Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 15 4 2022 09 04 349 357 Amrollah Azarm Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Nasrabadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Shahidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Awat Dehghan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fateme Nikpoor Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyede Maryam Molaeezadeh Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Faramarz Bozorgomid Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghazal Tashakori Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 09 04 2022 09 04 Background: Culex pipiens complex is considered as a vector of some important diseases suchas West Nile fever, equine encephalitis, Rift valley fever, St. Louis encephalitis, Elephanthiasis and avian malaria in the world. The main measure for vector control is using insecticides. High use of insecticides caused resistance in the populations. The aim of this study was to review the status of insecticide resistance in the vector. Methods: Insecticide resistance in this species was found by the available papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorine, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were done. An intensive search of scientific literature was done in “PubMed”, “Web of Knowledge”, “Scopus”, “Google Scholar”, “SID”, and related resources. Results: Results showed that a wide variety of resistance to different insecticides in the country. Due to importance of this species in transmission of diseases. Discussion: resistance management strategies should be further considered to prevent from in secticide resistance and replacement of novel approach for vector control. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1577 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1577/578

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 15 4 2022 09 04 358 365 Abedin Saghafipour Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, International Campus (IC -TUMS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Majid Kababian Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Melika Alirezaei Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environment Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 10 2022 09 04 Background: Due to the confirmation of the presence of the novel coronavirus in the feces and municipal sewerage system, and the feeding of domestic insects from fecal matter, as well as the ability of these insects to mechanically transmit microbes from the sewerage system. This study was aimed at molecular evaluation of the novel coronavirus infection isolated on cockroaches and flies collected from Kamkar-Arabnia Hospital in Qom City, Iran. Methods: Totally, 18 samples; (12 samples cockroaches and 6 flies) from the external surface of cockroaches and houseflies as well as their digestive system were prepared. After designed and synthetized exogenous heterologous internal control, the RNA was extracted to investigate the contamination of these samples with the novel coronavirus. To detect the virus, the E and RdRp genes were identified. Results: Investigation of coronavirus E gene using the multiplex one-step qPCR technique on the collected samples showed an amplification plot in CT= 35.70 related to the internal surfaces of cockroaches collected from the treatment and sick room of the hospital. Also, the design of internal control to ensure the accuracy of the extraction process was successful. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study regarding detecting the presence of the coronavirus infection in the digestive system of domestic insects such as American cockroaches and considering their ability to mechanically transmit viruses, it is recommended to control the domestic insects that are in close contact with humans in crowded places such as hospitals and health centers during the Covid-19 pandemic. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1476 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1476/572

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 15 4 2022 09 04 366 379 EN Zahra Saeidi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Morteza Zaim Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Ahmadkhaniha Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yavar Rassi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein Arandian Esfahan Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Jafari Esfahan Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galan School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK AND Section of Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 06 29 2022 09 04 Background: Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by Leishmania parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO’s global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO. Methods: Sand flies were collected by mouth aspirator in Matin Abad desert Eco-resort and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Malathion 5% and Propoxur 0.1%. The number of knockdown sand flies were recorded during exposure time in ten minutes interval for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Knockdown Time50 (KD50) and KD90 were generated for them using Probit software. They were mounted and identified by valid keys. Results: Among the tested insecticides against female Phlebotomus papatasi, DDT, Deltamethrin, and Malathion recorded the highest mortality rate of 100%, followed by Propoxur with 92.2% mortality for a one-hour exposure. For DDT, KD50 and KD90 were calculated 21.87 and 42.93 and for Deltamethrin, they were 23.74 and 56.50 minutes respectively. Total sand flies exposed with DDT  and Deltamethrin shed their leg(s). Conclusion: It is concluded that Ph. papatasi from central Iran is susceptible to DDT, Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Propoxur. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1463 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1463/573

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 15 4 2022 09 04 380 388 Sara Sabzalizade Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Amani Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND4Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Hosseini Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roya Najafi-Taher Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza Basseri Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 31 2022 09 04 Objectives Due to undesired environmental impact of insecticides as well as resistant of vectors to them, development of organic and natural insecticides have been more considered. In the current study, we developed nanoemulsion of eucalyptus and investigated lavicidal activity of it against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens under  laboratory as well as semi field conditions.  Materials and Methods: An optimized nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing Eucalyptus oil, Tween 80 and ethanol at ratio of 1:2:1.5 in distilled water, then, stirred for 20 minute at room temperature. The product was then used for bioassay tests against 3-4th instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi as well as Culex pipiens.  Furthermore, semi field trial was carried out to evaluate larvicidal activity of nanoemulsion of eucalyptus. Results: Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus showed significantly high lavicidal activity comparing with bulk eucalyptus essential oil. The LC50 and LC90 value of nanoemulsion against An. stephensi were 111.0 and 180.8 ppm respectively and 29.5 and 73.7 ppm for Cx.  pipiens, respectively. In the semi field condition, the Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus decreased 1-2nd instar larval density of Culicines and Anophelines to 90.1%  and 85.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The nano formulation of eucalyptus oil showed high larvicidal activity.  Therefore, nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil can be used as an eco-friendly larvicide against mosquitoes. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1481 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1481/574

