Departement of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 01 24 2017 01 24 Myiasis is caused by the larvae of flies infesting animal or human tissues and organs. This report aims to present a case of pharyngeal myiasis caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae). A 55-yr old drug addict living in the Shahindeje village of Western Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran was referred to the Emam Reza Hospi­tal in Tabriz, having a medical history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and hospitalized due to respiratory distress, 20 days ago. He was intubated with a mechanical ventilator (MV) because of his respiratory distress condition. There was an evidence of the presence of pulmonary nodules in his lungs following diagnosis, and a CT scan revealed a cavity in his lung. During the nasogastric intubation procedure, a larva was seen emerging from the patient’s mouth by one of the staff of the intensive care unit of the hospital. A laboratory diagnosis was per­formed in the Entomology Department of the School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Interest­ingly, larvae of O. ovis were identified and confirmed following the laboratory proceedings. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/603 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/603/344

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 171 171 EN Ali Mehrabi-Tavana Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 01 15 2017 01 15 Sand Fly Fever with Different Names https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/594 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/594/339

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 10 18 EN Mohammad Saiful Islam Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea AND Department of Medicine Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Myung Jo You Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea 2016 02 14 2016 02 14 Background: The aim of the present study was to induce salivation in Haemaphysalis longicornis to increase saliva production and to characterize the collection of proteins present in the collected saliva using on-chip-electrophoresis. Methods: Saliva of adult female engorged H. longicornis was collected by treatment with 0.2% dopamine hydrochlo­ride. All protein samples were characterized by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis using a microfluidic High Sensitiv­ity Protein Assay 250 kit by 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA) under non-reducing conditions. Results: The average salivary protein concentration was 0.169 µg/µl/tick and saliva secretion decreased with in­creased time of tick detachment from the host. Saliva secretion volume increased to 3.56 µl in the group of ticks with a body weight between 301–350 mg as compared to higher and lower body weight groups. On-chip-electrophoresis results show 13 distinct bands ranging from 9.9 to 294 kDa. Conclusion: Based on molecular weight, the putative salivary proteins are comprised of proline-rich proteins, tria­bin, apyrase members of the 12-kDa protein family, platelet inhibitors and anti-inflammatory proteins as tick saliva contains anti-inflammatory components. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/384 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/384/305

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 156 160 EN Saber Sadeghi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Meysam Dashan Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2016 05 21 2016 05 21 Background: The best-known dangerous spiders belong to the six genera. The genus Loxosceles or violin spiders are well known for their ability to cause skin necrosis or loxoscelism. All Loxosceles species have medical im­portance due to their necrotizing venom. The present article reports the occurrence of L. rufescens in Charkhab Cave, south of Iran (Larestan). Methods: The specimens were collected from the Charkhab Cave using handling forceps, paintbrush and aspirator and preserved in 96% ethanol. Results: Loxosceles rufescens, a medically important spider, is recorded from Charkhab Cave in Fars Province (southwest of Iran). Identification of L. rufescens was performed based on external morphology and the features of male genitalia. Conclusion: Presence of L. rufescens in south of Iran especially in a cave confirmed that this species is a widely distributed species in Iran. Therefore, cavers or cave visitors should be aware of this poisonous spider in caves. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/459 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/459/317

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 19 26 EN Murat Sefikogullari Pediatric Clinic, Private Samandağ Medical Center, Hatay, Turkey Ali Kaya Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey Huseyin Aydin Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey Enver Sancakdar Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey Veysel Kenan Celik Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey Gokhan Bagci Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey 2016 02 17 2016 02 17 Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a disease characterized by serious course, including acute viral fever, ecchymosis, thrombocytopenia, liver dysfunction and high rate of mortality. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) play an important role both in the inflamma­tory process and plasma leakage. The aim of this study was to define HIF-1α and VEGF-A serum levels obtained from CCHF patients and control group and to investigate whether these factors were correlated with the pathogenesis of this disease. Methods: Thirty cases younger than 17 yr confirmed by RT-PCR and/or ELISA for CCHF were included in this study. Thirty age and sex matched healthy peoples were enrolled as controls. Blood samples collected from the pa­tient and control groups. Serum levels of HIF-1α and VEGF-A were measured with ELISA. Results: Levels of HIF-1α and VEGF-A were statistically significantly increased in CCHF patients compared to the control group (P< 0.05).  A significant positive correlation was found between the levels of HIF-1α and VEGF-A in the patient group (P< 0.01). The levels of ALT, AST, CK, aPTT, WBC and Thrombocyte count were significantly higher in the patients than in the control group (P< 0.001). A positive correlation was found among the levels of AST and CK from biochemical parame­ters and VEGF and HIF-1α in the patient group (P< 0.05) Conclusion: HIF-1α and VEGF-A might play an important role in CCHF pathogenesis. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/387 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/387/306

