Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 1 15 EN Zahra Saeidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Re-search, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 18 2018 03 18 Iran has a wide variety of zoogeographical regions and different seasons. Here are some important mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes normally live in waters. Its aquatic insect fauna is highly unexplored. To being resolved this faunal gap, a variety of literature records from previous century in different parts of Iran was reviewed. In some southern and southeastern foci in Iran, Malaria is still a main endemic disease which is unstable with two seasonal spring and autumn peaks even though Iran is lunching Malaria elimination. This review article showed the wide variety of aquatic insects throughout the country. Researchers can discuss water pollutant and its quality by using aquatic insect fauna as well as biological control for vectors. Types of aquatic in­sects and macroinvertebrates sampling can be useful for water quality monitoring as indicators. Looking at aquatic insects’ life in water could be one of the most cost-effective and the easiest method to assess the water contaminations by different pollutants and will provide a guideline for scientific communities and environmental agencies for decision making. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/836 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/836/375

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 16 23 EN Hamid Kassiri Medical Entomology and Vector Control Department, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Majid Zarrin Medical Mycology Department, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Rahele Veys-Behbahani Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2018 02 12 2018 02 12 Background: Cockroaches are the most prevalent domestic pests of a worldwide distribution. They were recognized as possible vectors of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites in residential dwellings and hospital environ­ments. The present study isolated and identified yeasts and filamentous fungi from digestive tract of American cock­roaches, collected from three different residential regions of Iran. Methods: Seventy cockroaches were sampled using direct collection (hand catch), vacuum cleaner and sticky traps in Ahvaz, Iran in 2009–2010. Their medically important fungal microorganisms were isolated from digestive tract using standard mycological methods. Filamentous fungi were identified by macroscopic and microscopic examina­tion. Yeasts were identified by API ID32C-32100 kit. Results: A high percentage of cockroaches (88.6%) were detected to carry fungi of medical importance. Overall, 23 fungi species/genera were isolated from the American cockroaches' alimentary tract. The fungi isolated from cock­roaches, from the residential regions were species of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucorales, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Mycelia, Chrysosporium, Candida, Rhodotorula, Zygosaccharomyces, and Debaryomyces. Candida spp. (41.4%), Aspergillus spp. (37.1%) and Rhodotorula spp (27.1%) were the most common fungi recovered on cockroaches. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the commonest species of the genus Candida. In addi­tion, Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were the most frequent species of the genus Aspergillus. Conclusion: American cockroaches may carry pathogenic fungi in the urban areas of Ahvaz. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/798 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/798/368

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 24 30 EN Fatemeh Ghorbani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Nikookar Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ahmad Ali Enayati Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Sari University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: Culex pipiens is a mosquito species distributed in different parts of Iran. It is known as vector of some diseases as well as a nuisance insect. A successful control campaign needs to study the biology, ecology and suscep­tibility status of the target pest. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility status of Culex pipiens to some insecticides recommended by WHO in north of Iran. Methods: Larvae were collected from different breeding places in Sari County by standard dipping method. They were reared to adult stage in an under standard condition. World Health Organization (WHO) standard test kits and the diagnostic dose of 12 imagicides were used for adults, while two larvicides were used against larvae. Results: The least and highest mortality rates after exposure to insecticides were 4.7% (Propoxur 0.1%) and 76.4% (Etofenprox 0.5%), respectively. Larvae showed high resistance to temephos (19.19%) and malathion (54.63%). Culex pipiens was found to be resistant to all used insecticides/larvicides at diagnostic dose. Conclusion: Intensive use of pesticides against agriculture and urban pests increased the resistance level of this spe­cies to different insecticides, although currently there is no control program against it. Study on the mechanisms of resistant in this species to different insecticides is recommended. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/804 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/804/370