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 15 4 2022 09 04 389 396 Snehil Gupta Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India Surbhi . Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India Sachin Kumar Division of Parsitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India 2020 04 12 2022 09 04 Background: Out of 931 species of ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus is the most widely studied tick species due to its pivotal role in transmission of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, resulting in huge economic loss in cattle and buffalo’s industry. Chemical control using deltamethrin forms the mainstay of tick control strategy because of high potency and low toxicity. However, inadvertent use of deltamethrin has led to the development of deltamethrin resistance in field ticks Methods: The engorged female ticks were collected in a plastic container covered with a cotton plug from 10 places (Jarwa, Barwa, Khajakhera, Banisi, Nakipur, Dhangar, Badopal, Shivalya Dharamshala, Siwani and Meham) of five districts of western Haryana. The Larval Packet Test (LPT) was conducted for the characterization of resistance in field tick. Results: In the present study, ticks were collected from 10 places from 5 districts of western Haryana and evaluated against deltamethrin using larval packed test. The LC50 values (confidence interval) of ticks larvae against deltamethrin collected from Nakipur, Dhangar, Barwa, Badopal, Shivalya Dharamshala, Siwani, Jarwa, Khajakhera, Meham and Banisi are 73.6 (67.2–81.9), 61.2 (61.6–98.5), 52.7 (14.4–101.0), 140.0 (86.7–448.6), 65.8 (37.1–95.2), 232.1 (201.0–304.7), 3.72 (0.20–9.87), 21.3 (12.0–31.6), 107.6 (96.8–127.6), 54.2 (43.4–58.4) ppm, respectively. The resistance factor ranges from 0.31 to 11.86, indicating variable resistance among field isolates. Conclusion: Data generated on deltamethrin resistance sta test was used to compare the trend of malaria prevalence among sex and age groups. Statistical significance was considered at P< 0.05. Results: Among 4,500 patients with suspected cases of malaria, 40% of the cases had microscopically confirmed malar­ia. Plasmodium falciparum was more prevalent than P. vivax in the district. Only 368 (38.25%) people slept under the net yesterday night out of the 962 people who utilized it overall during the study period. 127 (63.5%) households re­ported no insecticide spraying in the past 12 months, while 73 (36.5%) reported their houses were sprayed. Conclusion: The number of malaria cases reached its peak in 2019 and hit its lowest point in 2021.  Results show that IRS and LLINs coverage and utilization were poor and warrant community awareness and support by all concerned bodies. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1686 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1686/663

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 18 3 2024 09 30 197 217 Alireza Barmaki Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Yavar Rassi Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Azad Absavaran Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Amir Ahmad Akhavan Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eslam Moradi-Asl 3Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sayena Rafizadeh Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2023 12 12 2024 04 06 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar, and prevalent in more than 70 countries and sev­eral regions of Iran. It is one of the main diseases transmitted by sand flies. In this work, geometric morphometrics and DNA barcoding were employed as novel techniques to enhance the diagnos­tic tools used in this study. Methods: Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus, Phlebotomus major s.l., and Phlebotomus tobbi caught from three districts in the Ardabil Province, northwest of Iran. The right wings of 286 female sand flies were analyzed using geo­metric morphometric (GM) tools. Additionally, the COI gene was isolated from each of the three species, amplified using universal primers, and sequenced through the DNA barcoding method for classification. This sequencing data was then formatted to generate morphometric analyses. Results: The landmarks with the most variations were found in sets 10, 12, 13, and 14, whereas the first set's landmarks at 1 and 11, along with those from the second set at positions 2, 3, and 5 exhibited the greatest variations. Analysis of the size and shape variations in the wings indicates the presence of distinct populations (P< 0.05). Furthermore, the DNA barcoding results not only confirmed the findings from the geometric morphometric analysis but also revealed both interspecific and intraspecific distances. Conclusion: This study was the first attempt to assess whether wing geometry morphometrics, combined with DNA barcode techniques, can effectively distinguish the three mentioned species in the studied areas. Furthermore, the identi­fication of Phlebotomus neglectus in this area prompted recommendations for additional research. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1704 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1704/666

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 18 3 2024 09 30 189 196 Fahime Dehnoaliyan Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Sajede Akbarabadi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Parvin Mohseni Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Elham Mohammadi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Saeidreza Nourollahifard Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Marziyeh Pourfatahi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Amirhossein Khalili Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maziar Jajarmi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 2024 01 16 2025 01 15 Background: Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. are amongst the most important tick-transmitted bacteria that can cause zoonotic disease in various hosts including ruminants and humans. Methods: In this study, 16srRNA, EE, and dsb sequences were respectively used to screen Anaplasmataceae family, Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. in tick samples (n= 100) collected from 100 domestic ruminants including 50 sheep and 50 cattle in Jiroft City, southeast of Iran, between June and August 2021. Results: two genera were predominant among the ticks including Hyalomma spp. (64%; 43% from sheep and 21% from cattle) and Rhipicephalus spp. (36%; 22% from cattle and 14% from sheep); all ticks were adult and 73% of them were male. DNA of Anaplasmataceae was detected in 17% (17/100) of the ticks collected from cattle (18%; 9/50) and sheep (16%; 8/50). Anaplasma spp. was not found in the samples, but two ticks were positive for Ehrlichia spp.; all were posi­tive for Ehrlichia spp. belonged to the cattle (4%; 2/50). Conclusion: This study shows that Anaplasmataceae strains are circulating via ticks among domestic ruminants in the study area, emphasizing the need for effective tick control strategies by livestock farmers, health, and veterinary au­thorities. Surveillance, molecular characterization and further sequencing-based studies are crucial for informed control and prevention efforts. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1709 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1709/664

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 18 3 2024 10 19 180 188 EN Mostafa Farmani Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Adel Spotin Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Afsaneh Dolatkhah Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Saber Gholiz