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 161 165 EN Mahboubeh Fatemi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Saeidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arshad Veysi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Khamesipour Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 07 02 2016 07 02 Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a neglected tropical disease prevailed in many rural areas of 17 out of 31 provinces in Iran. The main vector of the disease is Phlebotomus papatasi and the causative agent is Leishmania major in ZCL foci of Iran. In the current study we investigated the validity of accessory glands secre­tions as an indicator to recognize parous from nulliparous Ph. papatasi females under laboratory conditions. Methods: Over 235 laboratory-reared females of Ph. papatasi were dissected in 6 groups including: newly emerged, one hour, one day, two days, and three days after blood feeding and also after oviposition under stereo microscope for their parity in 2014–2015. Results: Transparent glands were compatible with nulliparous only in newly emerged sand flies. In sand flies dis­sected after oviposition, accessory glands were rather large as a result of oviposition though they were transparent. Conclusion: The accessory glands secretions could not be as an indicator for distinguishing parous from nulliparous of Ph. papatasi females. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/495 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/495/326

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 27 35 EN Kavita Yadav Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India Sunil Dhiman Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India Bipul Rabha Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India Diganta Goswami Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India PK Saikia Zoology Department, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India Vijay Veer Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India 2016 02 24 2016 02 24 Background: Orang Primary Health Centre (OPHC) and Balipara Primary Health Centre (BPHC) of Assam (India) report mosquito borne diseases annually. Current study was performed to ascertain the prevalence of known malaria and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vectors and their possible role in disease transmission. Methods: Malaria epidemiological data for 2006–2010 and JE data for 2008–2013 of Assam, India were obtained from the health authority. Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and identified morpho-taxonomically. Results: Plasmodium falciparum cases (81.5%, 95% CI= 72.0–91.1) were statistically higher in OPHC (P< 0.0001, t= 8.0) during the recent years. There was 4.4 folds rise in the confirmed acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and 3.2 folds increase in the confirmed JE cases during 2013 as compared to 2008. Altogether 9,218 mosquito specimens (PTND= 153.6), comprising of 44.1% anophelines (PTND= 67.7), 42.3% culicines (PTND= 65.0) and 9.5% manso­nia (PTND= 14.6) were recorded. In BPHC, An. vagus was recorded in high density (P< 0.0001), whereas Cx. quin­quefasciatus was the predominant JE vector (P= 0.04). In OPHC, among the known malaria vectors, the density of An. annularis was significantly high (P< 0.0001). However Culex bitaeniorhynchus was the predominant known JE vector (P< 0.0001) followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus. Conclusion: Even in the absence of known efficient vectors, many Anopheles species are still involved in malaria transmission. There was disappearance of An. minimus and An. dirus and establishment of An. annularis, An. vagus and An. philippinensis/nivipes mosquitoes in study area. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/391 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/391/308