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 31 40 EN Khalil Pourkhalili Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Hossein Fatemikia Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Euikyung Kim College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea Navid Reza Mashayekhy Department of Cardiology, Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi Department of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Abdollah Hajivandi Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Yaghoob Hassan Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran Ramin Seyedian Department of Pharmacology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: We investigated the hemodynamic changes (Inotropic, chronotropic and arrhythmogenic) in intrave­nously envenomed anesthetized rats with Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. The neutralizing potencies of different drugs and commercial antivenom were assessed simultaneously. Methods: Different doses of the crude venom (100, 200 and 400μg/rat) were injected during five minutes via the femoral vein and cardiovascular changes were recorded in rats in Razi Institute Corporation, Karaj, Iran in 2017. The drugs (Atropine, lidocaine, propranolol and prazosin) were injected before the venom for determination of the coun­teracting effects. Different volumes (100, 500 and 1000µl) of the antivenom were pre envenomed to neutralize cardi­ovascular changes. Results: Temporary hypertension and bradycardia with no arrhythmogenic effects were depicted within twenty minutes. There was a difference in arterial pressure between the venom (400μg/rat) and the vehicle at 8 minutes (114.68±5.1mmHg versus 70.2±4.3mmHg). Elevation of the mean arterial pressure was inhibited by propranolol (2 mg/kg) and neutralized by prazosin (1mg/kg) while lidocaine (4mg/kg) and atropine (1mg/kg) had no effects. Pre­medication with Iranian commercial antivenom (1000μl) produced surprisingly temporary hypertension compared to the vehicle (140.84±4.5 versus 84.3±3.2). It had no neutralizing properties on blood pressure variation before the venom injection. Volume-expanded hypertension phenomenon was ruled out in a parallel study. Conclusion: This venom has vasoconstrictive effects in rats probably due to the presence of norepinephrine like ma­terials in its content or liberated from adrenal gland inhibited by prazosin premedication. The neutralizing effects of antivenom on venom-induced hypertension are questionable. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/805 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/805/371

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 41 66 EN Abdolali Golpayegani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Ali Reza Moslem School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Azam Zeydabadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Amir Hossein Mahvi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Allah-Abadi Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2018 02 26 2018 02 26 Background: Leishmaniasis is a re-emerging serious international public health problem, and both visceral and cu­taneous types of leishmaniasis became important endemic diseases in Iran. In this study, the relationships between environmental factors (vegetation and elevation) and the prevalence of diseases have been investigated. Methods: All international and national online databases were searched by terms such as leishmaniasis, incidence, prevalence and other related words attributed to Iran and published until first quarter of 2015. The developed data­base in Excel, later imported to the ArcMap for spatial analyst and mapping. Afterwards, the software was used for modeling the relationship between the prevalence/incidence and environmental variables (vegetation and elevation) by both linear and nonlinear regression. Results: After mapping the prevalence data from 144 studies, considering non-parametric ANOVA, the tendency of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis to presence in high elevation and high vegetation was more than Anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. While linear regression showed weaker results for modeling, however, additive nonparametric regression analysis suggested that 10km buffers for elevation, and 10 as well as 50km buffers for veg­etation could contribute in better fitness in modeling of these variables. Conclusion: The detailed maps for distribution of disease concluded. The nonlinear regression is a reliable predictor of the relationship between environmental factors and disease incidence, although more and wide researchers are needed to confirm it. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/817 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/817/372

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 67 75 EN Leila Masoori Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Kheirandish Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Ali Haghighi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Taghipour Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Latif Gachkar Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research or> Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Raeisi National Program Manager for Malaria Control, Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Rafi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 2015 10 14 Background: The irritant effect of some insecticides can cause a proportion of mosquitoes to leave the sprayed rooms before acquiring a lethal dose, so the repeated contact al sub-lethal dose may lead to extent the resistance. Methods: Larvae and pupae of Culex pipiens complex were collected in mass from open canals of waste water in capital city Tehran and reared to obtain the first generation at laboratory. Sugar-fed 2–3 days female mosquitoes were used for the experiments and compared with laboratory strain. The irritability tests of insecticides impregnated pa­pers were measured in plastic conical exposure chambers placed which implemented at controlled conditions ac­cording  to  the  method  described  by WHO .Number of take-offs were counted during 15  minutes of exposure  time. Results: DDT had the most irritancy effect against field population of Cx. pipiens. DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin was moderately irritable against laboratory strain, whereas, addition to three previous insecticides, malathion, cyfluthrin and propoxur should be also considered as moderately irritable insecticides for field population of. Irritability level of etofenprox, fenithrothion, bendiocarb, and lambdacyhalothrin did not differ from control group. Conclusion: The irritability response of mosquitoes may have a negative impact on control measures. Periodical execution of irritability tests with insecticides that routinely used in vector control program is highly recommended. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/148 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/148/133

