Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 416 419 Mohammad Hassan Aelami Department of Pediatrics and Hand Hygiene and Infection Control Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Alireza Khooei Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hamidreza Ghorbani Kidney Transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Farrokh Seilanian-Toosi Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Elham Poustchi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Bibi Razieh Hosseini-Farash Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Mashhad, Iran Elham Moghaddas Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2019 12 02 Canthariasis is a human disease caused by infestation of beetle larvae. We report here an unusual cause of urogenital in­fection due to Tenebrio molitor in a 10-year-old boy suffering from severe and intermittent suprapubic pain from Nehban­dan City, Northeastern Iran in 2018. After 9 months, three larvae were excreted. Keratinization of bladder wall was ob­served in histopathology. All laboratory evaluations were normal except for presence of microscopic hematuria. This re­port implicated that T. molitor could infest bladder accidentally and cause canthariasis and clinical symptoms that may lead to severe pain and bladder inflammation and hyperemia. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1211 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1211/470

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 344 352 Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Nikpour Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Abai Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz Khanavi Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Hajiiakhondi Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Raesi Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran Univer-sity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Jalil Nejati Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 13 Background: Malaria is the main vector–borne disease worldwide. There are several reports of insecticide resistant in malaria vectors worldwide due to using different insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate different native plant extortions against main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi in Iran for choosing the appropriate plant for formula­tion and use for vector control. Methods: The larvae of An. stephensi were reared in insectary, extraction of plants were carried out at department of Pharmacology. The standard WHO method for biological tests was used for calculation of LC50 and LC90. Probit regra­tion lines were plotted for calculation of LC50 and LC90. Results: In this study several plants including: Mentha spicata, Cymbopogon olivieri, Azadirachta indica, Melia azeda­rach, Lagetes minuta, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Cupressus arizonica, Thymus vulgaris, Lawsonia inermis, Cedrus deodara, Cionura erecta, Bunium persicum, Carum carvi, Artemisia dracunculus, Rosmarinus offici­nalis were used. Results showed that Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, had the lowest and highest LC50 respectively. Conclusion: Results indicated that Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, had the lowest and highest LC50 re­spectively. Several other plant extract also showed significant mortality. The formulation of these plants should be pre­pared and evaluate at the field condition against malaria vectors.   https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1195 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1195/469

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 420 425 Kamel Eddine Benallal Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route Petit Staouéli, Dely Ibrahim, Alger, Algérie Rafik Garni Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route Petit Staouéli, Dely Ibrahim, Alger, Algérie Lazhari Bouiba Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route Petit Staouéli, Dely Ibrahim, Alger, Algérie Kamel Eddine Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Route Petit Staouéli, Dely Ibrahim, Alger, Algérie 2019 12 14 Background: Based on the reporting of the presence of stripped mosquitoes by a citizen in the Algiers residential neighborhood of Bir-Khadem, where residents experienced huge daytime mosquito nuisance an entomological inves­tigation was carried out in July 2016. Methods: Ovitraps and BG sentinel traps baited with Lure were used during three consecutive days to collect adult mosquitoes. Eighteen residential houses of the Bir-Khadem neighborhood were also inspected to search larvae breed­ing sites such as water fountains, baskets and flowerpots. Results: A total of 57 Aedes albopictus specimens were collected in five villas, consisting of 21 eggs, 20 larvae and 16 adults. Conclusion: This is the first record of this invasive species in Algiers. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1221 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1221/472

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 353 361 Mehran Shahi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Heath Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Reza Habibi-Masour Department of Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Roudan, Iran Mehrdad Salehi Department of Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Roudan, Iran Mehdi Ghasemi-Nang Department of Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Emadaddin Rafizad Department of Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Madineh Abbasi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 12 03 Background: Every year, thousands of cases and many deaths from scorpion sting are reported in tropical areas of South and Southwestern parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to identify the fauna and dangerous species of scorpi­ons in Rou­dan County, southern Iran. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 10 stations in Hormozgan Province. Scorpion sampling was done randomly by searching for their shelter and digging out their nests during day, and with the use of UV light during night from February 2013 to October 2014. Data of scorpion stings were obtained from health center of Hormozgan Province during 2014–2016. Results: Overall, 155 scorpions were collected on a set of eight species belonging to Buthidae and Hemiscorpiidae fam­ilies. These species were identified as Mesobuthus persicus, Mesobuthus phillipsi, Hottentotta schach, Odontobuthus doriae, Compsobuthus persicus, Orthochirus farzanpayi, Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius acanthocercus. One thousand and twenty-seven cases of scorpion sting were recorded during 2014–2016 with a peak period in summer. Most of cases were <44yr old. Five out of six medically important scorpions in Iran were actively identified in the study area. Conclusion: Results of this study would greatly help to identify risk factors of scorpion sting in high-risk areas for planning, management and treatment of patients with scorpion sting in these areas. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1212 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1212/471