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 36 41 EN Zabihollah Zarei Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Centers for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Heidari Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beigom Kia Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Amrollah Azarm Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran Hasan Bakhshi Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Jaber Davoodi Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Islamic Azad University Abhar Branch, Abhar, Iran Hamid Hassanpour Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Manizhe Roohnavaz Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahya Khodabakhsh Department of Veterinary Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 02 24 2016 02 24 Background: Rodents play an important role as reservoir of some pathogens, and the host of some ectoparasites as well. These ectoparasites can transmit rodents’ pathogens to human or animals. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and infestation load of ectoparasites on rodents in Meshkin-Shahr District, northwestern Iran. Method: Rodents were captured using baited live traps in spring 2014 from Meshkin-Shahr District and were trans­ferred to the laboratory for identification to the species level. Their ectoparasites were collected, mounted and identi­fied. Results: Three rodent species including Meriones persicus (74%), Mus musculus (16.9%) and Cricetulus migrato­rius (9%) were identified. Among all rodents, 185 specimens (90.69%) were infested with a total of 521 ectopara­sites. Overall, 10 arthropods species were collected, including fleas (97.6%), one mite (1.6%) and one louse species (0.6%) as follows: Xenopsylla nubica, X. astia, X. buxtoni, X. cheopis, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, N. iranus, Cten­ocephalides felis, Ctenophthalmus rettigismiti, Ornithonyssus sp and one species of genus Polyplax. The most prev­alent ectoparasites species was X. nubica (89%). Conclusion: Nearly all rodent species were infested with Xenopsylla species. Monitoring of ectoparasites on infested rodents is very important for awareness and early warning towards control of arthropod-borne diseases. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/392 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/392/309

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 42 49 EN Elham Valikhanfard-Zanjani Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Abbas Zare-Mirakabadi Department of Venomous Animals and Antivenom Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran Ehsan Zayerzadeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran 2016 04 18 2016 04 18 Background: Nowadays use of specific antivenin for latrodectism is considered as the most effective treatment in the world. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of specific antivenom against histopathological complications caused by Latrodectus dahli venom on liver, heart and kidneys tissues within 72 h. Methods: Two groups were selected, each one contained 6 male New Zealand rabbits weighing 2±0.5 kg. The ani­mals were anesthetized with 0.5 ml ketamine and 0.5 ml xylazine by intramuscular route. The L. dahli venom (0.5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously to both the groups. The second group of rabbits 24 h after the venom injection received specific antivenom by intravenous route. Seventy-two hours after the venom and antivenom injections, the rabbits were dissected to obtain heart, liver and kidney tissues. The tissues were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stains and histopathological studies were examined by optical microscope. Results: In group one, the venom induced myocytolysis, myocarditis, coagulation necrosis in the heart tissue and the liver tissue showed central vein congestion, congested vessels, dilated sinusoids and inflammation. However, no significant histopathological complications were observed in kidney tissues. In the second group, antivenom injec­tion greatly prevented escalation of the complications on foresaid tissues. Conclusion: Latrodectus dahli venom induces histopathological complications on vital organs. Specific antivenom injection, 24 h after the venom injection, could protect the tissues from incidence and intensification of histopatho­logical complications. Future studies in human beings should be conducted to assess the protection against the spe­cific-Latrodectus antivenin. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/427 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/427/311

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 50 59 EN Shabab Nasir Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Farhat Jabeen Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Sadia Abbas Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Iram Nasir Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakisatn Mustapha Debboun Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, TX, USA 2016 04 20 2016 04 20 Background: The population of mosquitoes is mainly influenced by the biotic and abiotic factors. Although Aedes aegypti was reported until 1960’s in the Punjab, Pakistan, the population has increased dramatically since 2009 and caused severe epidemics in 2011 due to heavy floods and rains. Thus, this study was carried out to know the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the population of Aedes aegypti. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected from fresh, sewage, and rain water ponds, fish ponds, rice fields, tyres, tree holes, and manmade storage containers present in and around residential homes twice during every winter (October–February), summer (March–June) and monsoon season (July–September) from marked rural areas. Results: More mosquitoes were collected in 2010 and 2011 due to floods than other years with heavy rains. High population (52.4%) was recorded during the rainy season due to high temperature (28–36 °C) and high relative hu­midity (up to 75%), while low population was recorded during the winter due to low temperature (< 5 °C) and low relative humidity (< 22%). Specimens were recorded indoors when outside temperature was below freezing point. Ae. aegypti was largely collected from tyres and urban areas mostly during the rainy season from small water con­tainers. Years, months, seasons, temperature and relative humidity were statistically significant concerning the pop­ulation dynamics of mosquitoes. Conclusion: Abiotic factors (temperature & relative humidity) along with habitat have significant impact on popula­tion dynamics of mosquitoes. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/428 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/428/312

