Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 1 10 EN P Parvizi Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran SR Naddaf Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran E AlaeeNovin Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Haematophagous females of some phlebotomine sandflies are the only natural vectors of Leishmania species, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, including Iran.  We report the presence of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major and Phlebotomus (Adlerius) halepensis in Tonekabon (Ma­zanderan Province) and Phlebotomus (Larroussius) tobbi in Pakdasht (Tehran Province). It is the first report of these species, known as potential vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran, are identified in these areas. Methods: In 2006-2007 individual wild-caught sandflies were characterized by both morphological features and sequence analysis of their mitochondrial genes (Cytochrome b).  The analyses were based on a fragment of  494 bp at the 3´ end of the Cyt b gene (Cyt b 3´ fragment) and a fragment of  382 bp CB3 at the 5´ end of the Cyt b gene (Cyt b 5´ fragment). We also analysed the Cyt b Long fragment, which is located on the last 717 bp of the Cyt b gene, followed by 20 bp of intergenic spacer and the transfer RNA ser(TCN) gene. Results: Twenty-seven P. halepensis and four P. major from Dohezar, Tonekabon, Mazanderan province and 8 P. tobbi from Packdasht, Tehran Province were identified by morphological and molecular characters. Cyt b 5´ and Cyt b 3´ fragment sequences were obtained from 15 and 9 flies, respectively. Cyt b long fragment sequences were ob­tained from 8 out of 27 P. halepensis. Conclusion: Parsimony analyses (using heuristic searches) of the DNA sequences of Cyt b always showed mono­phyletic clades of subgenera and each species did form a monophyletic group. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/67 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/67/65

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 11 18 EN M Shayeghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran MH Dehghani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Center for Environmental Research, Tehran, Iran AH Mahvi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran K Azam Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Since organophosphorus pesticides are widely used for industry and insect control in agricultural crops, their fate in the environment is very important. Pesticide contamination of surface water has been recog­nized as a major contaminant in world because of their potential toxicity towards human and animals. The objec­tive of this research was to investigate the influence of various parameters including the influence of time, power, and initial concentration on degradation of diazinon pesticide. Methods: The sonochemical degradation of diazinon was investigated using acoustical processor reactor. Acous­tical processor reactor with 130 kHz was used to study the degradation of pesticide solution. Samples were ana­lyzed using HPLC at different time intervals. Effectiveness of APR at different times (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min), concentrations (2, 4 and 8 mg/L) and powers (300W, 400W, 500W) were compared. Results: The degradation of the diazinon at lower concentrations was greater in comparison to higher concentra­tions. There was also direct correlation between power and diazinon degradation. In addition, when the power increased, the ability to degraded diazinon increased. Conclusion: The sonodegradation of diazinon pesticide at different concentrations and powers was successfully provided. It has been shown that APR can be used to reduce the concentration of dissolved pesticide using high frequency. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/68 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/68/66

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 19 25 EN A Barmaki Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. J Rafinejad Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. H Vatandoost Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Z Telmadarraiy Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. F Mohtarami Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. SH Leghaei Health Management Office of Qazvin Province, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran MA Oshaghi Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 03 Background: A molecular survey was conducted to investigatethe presence of pathogenic Borrelia persica species caus­ing the tick borne relapsing fever (TBRF) in Takistan district Qazvin Province, western Iran. Methods: A number of 1021 soft ticks were collected from 31 villages including previously reported infected and none-infected TBRF cases and individually examined for the presenceof B. persica DNA by conventional PCR target­ing the 16SrRNA. Results: A total of 1021 soft ticks of three species of Ornithodouros tholozani (120: 11.75%), O. lahorensis (461: 45.15%) and Argas persicus (440: 43.1%) were collected and tested against Borrelia infection. Soft ticks were more preva­lent (67%) in infected areas than none infected areas. The rate O. tholozani in infected areas was much greater (29 times) than none infected areas. Ninety seven percent of soft ticks in none infected areas were of O. tholozani. Six­teen (16.7%) ticks of tested (n=95) O. tholozani were infected with B. persica. Three (1.3%) out of 205 soft ticks of O. lahorensis were positive for Borrelia sp., and no infection was observed in A. persicus. TaqI RFLP analysisand se­quence analysis of the positive PCR products showed the presence of B. persica. The RFLP analysis showed that the positive ticks of O. lahorensis were infected with unknown Borrelia species. Conclusion: This study showed that although there were no TBRF cases in Takisan, but still infected O. tholozani, the known vector of TBRF, presented in the region. Control measures needs to be fulfilled in Thakisan.  https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/69 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/69/67

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 26 34 EN SH Nikookar Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran SH Moosa-Kazemi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran MA Oshaghi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran MR Yaghoobi-Ershadi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran H Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Kianinasab Ancestry Natural Resources and Forestry Office, Neka, Mazandaran Province, Iran 2015 10 03                                                                                         Background: Regarding to the significant of the possibility of the malaria epidemic and nuisance of mosquitoes dur­ing the active season, the fauna and some ecological activities of mosquitoes in related to tree holes were investi­gated from April to December 2009 in Neka county of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Methods: Larval collection was carried out from natural, artificial breeding places, and tree holes inside the forest in Neka County, Mazandaran Province in 2009. In addition, human bait net trap collection was conducted using suction tube several times during this investigation. Results: Four genera and five species were found in tree holes. Anopheles plumbeus, Culiseta annulata, Culex  pipiens, and Ochlerotatus geniculatus were collected by larval collection whereas, Ochlerotatus pulcritarsis was found by adult collection. Overall Cx. pipiens 44.6%, Oc. geniculatus 32.6%, An. plumbeus 22.5%, and Cs. annulata 0.3% were collected by larval collection. During the bait net collection five specie were identified including: Oc. genicula­tus 55.87%, Oc. echinus 1.33%, Oc. pulchritarsis 8.8 %, Cx. pipiens 33.8%, and An. plumbeus 0.2%. Cs.  annu­lata larvae was detected for the first time with a low abundance in tree cavity. Conclusion: Tree holes were found the main habitat for the species of Oc. geniculatus. The species of Cs.  annulata was found in tree holes https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/70 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/70/68

