Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 1 15 EN Zahra Saeidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Re-search, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 18 2018 03 18 Iran has a wide variety of zoogeographical regions and different seasons. Here are some important mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes normally live in waters. Its aquatic insect fauna is highly unexplored. To being resolved this faunal gap, a variety of literature records from previous century in different parts of Iran was reviewed. In some southern and southeastern foci in Iran, Malaria is still a main endemic disease which is unstable with two seasonal spring and autumn peaks even though Iran is lunching Malaria elimination. This review article showed the wide variety of aquatic insects throughout the country. Researchers can discuss water pollutant and its quality by using aquatic insect fauna as well as biological control for vectors. Types of aquatic in­sects and macroinvertebrates sampling can be useful for water quality monitoring as indicators. Looking at aquatic insects’ life in water could be one of the most cost-effective and the easiest method to assess the water contaminations by different pollutants and will provide a guideline for scientific communities and environmental agencies for decision making. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/836 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/836/375

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 16 23 EN Hamid Kassiri Medical Entomology and Vector Control Department, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Majid Zarrin Medical Mycology Department, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Rahele Veys-Behbahani Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2018 02 12 2018 02 12 Background: Cockroaches are the most prevalent domestic pests of a worldwide distribution. They were recognized as possible vectors of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites in residential dwellings and hospital environ­ments. The present study isolated and identified yeasts and filamentous fungi from digestive tract of American cock­roaches, collected from three different residential regions of Iran. Methods: Seventy cockroaches were sampled using direct collection (hand catch), vacuum cleaner and sticky traps in Ahvaz, Iran in 2009–2010. Their medically important fungal microorganisms were isolated from digestive tract using standard mycological methods. Filamentous fungi were identified by macroscopic and microscopic examina­tion. Yeasts were identified by API ID32C-32100 kit. Results: A high percentage of cockroaches (88.6%) were detected to carry fungi of medical importance. Overall, 23 fungi species/genera were isolated from the American cockroaches' alimentary tract. The fungi isolated from cock­roaches, from the residential regions were species of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucorales, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Mycelia, Chrysosporium, Candida, Rhodotorula, Zygosaccharomyces, and Debaryomyces. Candida spp. (41.4%), Aspergillus spp. (37.1%) and Rhodotorula spp (27.1%) were the most common fungi recovered on cockroaches. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the commonest species of the genus Candida. In addi­tion, Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were the most frequent species of the genus Aspergillus. Conclusion: American cockroaches may carry pathogenic fungi in the urban areas of Ahvaz. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/798 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/798/368

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 24 30 EN Fatemeh Ghorbani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Nikookar Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ahmad Ali Enayati Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Sari University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: Culex pipiens is a mosquito species distributed in different parts of Iran. It is known as vector of some diseases as well as a nuisance insect. A successful control campaign needs to study the biology, ecology and suscep­tibility status of the target pest. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility status of Culex pipiens to some insecticides recommended by WHO in north of Iran. Methods: Larvae were collected from different breeding places in Sari County by standard dipping method. They were reared to adult stage in an under standard condition. World Health Organization (WHO) standard test kits and the diagnostic dose of 12 imagicides were used for adults, while two larvicides were used against larvae. Results: The least and highest mortality rates after exposure to insecticides were 4.7% (Propoxur 0.1%) and 76.4% (Etofenprox 0.5%), respectively. Larvae showed high resistance to temephos (19.19%) and malathion (54.63%). Culex pipiens was found to be resistant to all used insecticides/larvicides at diagnostic dose. Conclusion: Intensive use of pesticides against agriculture and urban pests increased the resistance level of this spe­cies to different insecticides, although currently there is no control program against it. Study on the mechanisms of resistant in this species to different insecticides is recommended. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/804 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/804/370

