Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 3 2019 10 01 234 242 Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Shirzadi Zoonosis Control Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Yavar Rassi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Khamesipour Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 01 Background: Leishmaniasis represents the important public health problem in the world. One of the main objectives of World Health organization is capacity building of managers and authorities who are involved with diseases control ac­tivities. Methods: The course was conducted in Esfahan Health Research and Training Center (E.H.R.T.C) in summer 2005 and 2009. The course carried out jointly by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH) of Iran, World Health Or­ganization-Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO-EMRO) and School of Public health, Tehran University of Med­ical Sciences (SPH-TUMS) and designed for medical officers, senior technicians and managers involved in leish­mania­sis control. Prior to initiate the course, pre-test evaluations including different subjects on leishmaniasis and its control were carried out. The examinations include multiple choice questions. The duration of the course was 3 weeks. A total of 206 contact hours were taught. The main subjects were Basic epidemiology, Leishmaniasis parasitology, Leishmaniasis en­tomology, control of vectors and reservoirs, principles of integrated pest management, Field work and Planning. Dif­ferent methods of teaching including lecture, laboratory, workshop, team work, field exercise and presen­tation were used. Requirement for achievement of the course was to have at least 60% of the total mark for awarding the diploma certificate. Results: A total of 45 participants from Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran graduated from this course. Conclusion: The course is providing the skill for managers, how to combat against disease in their country and is paral­lel to the policy of the leishmaniasis control for capacity building in endemic areas of their countries. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1185 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1185/468

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 3 2019 08 03 243 258 EN Önder Ser Malaria Control Unit, Antalya Provincial Directorate of Health, Antalya, Turkey Huseyin Cetin Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2018 06 06 Background: Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector of several pathogens. This mosquito is widely distributed throughout the world. We aimed to determine the susceptibility levels of Cx. pipiens populations to some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in Antalya, Turkey. Methods: The immature stages of mosquitoes were collected from eight locations in Alanya, Döşemealtı, Kemer, Kumluca, and Manavgat districts of Antalya between Apr and Oct of 2017. Adult susceptibility tests were carried out according to a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. In the tests, the World Health Organization recommended diagnostic doses; permethrin (0.75%), etofenprox (0.5%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) were used. Results: As a result of the susceptibility tests, deltamethrin was the least effective insecticide and it caused 58.78–97.56% mortalities on Cx. pipiens populations while permethrin was the most effective substance that caused 100% mortality on all populations. While all of the tested populations were found susceptible to permethrin, and possible resistant or resistant to deltamethrin. Etofenprox and lambda-cyhalothrin led to 91.54–100% and 93.1–100% mortali­ties, respectively. Conclusion: The possible resistance or resistance to deltamethrin in all the areas is caused by the widespread use of this chemical against pests in agriculture and public health applications for long-term. Moreover, a concordance was found between resistance levels and the intensity of pesticide application in agriculture and public health, and organic and chemical pollution levels in the sampled habitats. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/899 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/899/460

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 3 2019 08 03 259 267 Sayono Sayono Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, School of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Puji Lestari Mudawamah Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, School of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Wulandari Meikawati Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, School of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Didik Sumanto Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, School of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia 2019 09 23 Background: Commercial insecticides were widely used by communities to control the mosquito population in their houses. D-allethrin is one of insecticide ingredients widely distributed in two different concentrations namely 0.15% of aerosol and 0.3% of coil formulations. We aimed to understand the mortality of indoor mosquitoes after being exposed to d-allethrin 0.15% (aerosol) and 0.3% (coil) formulations. Methods: This quasi-experiment study applied the posttest-only comparison group design. The aerosol and coil d-al­lethrin were used to expose the wild mosquitoes in twelve dormitory bedrooms of SMKN Jawa Tengah, a vocational high school belonging to Central Java Provincial Government, on March 2017. The compounds were exposed for 60 min to each bedroom with four-week interval for both of formulations. The knockdown mosquitoes were collected into a plastic cup and delivered to the laboratory for 24h holding, morphologically species identification and mortality re­cording. History of insecticide use in the dormitory was recorded by an interview with one student in each bedroom. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: As many as 57 knockdown mosquitoes belonging to three species were obtained namely Culex fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti with mortality rate of 50.88% after 24h holding. Knockdown and mortality of mosquitoes were significantly different based on d-allethrin formulations. D-allethrin concentrations were not effective for controlling Culex mosquitoes but effective for Ae. aegypti. Conclusion: Further efficacy of d-allethrin 0.15% aerosol to eradicate Ae. aegypti is necessary to be conducted in sup­porting the Dengue vector control. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1172 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1172/461