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 60 77 EN Naseh Maleki-Ravasan Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), PasteurInstitute of Iran (PII), Tehran, Iran Abbas Bahrami Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz Province, Karaj, Iran AND Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh Shayeghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mona Koosha Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Oshaghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 04 23 2016 04 23 Background: Caddisflies have significant roles in freshwater ecosystems. Morphological identification is the major impediment in accurate species identification of Hydropsychids. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers are suitable for molecular systematics of these group of arthropods. Methods: Trichopteran specimens of Lavasan District in northeastern Tehran, Iran were collected in 2012, and de­scribed using the morphological and molecular characters of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) and three expansion fragments of large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) D1, D2, and D3. The resemblance of the specimen sequences was obtained by conducting BLAST searches against the GenBank database and by using simple maximum likelihood clustering using COI, D1, D2, D3, and combination of D1-D2-D3 se­quence data sets. Results: Based on morphological traits the specimens were resembled to Hydropsyche sciligra however there were no its counterpart sequences in the GenBank. Due to lack of unique group of data set for each gene fragment, the specimens were associated with different taxa on molecular phylograms. The sequence contents of the COI, D1, D2, D3, and D1-D3 regions clustered H. sciligra with H. brevis, H. angustipennis, H. occidentalis, H. hedini, H. gra­hami, and H. longifurca/H. naumanni, respectively. Conclusion: Phylogenies obtained from combination of D1-D3 showed the highest bootstrap values for most of clades suggesting that long LSU-rDNA potentially is more useful for understanding phylogenetic relationships of caddisflies. A large-scale molecular and zoogeographic study on trichopteran species is suggested to revise and to develop the current knowledge of the caddisfly fauna and distributions in the country. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/429 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/429/313

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 78 85 EN Babak Vazirianzadeh Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Depatrment of Medical Entomology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Amir Jalali Depatrment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Toxicology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mostafa Chrom Depatrment of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Ahvaz University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran Alireza Mohammady Depatrment of Medical Entomology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Depatrment of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Forozan Panahi Depatrment of Medical Entomology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2016 04 30 2016 04 30 Background: The different features of scorpions can be successfully described by their nesting and burrowing behaviors. There is little information about burrowing activity of Iranian scorpions. Methods: The current study was performed to compare the burrowing behavior between two burrowing Iranian scorpions, Scorpio maurus and Odonthubutus bidentatus by describing 30 nests of each species regarding collecting the scorpions. Results: Scorpio maurus and O. bidentatus have a tendency to make nest with elliptical, round-like entrance and oval shape with arch at the top, respectively. There was not any significant difference between nest entrance properties of two scorpions. One-way ANOVA test showed that the height and diameter of two species nests were not significantly different. A Pearson correlation also showed a relative strong direct relationship between height and diameter of S. maurus nests than O. bidentatus. This correlation was not significant in the case of O. bidentatus. The results provided additional habitat information of scorpions. Conclusion: The nests morphology characteristics of two Iranian scorpions including shape, depth, length and diameter depend are different from each other based on the following factors: species, soil texture, soil moisture and region conditions. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/436 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/436/315

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 86 94 EN Mehmet Karakus Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey Bayram Gocmen Department of Zoology, Science Faculty, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey Yusuf Özbel Department of Parasitology, Medical School, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 2016 05 16 2016 05 16 Background: In Turkey, vector control programs are mainly based on indoor residual spraying with pyre­throids against mosquitoes. No special control program is available for sand flies. Most insecticide susceptibil­ity tests were done for mosquitoes but not for sand flies. We therefore aimed to determine the insecticide susceptibility against two commonly used insecticides; deltamethrin and permethrin, on wild-caught sand fly populations collected in two geographically separated leishmaniasis endemic areas. Methods: Insecticide susceptibility of wild-caught sand flies to deltamethrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) using ready-to use impregnated insecticide papers of WHO was investigated in 2010 based on knock­down time using standard WHO tube-test kit and procedures. Sand flies used in this study were col­lected from villages of Aydin (Bascayır) and Mugla (Tepecik). Results: The resistance and early resistance were detected on the sand fly population from Mugla province against deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively. However, populations from Aydin Province were sensitive to both insecticides. Conclusion: The resistance against deltamethrin and permethrin was detected on sand fly population in Mugla Province where both insecticides have been applied for long time while no resistance was found in the insecticide free area, Aydin Province. These findings can be an indicator for showing the ability for develop­ing the insecticide resistance in sand flies. Because of the presence and dominancy of vector sand fly species of Leishmania infantum (Phlebotomus neglectus, P. tobbi) in both study areas, the systematic monitoring for resistance of sand fly populations and more attention are needed by the authorities involved in control pro­grams for sand fly-borne diseases. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/457 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/457/316