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 362 377 Kayode David Ileke Department of Biology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Jacobs Mobolade Adesina Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria AND Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Manipur, India 2019 12 14 Background: Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) transmit malaria parasite that causes malaria fever in humans, causing millions of deaths every year among infants in tropical countries. This study was undertaken to assess the tox­icity of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum against pre-adult stages and adult malaria vector, An. gambiae and non-targeted aquatic organism, fingerlings of Clarias garipienus. Methods: Ethalonic extracts of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum were prepared according to the method described by WHO. The larvae and pupae of An. gambiae were exposed to plant extracts for 24h and their mortality was recorded. Toxicity of Ocimum species on non-targeted organism, fingerlings of C. garipienus was also investigated. Results: Ocimum basilicum showed remarkably potency against pre-adult stages and adults An. gambiae causing 100% mortality at 0.4% concentration within 24h of treatment. The LC50 and LC90 of O. basilicum were lower than O. gratti­simum in all stages of An. gambiae studied. Ocimum basilicum and O. gratissimum extracts significantly reduced the number of bites by the vector given a range of 72.25% to 81.75% protection. Ocimum species at the tested concentra­tions did not significantly reduce the number of fingerlings introduced. Conclusion: Ocimum species at the tested concentrations did not significantly reduce the numbers of non-targeted or­ganisms, fingerlings introduced. Therefore, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum could be used to reduce malaria preva­lence in the endemic areas of Nigeria as it poses no threat to aquatic organisms. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1222 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1222/478

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 13 4 2019 08 03 378 390 Faranak Firoozfar Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran AND Department of Public Health, Faculty of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Abedin Saghafipour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mulood Mohammadi Bavani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Masoumeh Taherpour Department of Public Health, Faculty of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Nahid Jesri Remote Sensing and GIS Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mahmood Yazdani Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Kourosh Arzamani Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 2019 12 24 Background: Scorpions pose one of the most important public health and medical problems in tropical and subtropi­cal regions of the world, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the fauna and spatial distribution of scorpions. Methods: In this descriptive study, scorpions were captured using ultra-violet (UV) light, pitfall traps and digging methods in North Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran in 2017. After being encoded, the collected scorpions were stored in plastic containers of 70% ethanol and then transferred to the medical entomology lab of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for species identification based on morphological keys. In addition, Arc GIS 9.3 software was utilized for mapping spatial distribution of scorpions. Results: Overall, 143 scorpions were captured and identified. All of collected scorpions belonged only to Buthidae family. They were also classified into four genera (Androctonus, Mesobuthus, Odontobuthus, Orthochirus) and five species: M. eupeus (59.44%), A. crassicauda (16.78%), O. doriae (12.59), M. (Olivierus) caucasicus (9.09%), and O. farzanpayi (2.10%). Furthermore, spatial distribution of scorpions was performed in this area. Conclusion: Regarding the diversity, high frequency and wide geographical distribution of scorpions and their long-term seasonal activity in this area, the probability of occurrence of scorpion sting is high. Therefore, i Soleimani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saied Reza Naddaf Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2020 03 22 Background: This study aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detec­tion of tick-borne relapsing fever in resource-limited areas. Methods: A set of six primers were designed based on the conserved regions of the Glycerophosphodiester phos­phodiesterase (glpQ) gene of Borrelia species. For sensitivity assay, serial dilutions of a recombinant plasmid contain­ing a 219bp sequence of the glpQ were prepared and used as the template DNA. The LAMP reactions containing the six primers and the reagents required for amplification were incubated at 60–65 °C for 60min in a Loopamp real-time tur­bidimeter. For the specificity test, DNA from 14 other bacteria were included in the assays, and double-distilled water was used as the negative control. Also, DNA from dried blood spots (DBSs) of spirochetemic mice, and blood samples from relapsing fever-suspected patients were examined by the LAMP along a Borrelia-specific nested PCR that targets the rrs-rrl-IGS region. Results: The LAMP detected as low as 90glpQ copies in reactions. The primers reacted with DNA from DBS of spi­rochetemic mice showing spirochete concentrations of ≤ one per a 1000X microscopic field. In clinical samples, the LAMP assay showed a higher sensitivity compared to nested-PCR. The LAMP specificity was 100%, as the primers did not react with other bacteria DNA. Conclusion: The high sensitivity and specificity of the test, along with the simplicity of the DNA extraction procedure, make the LAMP a reliable and adaptable tool for the diagnosis of tick-borne relapsing fever in rural endemic areas. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1256 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1256/482