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 3 2019 08 03 268 283 Nayyereh Choubdar Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Oshaghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Rafinejad Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Pourmand Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Naseh Maleki-Ravasan Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fateh Karimian Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mona Koosha Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Rahimi-Foroushani Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Safdar Masoomi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kourosh Arzamani Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Jalil Nejati Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zahedan Unversity of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Mohsen Karami Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Ehsan Mozaffari Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yaser Salim-Abadi Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Eslam Moradi-Asl Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behrooz Taghilou Zanjan Health Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Manouchehr Shirani Mamasani Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2019 09 25 Background: The impact of environmental factors and host on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundance in the main Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) foci of Iran is largely unknown. Methods: Biotic and abiotic factors, including host, temperature, humidity, altitude, Köppen-Geiger climate types, sea­son, and precipitation on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundances in 11 provinces of Iran were investigat­ed. Additionally, the possible infection of ticks with CCHF virus was evaluated using reverse transcription PCR tech­nique. Results: Species analyses demonstrated the presence of Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, H. dromedarii, H. asi­aticum, H. detritum and H. schulzei in the study area. Hyalomma anatolicum was the dominant species in the southern and northern parts, whereas H. dromedarii was distributed mostly in central parts of the country. The highest tick infestation was recognized in hot season. Spatial variation in tick relative density was observed between habitat types where more ticks were collected in deserts, semi-deserts, and Mediterranean habitats. Except for H. dromedarii, which was more preva­lent on camel (P= 0.044), there were no significant variations in the frequencies of other Hyalomma species on different hosts. Hyalomma anatolicum, H. dromedarii frequencies had significant positive and negative asso­ciation with tempera­ture and precipitation respectively. Also humidity has positive impact on H. asiaticum frequency. Conclusion: Data presented here will help improve ecological models to forecast the distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks, to evaluate the risk of CCHF and other tick-borne diseases, and to design proper vector control measures to sup­press Hyalomma populations in Iran. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1176 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1176/462

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 3 2019 08 03 284 296 Sara Rahimi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Raeisi National Program Manager for Malaria Control, Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Re-search, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 28 Background: West Nile virus (WNV) can cause a fatal disease in humans and it is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Vector control using insecticides is a very important goal. Study of Culex pipiens re­sistance towards several insecticides in the city of Tehran, Iran was evaluated. Methods: Adult females reared from field-caught larvae from southern part of Tehran and lab strain reared in the insec­tary of Tehran University of Medical Science were determined for resistant status by exposing to 4% DDT, 0.1% bendi­ocarb, 0.1% propoxur, 1% fenitrothion, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.5% etofenprox, 5% malathion and 0.15% cyfluthrin papers using the standard WHO susceptibility tests.   Results: Results clearly showed resistance development of Cx. pipiens against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Cx. pipiens were less than 90% with high resistance, low knock down rate and knock down time (50%) observed against insec­ti­cides. DDT and Malathion showed the most and least lethal time (LT50) values for the field strain. The results of the knock­down test showed that DDT and deltamethrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the field strain, re­spec­tively, while DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the lab strain, respectively. Conclusion: Resistance to mentioned insecticides in Cx. pipiens is widely distributed in southern partows, goats, sheep, lambs, turtles and also obscure hosts in Kurdistan Province, bordered with Iraq June 2012 to May 2013. Methods: The hosts were selected randomly and examined individually for tick infestation. In case of infestation, ticks were collected using forceps and then preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. All collected specimens were preserved in tubes and relative information was recorded and then identified based on morphological characteristics. Results: Totally, 1209 ticks were collected. The prevalence of ticks on cows, sheep, goats, lambs, turtles, poultry and obscure hosts was 11.33%, 55.41%, 6.53%, 5.95%, 0.9%, 8.02% and 11.82% respectively. The mean number of ticks on each animal was 1.6. Number of 5 genera, including Rhipicephalus, Argas, Ornithodoros, Hyalomma and Haem­aphysalis and 9 species; including R. sanguineus (60.05%), R. bursa (0.08), Hy. anatolicum (12.33), Hy. asiaticum (1.49), Hy. aegyptium (0.91), Hy. marginatum (0.08), Haemaphysalis parva (4.22), Hyalomma sp. (0.99), Orni­thodoros lahorensis (11.83), and Argas persicus (8.02) were identified. Conclusion: The most abundant species in this study area was Rh. sanguineus (60.05%). Due to high prevalence of tick specimens and a variety of collected species from sheep (55.41%), the vaccination of sheep and control of tick vectors are recommended. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/928 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/928/406

