Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 1 15 EN Zahra Saeidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Re-search, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 18 2018 03 18 Iran has a wide variety of zoogeographical regions and different seasons. Here are some important mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes normally live in waters. Its aquatic insect fauna is highly unexplored. To being resolved this faunal gap, a variety of literature records from previous century in different parts of Iran was reviewed. In some southern and southeastern foci in Iran, Malaria is still a main endemic disease which is unstable with two seasonal spring and autumn peaks even though Iran is lunching Malaria elimination. This review article showed the wide variety of aquatic insects throughout the country. Researchers can discuss water pollutant and its quality by using aquatic insect fauna as well as biological control for vectors. Types of aquatic in­sects and macroinvertebrates sampling can be useful for water quality monitoring as indicators. Looking at aquatic insects’ life in water could be one of the most cost-effective and the easiest method to assess the water contaminations by different pollutants and will provide a guideline for scientific communities and environmental agencies for decision making. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/836 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/836/375

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 16 23 EN Hamid Kassiri Medical Entomology and Vector Control Department, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Majid Zarrin Medical Mycology Department, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Rahele Veys-Behbahani Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2018 02 12 2018 02 12 Background: Cockroaches are the most prevalent domestic pests of a worldwide distribution. They were recognized as possible vectors of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites in residential dwellings and hospital environ­ments. The present study isolated and identified yeasts and filamentous fungi from digestive tract of American cock­roaches, collected from three different residential regions of Iran. Methods: Seventy cockroaches were sampled using direct collection (hand catch), vacuum cleaner and sticky traps in Ahvaz, Iran in 2009–2010. Their medically important fungal microorganisms were isolated from digestive tract using standard mycological methods. Filamentous fungi were identified by macroscopic and microscopic examina­tion. Yeasts were identified by API ID32C-32100 kit. Results: A high percentage of cockroaches (88.6%) were detected to carry fungi of medical importance. Overall, 23 fungi species/genera were isolated from the American cockroaches' alimentary tract. The fungi isolated from cock­roaches, from the residential regions were species of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucorales, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Mycelia, Chrysosporium, Candida, Rhodotorula, Zygosaccharomyces, and Debaryomyces. Candida spp. (41.4%), Aspergillus spp. (37.1%) and Rhodotorula spp (27.1%) were the most common fungi recovered on cockroaches. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the commonest species of the genus Candida. In addi­tion, Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were the most frequent species of the genus Aspergillus. Conclusion: American cockroaches may carry pathogenic fungi in the urban areas of Ahvaz. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/798 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/798/368

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 24 30 EN Fatemeh Ghorbani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Nikookar Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ahmad Ali Enayati Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Sari University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: Culex pipiens is a mosquito species distributed in different parts of Iran. It is known as vector of some diseases as well as a nuisance insect. A successful control campaign needs to study the biology, ecology and suscep­tibility status of the target pest. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility status of Culex pipiens to some insecticides recommended by WHO in north of Iran. Methods: Larvae were collected from different breeding places in Sari County by standard dipping method. They were reared to adult stage in an under standard condition. World Health Organization (WHO) standard test kits and the diagnostic dose of 12 imagicides were used for adults, while two larvicides were used against larvae. Results: The least and highest mortality rates after exposure to insecticides were 4.7% (Propoxur 0.1%) and 76.4% (Etofenprox 0.5%), respectively. Larvae showed high resistance to temephos (19.19%) and malathion (54.63%). Culex pipiens was found to be resistant to all used insecticides/larvicides at diagnostic dose. Conclusion: Intensive use of pesticides against agriculture and urban pests increased the resistance level of this spe­cies to different insecticides, although currently there is no control program against it. Study on the mechanisms of resistant in this species to different insecticides is recommended. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/804 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/804/370