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1258 1258 Mohammad Reza Shirzadi Communicable Diseases Management Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javanbakht Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Jesri Remote Sensing and GIS Centre, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Abedin Saghafipour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Reza Fouladi-Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Alireza Omidi-Oskouei Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2020 03 23 Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a dermal and parasitic disease.. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of environmental and climate factors on spatial distribution of CL in northeastern Iran by utilizing remote sensing from 20 March 2016 to 19 March 2017. Methods: In this ecological study, the data were divided into two parts: The descriptive data on human CL cases were gathered from Communicable Diseases center of Iran. The remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery data (TRMM, MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra and AMSR-2 with spatial resolution 0.25°, 0.05°, 5600m and 10km) of environ­mental and climate factors were used to determine the spatial pattern changes of cutaneous leishmaniasis inci­dence. Results: The incidence of CL in North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan was 35.80 per 100,000 people (309/863092), 34.14 per 100,000 people (2197/6,434,501) and 7.67 per 100,000 people (59/768,898), respectively. The incidence of CL had the highest correlation with soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Moreover, the incidence of dis­ease was significantly correlated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and air humidity while it had the lowest correlation with rainfall. Furthermore, the CL incidence had an indirect correlation relation with the air tem­perature meaning that with an increase in the temperature, the incidence of disease decreased. Conclusion: As such, the incidence of disease was also higher in the northern regions; most areas of North Khorasan and northern regions of Razavi Khorasan; where the rainfall, vegetation, specific humidity, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture was higher than the southern areas. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1258 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1258/483

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1266 1266 Ismaeil Alizadeh Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Biology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Elham Jahanifard Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mona Sharififard Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Ebrahim Azemi Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Product, Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2020 03 30 Background: Bed bugs as blood-sucking insects have become a public health problem in urban communities through­out the world. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of resident education and self-implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for eliminating bed bug infestation in infected apartments in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in seventy apartments infested with bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in Ahvaz City, southwest Iran, during a 6-month period. The bed bug infestations reported to Health centers were in­spect­ed visually and confirmed by medical entomology experts. Then, the heads of the households were received tech­niques/ tools of the IPM program and trained by medical entomology experts before self-implementation of control methods. Finally, the infected apartments were inspected by the experts at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention and data were rec­orded in a checklist. Results: From the seventy infected apartments, 57%, 28% and 15% were considered as low, moderate, and high level infestation respectively. The bed bug infestation was eliminated from 53 apartments (76%) after one month and it reached to 62 apartments (88%) by the end of third month. Finally, after six months of applying IPM program, bed bugs infestation was eliminated from all infected apartments (100%). Residents expressed their 100% satisfaction with ap­plying the bed bug IPM strategy. Conclusion: Training residents to implement the IPM program can reduce pest control costs, the volume of pesticides consumed, and human exposure to chemical pesticides, resulting in increased human and environmental health and safety. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1266 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1266/489

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1265 1265 Abedin Saghafipour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amin Asadollahi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Fouladi-Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Amir Hamta 5Clinical Research Development Center (CRDU), Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Ali Hasanwand Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 03 30 Background: The reports of numerous outbreaks of whiteflies from different parts of the world have increased its medical importance. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between environmental changes and climatic factors with the outbreak of the whitefly population in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Methods: This study was carried out in urban areas of Tehran, where the increasing population of whiteflies was re­ported frequently during 2018. In order to entrap the whiteflies, 20 yellow sticky cards smeared with white refined grease were installed on the trunks of the trees at twice per month as trapping time intervals. The captured flies were transferred and conserved in cans containing 70% alcohol and were counted accurately under a stereomicroscope. To determine the relationship between air quality index, precipitation, air temperature and air humidity as environmental and climatic factors with the abundance of whiteflies, change point analysis and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) was used. Results: The most density of white flies per trap was 256.6 and 155.6 in early October and late September respectively. The number moved closer to zero from November to April. The population of whiteflies was inversely correlated with the level of air quality index (p= 0.99) and precipitation (p= 0.95), and it had a direct correlation with the high temper­ature. Also, the population of whiteflies had a direct correlation with the level of air humidity in the first half of the year Conclusion: According to these findings, during spring and summer from early May to early October. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1265 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1265/488

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1262 1262 Babatunde Odetoyin Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Babatunde Adeola Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Olarinde Olaniran Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria 2020 03 28 Background: The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide. House­flies are potential carriers of pathogenic and resistant bacteria and could be contributing to the global spread of these strains in the environments.We investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistant profiles of bacteria isolated from houseflies in Akure. Methods: Twenty-five houseflies were captured by a sterile nylon net from the slaughterhouse, garbage dump, human house, hospital, and eatery from 9:00am to 1:00pm when the flies were active and transported immediately to the la­bor­atory in sterile containers for processing. Bacterial loads were enumerated by serial dilution and plating on nutrient agar and selective media. Bacteria species were isolated by conventional isolation technique. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: Sixty-seven bacterial species were isolated from 25 samples that were collected. The predominant bacterial species was Escherichia coli (n= 31, 45%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n= 17, 25%), Staphylococcus aureus (n= 11, 16%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n= 3, 4.3%). The bacterial load of the samples ranged from 9.7×105CFU/mL to 1.65×106CFU/mL. The results revealed that all isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, and Proteus mi­rabilis were resistant to streptomycin and cotrimoxazole, augmentin and amoxicillin respectively. None of the S. aureus iso­lates was resistant to cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, sparfloxacin, augmentin, and ofloxacin. All isolates were multi-drug resistant. Conclusion: House flies that were collected from the slaughterhouse, garbage dump, human house, hospital, and eatery may participate in the dispersal of pathogenic and resistant bacteria in the study environment. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1262 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1262/485

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1263 1263 Ehssan Mozaffari Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yavar Rassi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Ento