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 3 2018 07 17 262 268 EN Edson Franzim-Junior Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Maria Tays Mendes Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Ana Carolina Borella Marfil Anhê Instituto de Tecnologia e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Thiago Alvares da Costa Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Marcos Vinicius Silva Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil César Gómez Hernandez Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Afonso Pelli Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Helioswilton Sales-Campos Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2018 07 17 2018 07 17 Background: Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is only found in Mexico and is one of the most important vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission there. Because data concerning the ability of this bug to adapt to different environments are scarce, we aimed to elucidate its biology, behavior and ability to acclimatize to different environ­mental conditions. Methods: From the eclosion of 90 1st instar nymphs, development was followed until the adult phase. Adults were fed after 30 days of fasting, and the average amount of blood ingested, the time between the beginning of the blood meal and the production of feces, and the frequency of stools/insect were recorded during their meals. After taking a blood meal, couples were isolated and monitored for 21 days, during which eggs were collected weekly. Results: The development of M. pallidipennis took 171.74±7.03 days to complete its life cycle, and females ingested larger amounts of blood than males. Oviposition was constant and did not demonstrate a significant decrease during this study. Conclusion: Meccus pallidipennis was able to acclimatize to fluctuating laboratorial conditions other than those naturally found in Mexico. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/942 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/942/407

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 3 2018 07 18 269 275 EN Seyed Ebrahim Eskandari Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Firooz Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansour Nassiri-Kashani Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Reza Jaafari Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Amir Javadi Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND School of Allied Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Akram Miramin-Mohammadi Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Valian-Keshavarz Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Khamesipour Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 07 18 2018 07 18 Background: Development of a topical treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important step in the im­provement of lesion management. Amphotericin B (AmB) is effective against Leishmania species but it is toxic, a Nano-liposomal form of AmB with a size of about 100nm (Lip-AmB) was developed and showed to be effective against Leishmania major, and Leishmania tropica in vitro and against L. major in vivo in animal model. This study was designed to check the irritancy Draize test in rabbits and was completed in the Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, TUMS, in 2012. Methods: Twenty rabbits in 3 steps were housed individually with artificial lighting (12/12h light/dark). SinaAm­pholeish cream or empty liposomes (prepared under GMP condition at Minoo Company, Tehran, Iran), was applied on a gauze patch and the patches were placed on the designated sites of the skin in the back of the rabbits. At 48 and 72h later, the erythema and oedema were checked, scored and recorded. Results: The erythema score in rabbits was 0.83+0.41 for the SinaAmpholeish and 0.5+0.55 for empty liposomes (P= 0.16). The average score for oedema was 0.67+0.52 for SinaAmpholeish and 0.33+0.52 for empty liposomes (P= 0.16). Conclusion: Based on skin irritancy reactions the topical formulation of SinaAmpholeish is safe and could be further checked in human trials. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/943 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/943/408

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 3 2018 07 25 276 285 EN K. G. Ajith Kumar Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Reghu Ravindran Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Joju Johns Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India George Chandy Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Kavitha Rajagopal Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Leena Chandrasekhar Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Ajith Jacob George Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, Kerala, India Srikanta Ghosh Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India 2018 07 25 2018 07 25 Background: We aimed to focus on the ixodid ticks parasitizing wild mammals and reptiles from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghat, southern India. Methods: The taxonomic identification of ticks collected from wild mammals and reptiles was performed based on the morphology of adults. Results: We revealed eight species of ticks including, Amblyomma integrum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) spinigera, H. (K.) shimoga, H. (K.) bispinosa, H. (Rhipistoma) indica, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and R. sanguineus  s.l. collected from nine species of wild mammals while four tick species Ablyomma kraneveldi, A. pattoni, A. gervaisi and A. javanense parasitizing on four species of reptiles. The highest host rich­ness was shown by H. (K.) bispinosa and R. haemaphysaloides parasitizing six and five different host species, re­spectively.  Reports of R. (B.) annulatus on sambar deer, A. javanense and A. kraneveldi on python as well as A. pat­toni on Indian rat snake are the new host records from this region. Conclusion: Eight species of ticks parasitizing on nine species of wild mammals and four species of parasitizing on four species of reptiles were identified. The highest host richness was shown by H. (K.) bispinosa and R. haemaphy­saloides. H. spinigera as the vector of KFD was also identified in this study. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/948 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/948/409

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 12 3 2018 07 28 286 295 EN Suman Sundar Mohanty Des