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 95 104 EN Azar Tahghighi Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AND Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Foroumadi Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Susan Kabudanian Ardestani Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mohammad Amin Mahdian Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 28 2016 05 28 Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to the prolonged duration of therapy, adverse effect and resistance to current drugs in the treatment of CL, the dis­covery of novel, efficient, and safe leishmanicidal drugs is required. The aims of the present study was to synthesis of new compounds based on the active compounds of 5-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)- and 5-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thia­diazole bearing the linear amino alcohol of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in the C-2 position of thiadiazole ring and evaluation of their activity against the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania major. Methods: Reaction between the solution of 5-(5-nitro heteroaryl)-2-chloro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and piperidin-4-ol in absolute ethanol was performed and the resulting products were evaluated against promastigotes form of L. major with MTT assay and amastigote form of L. major in murine peritoneal macrophages. In addition, the toxicity of these compounds was assessed against mouse peritoneal macrophages with MTT assay. Results: New synthetic compounds 5a-b showed moderate in vitro antileishmanial activity against L. major pro­mastigotes with IC50 values of 68.9 and 27 µM, respectively. These compounds have also demonstrated a good antiamastigote activity in terms of amastigote number per macrophage, the percentage of macrophage infectivity and infectivity index. Conclusion: Novel cyclic compounds 5a-b were synthesized and exhibited less antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity compared to linear analogues. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/461 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/461/318

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 105 115 EN Mohammad Bagher Ghavami Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Fahimeh Poorrastgoo Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Behrooz Taghiloo Zanjan Health Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Jamshid Mohammadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2016 06 11 2016 06 11 Background: Fleas are important vectors of human and animal disease, and control measures for protection against their bites and flea-borne diseases are necessary. Methods: The essential oils (EOs) of four native medicinal plants, Ziziphora tenuiore, Myrtus communis, Achillea wilhelmsii and Mentha piperita were isolated by hydrodistillation technique and analyzed by GC-MC. The repellent activity of EOs and synthetic compounds, DEET and permethrin, were assayed on human subjects against field col­lected fleas. The effective doses of 50% and 90% of EOs and synthetic compounds were estimated by probit analysis of dose and response regression line. Results: Analysis of EOs revealed about 19 major components. All oils were found to be more repellent (ED50 range= 208–955µg cm-2) than DEET and permethrin (ED50 range= 27–182 x 103 µg cm-2). Thyme and myrtle oils showed high repellent activities and among the total detected terpenes, thymol (36.26%) and α- pinene (32.5%) were the major components of those oils respectively. Conclusion: Low repellent potency of DEET and permethrin against fleas might be related to flea olfactory system and further molecular and electrophysiological studies are required to conceive new ideas for the discovery and de­velopment of the next generation of repellents. Based on high repellent activity of thyme and myrtle essential oils against Pulex irritans further studies should be staged to develop their appropriate effective formulations. Likewise, field trials should be carried out to evaluate the operational feasibility and dermal toxicity over a long period. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/482 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/482/319

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 116 123 EN Mahnaz Khanavi Department of Pharmacognosy and Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Najafi Department of Pharmacognosy and Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyede Nargess Sadati Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 06 19 2016 06 19 Backgrand: The genus Ajuga, belongs to Lamiaceae family, is one of the exclusive subspecies in the flora of Iran. The plants of this genus are used traditionally for treatment of joints pain, gout, jaundice, and as insecticide. Methods: larvicidal activity of methanol 80% extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate obtained from aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus subspecies tomentella against malaria vector An. stephensi was evaluated. Phytochemical study of active fraction was analyzed using column chromatography and spectroscopy. Results: According to the results, among different fractions, hexane fraction has the most larvicidal activity with mortality rate of 100% in concentration of 102 ppm and LC50 of 95.66ppm. The structure of compound 1, main phy­toecdysteroid compound separated from hexane fraction, was determined to be ajugalide-E. Conclusion: The results suggested that the hexane fraction of Ajuga chamaecistus subsp tomentella could be used as a natural and biodegradable insecticide. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/483 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/483/320