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 31 40 EN Khalil Pourkhalili Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Hossein Fatemikia Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Euikyung Kim College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea Navid Reza Mashayekhy Department of Cardiology, Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi Department of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Abdollah Hajivandi Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Yaghoob Hassan Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran Ramin Seyedian Department of Pharmacology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: We investigated the hemodynamic changes (Inotropic, chronotropic and arrhythmogenic) in intrave­nously envenomed anesthetized rats with Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. The neutralizing potencies of different drugs and commercial antivenom were assessed simultaneously. Methods: Different doses of the crude venom (100, 200 and 400μg/rat) were injected during five minutes via the femoral vein and cardiovascular changes were recorded in rats in Razi Institute Corporation, Karaj, Iran in 2017. The drugs (Atropine, lidocaine, propranolol and prazosin) were injected before the venom for determination of the coun­teracting effects. Different volumes (100, 500 and 1000µl) of the antivenom were pre envenomed to neutralize cardi­ovascular changes. Results: Temporary hypertension and bradycardia with no arrhythmogenic effects were depicted within twenty minutes. There was a difference in arterial pressure between the venom (400μg/rat) and the vehicle at 8 minutes (114.68±5.1mmHg versus 70.2±4.3mmHg). Elevation of the mean arterial pressure was inhibited by propranolol (2 mg/kg) and neutralized by prazosin (1mg/kg) while lidocaine (4mg/kg) and atropine (1mg/kg) had no effects. Pre­medication with Iranian commercial antivenom (1000μl) produced surprisingly temporary hypertension compared to the vehicle (140.84±4.5 versus 84.3±3.2). It had no neutralizing properties on blood pressure variation before the venom injection. Volume-expanded hypertension phenomenon was ruled out in a parallel study. Conclusion: This venom has vasoconstrictive effects in rats probably due to the presence of norepinephrine like ma­terials in its content or liberated from adrenal gland inhibited by prazosin premedication. The neutralizing effects of antivenom on venom-induced hypertension are questionable. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/805 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/805/371

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 41 66 EN Abdolali Golpayegani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Ali Reza Moslem School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Azam Zeydabadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Amir Hossein Mahvi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Allah-Abadi Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2018 02 26 2018 02 26 Background: Leishmaniasis is a re-emerging serious international public health problem, and both visceral and cu­taneous types of leishmaniasis became important endemic diseases in Iran. In this study, the relationships between environmental factors (vegetation and elevation) and the prevalence of diseases have been investigated. Methods: All international and national online databases were searched by terms such as leishmaniasis, incidence, prevalence and other related words attributed to Iran and published until first quarter of 2015. The developed data­base in Excel, later imported to the ArcMap for spatial analyst and mapping. Afterwards, the software was used for modeling the relationship between the prevalence/incidence and environmental variables (vegetation and elevation) by both linear and nonlinear regression. Results: After mapping the prevalence data from 144 studies, considering non-parametric ANOVA, the tendency of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis to presence in high elevation and high vegetation was more than Anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. While linear regression showed weaker results for modeling, however, additive nonparametric regression analysis suggested that 10km buffers for elevation, and 10 as well as 50km buffers for veg­etation could contribute in better fitness in modeling of these variables. Conclusion: The detailed maps for distribution of disease concluded. The nonlinear regression is a reliable predictor of the relationship between environmental factors and disease incidence, although more and wide researchers are needed to confirm it. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/817 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/817/372

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 67 75 EN Leila Masoori Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Kheirandish Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Ali Haghighi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Taghipour Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Latif Gachkar Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Derris elliptica Root against the Third-instar Larvae of Cypermethrin-Resistant Aedes aegypti Offspring 1396 1396 Sayono Sayono Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Risyandi Anwar Herbal medicine research of Dentistry Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Didik Sumanto Laboratory of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia 2021 01 03 Background: Derris elliptica extracts have a high larvicidal potential against the laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, but the effect on offspring larvae of pyrethroid-resistant strains of the species is lack understood. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of tuba root against the third-instar larvae of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti offspring. Methods: The experimental study occupied four levels of ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica namely 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm, and each level was four times replicated. As many as twenty of healthy third-instar larvae, offspring of Cy­permethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti were subjected to each experiment group. Larval mortality rate and lethal concentration 50% subject (LC50) were calculated after 24 and 48 hours of exposure time. Results: Mortality of larvae increased directly proportional to the increase of extract concentration. Larval mortality rates after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were 40–67.5% and 62.5–97.5%, and LC50 were 34.945 and 6.461ppm, respec­tively. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica has the high effectiveness larvicidal potential against the third-instar larvae, offspring of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti. Isolation of the specific compound is necessarily done to obtain the active ingredient for larvicide formulation. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1396 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1396/517