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 31 40 EN Khalil Pourkhalili Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Hossein Fatemikia Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Euikyung Kim College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea Navid Reza Mashayekhy Department of Cardiology, Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi Department of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Abdollah Hajivandi Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Yaghoob Hassan Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran Ramin Seyedian Department of Pharmacology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 2018 02 17 2018 02 17 Background: We investigated the hemodynamic changes (Inotropic, chronotropic and arrhythmogenic) in intrave­nously envenomed anesthetized rats with Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. The neutralizing potencies of different drugs and commercial antivenom were assessed simultaneously. Methods: Different doses of the crude venom (100, 200 and 400μg/rat) were injected during five minutes via the femoral vein and cardiovascular changes were recorded in rats in Razi Institute Corporation, Karaj, Iran in 2017. The drugs (Atropine, lidocaine, propranolol and prazosin) were injected before the venom for determination of the coun­teracting effects. Different volumes (100, 500 and 1000µl) of the antivenom were pre envenomed to neutralize cardi­ovascular changes. Results: Temporary hypertension and bradycardia with no arrhythmogenic effects were depicted within twenty minutes. There was a difference in arterial pressure between the venom (400μg/rat) and the vehicle at 8 minutes (114.68±5.1mmHg versus 70.2±4.3mmHg). Elevation of the mean arterial pressure was inhibited by propranolol (2 mg/kg) and neutralized by prazosin (1mg/kg) while lidocaine (4mg/kg) and atropine (1mg/kg) had no effects. Pre­medication with Iranian commercial antivenom (1000μl) produced surprisingly temporary hypertension compared to the vehicle (140.84±4.5 versus 84.3±3.2). It had no neutralizing properties on blood pressure variation before the venom injection. Volume-expanded hypertension phenomenon was ruled out in a parallel study. Conclusion: This venom has vasoconstrictive effects in rats probably due to the presence of norepinephrine like ma­terials in its content or liberated from adrenal gland inhibited by prazosin premedication. The neutralizing effects of antivenom on venom-induced hypertension are questionable. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/805 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/805/371

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 41 66 EN Abdolali Golpayegani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Ali Reza Moslem School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Azam Zeydabadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Amir Hossein Mahvi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Allah-Abadi Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2018 02 26 2018 02 26 Background: Leishmaniasis is a re-emerging serious international public health problem, and both visceral and cu­taneous types of leishmaniasis became important endemic diseases in Iran. In this study, the relationships between environmental factors (vegetation and elevation) and the prevalence of diseases have been investigated. Methods: All international and national online databases were searched by terms such as leishmaniasis, incidence, prevalence and other related words attributed to Iran and published until first quarter of 2015. The developed data­base in Excel, later imported to the ArcMap for spatial analyst and mapping. Afterwards, the software was used for modeling the relationship between the prevalence/incidence and environmental variables (vegetation and elevation) by both linear and nonlinear regression. Results: After mapping the prevalence data from 144 studies, considering non-parametric ANOVA, the tendency of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis to presence in high elevation and high vegetation was more than Anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. While linear regression showed weaker results for modeling, however, additive nonparametric regression analysis suggested that 10km buffers for elevation, and 10 as well as 50km buffers for veg­etation could contribute in better fitness in modeling of these variables. Conclusion: The detailed maps for distribution of disease concluded. The nonlinear regression is a reliable predictor of the relationship between environmental factors and disease incidence, although more and wide researchers are needed to confirm it. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/817 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/817/372

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 1 2018 03 18 67 75 EN Leila Masoori Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Kheirandish Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Ali Haghighi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Taghipour Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Latif Gachkar Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research h, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sorna Dabaghmanesh Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Sedigheh Kheirandish Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Mohammad Esmaeil Najafi Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Jalal Mohammadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 06 27 Background: West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a variety of symptoms in human, from asymp­tomatic infection to neuroinvasive disease. Several studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of WNV in­fection in dif­ferent areas from Iran. This study was performed to find the presence of antiviral antibodies in human serum among some high risk population and awareness of health care staff about symptom of the WNV infection. Methods: Study performed in five geographical districts based on high population of immigrant and do­mestic birds and prevalence of the antiviral antibodies in horses which was reported previously. Totally 150 human blood sam­ples were collected during 2018. The samples collected from patients referred to the clinics. The ELISA method used to detect IgG and IgM antibody against WNV. Logistic regression models used to analyze the effect of sex, age, keeping birds and urban/rural residence on the risk of infection. The awareness of health care staff about symp­tom of infection surveyed. Results: From all blood donors, 41 samples (27.33%) showed positive to IgG antibody. From which 56.10% were males and remaining females. None of the mentioned factors had a significant relationship. Health care staff had less attention to the infection.  Conclusions: Although the prevalence of antibodies was relatively high, due to the similarity to other viral diseases, health care staff had less attention to the disease. The study showed that people in these areas have been exposed to the virus. Further research activities are recommended for control of this arbovirus. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1311 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1311/497