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 124 131 EN Mahmoodreza Behravan Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahideh Moin-Vaziri Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Haghighi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nourina Rahbarian Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Taghipour Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Abadi Department of Social Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Homa Hajjaran Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 06 29 2016 06 29 Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases and a major public health challenge in Iran caused by Leishmania spp and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The number of CL cases has shown an increasing pattern all over the country, including the district of Varamin, southeast of Tehran, Iran. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania spp isolated from CL patients using molecular methods in Varamin during 2012–2013. Methods: Exudate materials collected from the swollen edge of the skin lesions of 44 parasitological positive CL patients by disposable lancet. They were referred to Varamin Health Center by physician. The samples were sub­jected to molecular method for Leishmania species identification. Results: The digestion pattern of restriction enzyme revealed that 37 (84.1%) CL patients were infected with L. ma­jor and 7 (15.9%) were infected with L. tropica. They were mostly male than female. More than half of the patients (58%) had multiple lesions, and they were mostly observed on extremities, 34.1% on legs and 29.5% on hands. Le­sions were mostly of wet ulcerative type. Conclusion: Dominancy of L. major provides more evidence that Varamin District probably could be considered as Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) areas. More investigation on other epidemiological aspects of disease is needed.  https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/491 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/491/322

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 132 138 EN Nafiseh Ghobakhloo Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Hossein Motazedian Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran Behrad Pourmohammadi Damghan School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran Zahra Yousefi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2016 06 29 2016 06 29 Background: This study was designed to detect whether there is a correlation between in vitro susceptibility of field isolates of Leishmania major and the clinical outcomes of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) therapy, the main­stay of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in Iran. Methods: Forty-three patients infected with L. major were enrolled in this study from October 2009 to March 2010 and categorized as responsive or unresponsive to Glucantime® treatment after receiving the appropriate therapy. Then, intracellular amastigote approach was conducted on these field strains to investigate in vitro drug susceptibility as well. Results: At clinical level, out of 43 patients, 15 were clinically non-responsive and 28 were responsive to antimony therapy. All those 28 clinically sensitive strains were susceptible to antimony in the in vitro assay, whereas merely 11 isolates from 15 non-healing isolates were resistant in vitro. Finally, a good correlation (78.9%) with high sensi­tivity, specificity (100/73) between clinical outcomes and the in vitro susceptibility test was achieved.  Conclusion: The intracellular amastigote model could be an appropriate assay for evaluation of the in vivo drug sensitivity of field isolates. However, more comprehensive studies with larger sets of isolates are needed to confirm these preliminary data. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/492 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/492/323

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 11 1 2017 04 18 139 146 EN Kamel Eddine Benallal Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algeria Razika Benikhlef Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algeria Rafik Garni Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algeria Brahim Gassen Direction de la Santé Publique de Tamanrasset, Algeria Jean-Pierre Dedet Université Montpellier 1 et CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, France Zoubir Harrat Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algeria 2016 07 02 2016 07 02 Background: Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis are two phlebotomine sand fly species morphologically similar and differing in males only by the shape of the copulatory valves which are bifurcated in P. perniciosus, tip long and tapered in P. longicuspis. Methods: A count of the median coxite setae was carried out on 208 specimens from the collections of Dedet and of Parrot, identified previously as P. longicuspis and on 38 P. perniciosus male sand flies captured during the year 2012–2013, in order to seek the presence of atypical P. perniciosus form. Results: The analysis revealed the presence of 33/246 (13%) atypical P. perniciosus previously confused with P. longicuspis species and whose distribution is mainly located in the semi-arid and arid bioclimatic regions. Conclusion: This study proved for the first time the presence of atypical form of P. perniciosus in Algeria. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/493 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/493/324