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 4 2021 01 03 1397 1397 Hossein Maghsood Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian Research Center for Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Nabian Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian Research Center for Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Parviz Shayan Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian Research Center for Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Tahmineh Jalali Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Meysam Saboor Darbandi Veterinary Organization of Kalat, Khorasan Razavi, Iran Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar Department of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran 2021 01 03 Background: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal disease caused by Nairovirus classified within the Bunyaviridae family. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected ticks or direct contact with viremic animals or humans. The current study aimed to detect the virus genome in ticks from Khorasan Razavi Province. Methods: One hundred hard ticks were collected randomly from 100 sheep in four different areas of the province. Collected ticks were kept alive and identified. All the ticks were analyzed for the presence of CCHF virus genome using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Results: The identified ticks were belonging to Hyalomma marginatum (16% female and 6% male), Rhipicephalus turanicus (52% female and 25% male), and Dermacentor raskemensis (1%). The CCHF virus genome was found in Hyalomma marginatum (5% male from Taibad and Sabzevar region and 1% female from Taibad). Genetic analysis of the virus genome isolated from two regions (Sabzevar and Taibad) showed 100% identity. Conclusion: This study indicated that CCHF should be regarded as a risk-borne infection in this province. Therefore, special health management is needed to control this disease. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1397 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1397/518

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 4 2021 01 03 1398 1398 Yavar Rassi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamed Asadollahi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hassan Kayedi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 01 03 Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of two capture methods for providing live sandflies used for determining the susceptibility level of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmani­asis in Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Methods: The sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor by hand-catch and baited traps during the peak of sea­sonal activity. The susceptibility level of sand flies was assessed using insecticide-impregnated papers against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and cyfluthrin 0.15%. Results: A total of 2486 live sandflies were caught from both indoor and outdoor places. Totally 849 sand flies were caught from outdoors with a sex ratio(SR) 0.1 versus 1637 sand flies collected from indoor using the hand-catch method with SR= 0.6. The dominant species of sand flies was Ph. papatasi in the study area. Mortality rates of outdoor-col­lected sand flies were exposed to DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, and bendiocarb 0.1%, and mortality rate ranged from 92.0–97.9% and for indoor-collected sand flies were 87.7–96.8%. Both outdoor and indoor collected sand flies were susceptible to cyfluthrin 0.15% that caused 100% mortality. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the most appropriate method for collecting the live female Ph. papatasi is the baited traps due to providing enough females is necessary for conducting the susceptibility tests. The finding indicated that Ph. papatasi was resistant to DDT, under ’verification required’ status to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, and susceptible to cyfluthrin. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1398 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1398/519

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 4 2021 01 03 1399 1399 Fahimeh Talebzadeh Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Oshaghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kamran Akbarzadeh Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Somayeh Panahi-Moghadam Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2021 01 03 Background: Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are considered as myiasis agents and important evidences in forensic investigations. However, their use has been restricted because, at all larval stages and female adults, morphological species identification is difficult or very challenging. This study investigated to test utility of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) sequences for differentiation of six forensically important Iranian flesh flies namely, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, S. flagellifera, S. hirtipes, S. aegyptica, S. africa and S. argyrostoma. Methods: Male specimens were morphologically identified to species level and then the genomic DNA of the flies were extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against mt-COI gene. The PCR products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were analyzed for the species specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Results: Rate of genetic variation between species was 6–10% which was enough to find restriction enzymes (RE) that were able to produce species-specific RFLP profiles. Combinations of three REs: BsrFI, RsaI and HinfI, provided diagnostic bands for identification of the six Sarcophaga species. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that molecular markers such as RFLPs enhancing the use of evidence from flesh flies in forensic investigation. However, lack proper restriction sites in the COI region inhibited introduction of a single restriction enzyme for easy species identification. It is recommended to apply larger part of DNA such as combination of COI and COII genes to provide better RFLP markers for species identification of flesh flies. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1399 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1399/520

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 4 2021 01 03 1400 1400 Teimour Hazratian Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Afsaneh Dolatkhah Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Behrooz Naghili Hokmabadi Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Elaheh Hazratian Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Azim Paksa Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2021 01 03 Background: Myiasis is a disease caused by infections of tissues and organs of human and vertebrates body by the lar­vae of real flies of Diptera which feeding on living or dead tissues of host for a period of time. This report aims to pre­sent a case of urogenital myiasis caused by the larvae of Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Psychodidae) for the first time in Iran. Methods: In this case report, we present a case of a 9-year-old girl with urogenital myiasis caused by P. albipennis. She presented to Sina Hospital with dysuria and claimed that he had observed several black-grayish colored mobile particles in his urine at different times. The patient lived in Miandoab, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Results: In the hospital her urine sample, containing 3 larvae was referred t