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 10 2 2016 05 05 192 200 EN Xian Guo Guo Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Wen Ge Dong Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Xing Yuan Men Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China Ti Jun Qian Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Dian Wu Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Tian Guang Ren Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Feng Qin Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Wen Yu Song Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Zhi Hua Yang Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University (Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention), Dali, Yunnan, China Quinn E Fletcher Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada 2015 10 14 2015 10 14 Background: The species of ectoparasites that live on a specific host in a geographical region form an ectoparasite community. Species abundance distributions describe the number of individuals observed for each different species that is encountered within a community. Based on properties of the species abundance distribution, the expected total number of species present in the community can be estimated. Methods: Preston’s lognormal distribution model was used to fit the expected species abundance distribution curve. Using the expected species abundance distribution curve, we estimated the total number of expected parasite species present and the amount of species that were likely missed by our sampling in the field. Results: In total, 8040 ectoparasites (fleas, sucking lice, gamasid mites and chigger mites) were collected from 431 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from a localized area in southwest China. These ectoparasites were identified to be 47 species from 26 genera in 10 families. The majority of ectoparasite species were chigger mites (family Trombicu­lidae) while the majority of individuals were sucking lice in the family Polyplacidae. The expected species abun­dance distribution curve demonstrated the classic pattern that the majority of ectoparasite species were rare and that there were a few common species. The total expected number of ectoparasite species on R. norvegicus was estimated to be 85 species, and 38 species were likely missed by our sampling in the field. Conclusions: Norway rats harbor a large suite of ectoparasites. Future field investigations should sample large num­bers of host individuals to assess ectoparasite populations. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/149 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/149/134

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 10 2 2016 05 05 201 210 EN Masoumeh Pirmohammadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mansoureh Shayeghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran AND Instituet for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abaei Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Ali Mohammadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Akbar Bagheri Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mehdi Khoobdel Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hasan Bakhshi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Maryam Pirmohammadi Kashan University, Kashan, Iran Maryam Tavassoli Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2015 10 14 2015 10 14 Background: One of the best ways to control the malaria disease and to be protected human against Anopheles mos­quito biting is the use of repellents. Throughout repellents, herbal ones may be an appropriate and safe source for protection. Methods: Chemical constituents of Achillea vermiculata and Satoreja hortensis were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Efficacy and the protection time of these plants were assessed on Anopheles stephensi under the laboratory condition. Results: The mean assessed protection time and efficacy for A. vermiculata was 2.16 and 3.16 hours respectively and the obtained ED50 and ED90 for this plant was 5.67 and 63 µl/cm2 respectively. The figured for S. hortensis was 4.16 and 5 hours respectively.  ED50 and ED90 for this plant were 5.63 and 45.75µl/cm2 respectively. Conclusion: Results of investigation showed that S. hortensis plant has an acceptable protection time, therefore, this plant could be considered as a good herbal repellent against anopheles mosquitoes. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/150 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/150/135

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 10 2 2016 05 05 211 221 EN Chongxing Zhang Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China AND Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China Guihong Shi Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China Yuqiang Zhao Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China Dongmei Yan Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China Huaiju Li Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China Hongmei Liu Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand Maoqing Gong Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China 2015 10 14 2015 10 14 Background: The aim of the current study was to develop a marking technique as an internal marker to mark post blood meal mosquitoes by using stable phosphate isotope 32P and determine the optimal concentration of it. Methods: An isotonic physiological saline solution, containing different concentration of radioactive isotope 32P-labeled disodium phosphate (Na2H32PO4) was injected into rabbits via the jugular vein in the laboratory. Emerged Cx. pipiens were marked after feeding on rabbit. At the same time, the labeled conditions of emerged Cx. pipiens were also measured by placing feces of No. 6 rabbit into containers with mosquito larvae and pupae inside. Results: According to the label condition of Cx. pipie