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 2 2020 05 03 1312 1312 Atieh Shemshadian Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Navid Dinparast-Djadid Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Oshaghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolrasoul Mojahedi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Provincial Health Center, Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2020 06 29 Background: During the past decade, rapid development of insecticide resistance have been reported among many spe­cies of mosquito vectors against four main categories of insecticides worldwide. The aim of the research was to assess the variation trend of susceptibility levels of Culex quinquefasciatus to two insecticides separately for the field popula­tion compared with subsequent generations of the same sample after multiple colonization. Methods: Larvae and pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected from house sewages and reared to adult which blood-fed on roosters. Ten percent sucrose fed female mosquitoes aged 2–3 days were used for susceptibility tests with DDT and deltamethrin. Susceptibility levels was assessed in the adult stage of field stran Cx. quinquefasciatus against DDT 4.0% and deltamethrin 0.05% and continued up to next six generations undergoing multiple rearing at insectary condition. Results: The susceptibility levels to DDT 4.0% did not change compared to the field with the lab population to six gen­erations. Regarding deltamethrin 0.05%, no significant difference was shown between field strain (58.3%) and 3rd gen­eration (52.7%) compared to the 6th one (33.8%). Conclusion: This finding may reflect the role of the kdr gene in resistance to organochlorine which has cross-re­sistance with pyrethroid insecticides. The results of this study clearly showed the irreversible trend of pyrethroid re­sistance among colonized mosquitoes. This is the first study of the resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Iran. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1312 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1312/498

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 2 2020 05 03 1313 1313 Samira Firooziyan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Urmia Health Center, Disease Control Unit, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Ali Sadaghianifar Urmia Health Center, Disease Control Unit, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Javad Rafinejad Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran Univer-sity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mulood Mohammadi Bavani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2020 06 29 Background: There are four medically important scorpion species (Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, An­droctonus crassicauda and Hottentotta saulcyi) in the West Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. scorpion­ism is con­sidered as a health problem in this region, because there is no information about scorpion envenomation, this study was designed to study epidemiological characteristics of scorpionism to optimize prevention and treatment of scorpion sting in northwest of Iran. Methods: All the data from epidemiological surveys completed in West Azerbaijan hospitals over four years (2014–2017) for scorpion victims were collected. This information includes the number of victims, sex, age, signs and symp­toms, site of sting, body parts of victims, history of previous sting, the condition of the patient in terms of recovery and death, and the time to receive anti venom, all data were analyzed by the Excel software. Results: A total of 2718 cases of scorpionism were reported from March 2014 to March 2017 in the study area. The most cases occur in both sexes in the age groups of 25 to 34 years old. In urban areas 40.3% of people and in rural areas 59.7% of them have suffered. The Poldasht and Chaldoran cities, had the most and least incidence respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the high risk areas in the case of scorpion stings were identified. Results of this study can be used to design preventive programs to educate more people about dangerous areas to prevent scorpion sting and even death. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1313 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1313/499

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 2 2020 05 03 1316 1316 Saideh Yousefi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yavar Rassi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticide, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Aghaei-Afshar Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Masoumeh Amin Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Azim Paksa Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran 2020 06 30 Background: The attraction of phlebotomine sand flies to plant and animal hosts is due to the produced chemical compounds, affecting the olfactory receptors of the insects. Therefore, novel and effective methods, such as Attrac­tive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) and Attractive Toxic Baits (ATB), are based on the effective materials that attract sand flies toward the host. The present study was designed to identify the attractive materials in plants and animals for using in ATSB and ATB. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in July 2018 on endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Iran. Differ­ent baits, including mango, nectarine, grape, banana, melon and watermelon, defibrinated blood of cattle, sheep, goat and chicken, urine of cattle, sheep, goat and ultimately, simple and complex chemicals, such as CO2, 1-octanol, lactic acid and human sweat were placed inside the traps, and the rate of  the sand flies attraction to these materials was studied. Furthermore, data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: There was a significant difference in the sand flies attraction between the traps containing watermelon, urine of cattle, and sheep, and chemicals such as CO2 and human sweat and the control trap (p< 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that watermelon and CO2 are the potential candidates for using in ATSB and ATB, respectively. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1316 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1316/500

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 2 2020 07 01 1317 1317 Sahar