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 35 41 EN KH Shahandeh Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran HR Basseri Department of medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Pakari Institute of Public Health, Bandar-Abbas Center of Health Research and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Riazi Department of medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Use of bed-net continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. Local communi­ties are indispensable during design and implementation stages. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 192 randomly selected inhabitants was carried out in malarious zone, Siahoo dire­strict, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. In addition, we monitored human landing periodicity of main malaria vec­tors and as well as self-protection of inhabitant in the study area for a period of one transmission season between April to October 2006. Results: The biting activities were seen throughout the whole night for three malaria vectors, Anopheles fluviatilis, An. stephensi and An. Dthali, and  An. fluviatilis exhibiting bimodal peaks, the first at midnight (0:00-1:00) and the other before dawn (5:00−6:00 am) but the maximum biting activity of An. stephensi was occurred at second quarter of night (11:00-12:00 pm). The majority of interviewers (83.3%) knew that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes and 70.3% of them stated that bed-net is the best control measures. Most subjects (62%) did not have a mosquito net. Conclusion: Study subjects were aware of an association between mosquito bite and malaria transmission. Health work­ers at different levels of the health care delivery system should disseminate relevant information about self-protection to help community members to be involved more in malaria control. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/71 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/71/69

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 42 49 EN H Dehghan Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran J Sadraei Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran SH Moosa-Kazemi Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 03 Background: Culex pipiens complex shows variations in morphological and biological characters including differ­ent biological forms and has medical and veterinary importance. Because of having morphological variations, some­times it is not easy to separate this species from Cx. quinquefasciatusand Cx. torrentium.The aim of this study was to  identify the  Culex pipiens complex species in order to use in control programs in the future. Methods: This study was carried out in two randomly selected rural villages in Yazd County, eastern Iran using dip­ping technique from April to October 2009. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: Average of siphon index in fourth-instrar larvae was 3.86±0.03, the minimum and maximum were calculated 2.43 and 5.14, respectively. Siphon/Saddle index was measured as average, minimum and maximum 3.2±0.2, 2.78, and 4.42 respectively. In our study, only 4 specimens had single seta 1 on segments III and VI (2.5%) and the remaining beard double seta (97.5%). The maximum 3-6 branches seta 1a-S and 1b-S (95%) were observed on siphon. Conclusion: More populations of Culex pipiens from different areas of Iran need to be studied to gain complete informa­tion about the taxonomy and ecology of the species in the country. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/72 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/72/70

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 4 2 2010 12 15 50 55 EN B Davari Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kurdistan, Sananadaj, Iran E Kalantar Liver and Digestive Research Center, Tohid Hospital, Medical University of Kurdistan, Sananadaj, Iran A Zahirnia Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran Soleimani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saied Reza Naddaf Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2020 03 22 Background: This study aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detec­tion of tick-borne relapsing fever in resource-limited areas. Methods: A set of six primers were designed based on the conserved regions of the Glycerophosphodiester phos­phodiesterase (glpQ) gene of Borrelia species. For sensitivity assay, serial dilutions of a recombinant plasmid contain­ing a 219bp sequence of the glpQ were prepared and used as the template DNA. The LAMP reactions containing the six primers and the reagents required for amplification were incubated at 60–65 °C for 60min in a Loopamp real-time tur­bidimeter. For the specificity test, DNA from 14 other bacteria were included in the assays, and double-distilled water was used as the negative control. Also, DNA from dried blood spots (DBSs) of spirochetemic mice, and blood samples from relapsing fever-suspected patients were examined by the LAMP along a Borrelia-specific nested PCR that targets the rrs-rrl-IGS region. Results: The LAMP detected as low as 90glpQ copies in reactions. The primers reacted with DNA from DBS of spi­rochetemic mice showing spirochete concentrations of ≤ one per a 1000X microscopic field. In clinical samples, the LAMP assay showed a higher sensitivity compared to nested-PCR. The LAMP specificity was 100%, as the primers did not react with other bacteria DNA. Conclusion: The high sensitivity and specificity of the test, along with the simplicity of the DNA extraction procedure, make the LAMP a reliable and adaptable tool for the diagnosis of tick-borne relapsing fever in rural endemic areas. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1256 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1256/482

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1258 1258 Mohammad Reza Shirzadi Communicable Diseases Management Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javanbakht Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Jesri Remote Sensing and GIS Centre, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Abedin Saghafipour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Reza Fouladi-Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Alireza Omidi-Oskouei Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2020 03 23 Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a dermal and parasitic disease.. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of environmental and climate factors on spatial distribution of CL in northeastern Iran by utilizing remote sensing from 20 March 2016 to 19 March 2017. Methods: In this ecological study, the data were divided into two parts: The descriptive data on human CL cases were gathered from Communicable Diseases center of Iran. The remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery data (TRMM, MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra and AMSR-2 with spatial resolution 0.25°, 0.05°, 5600m and 10km) of environ­mental and climate factors were used to determine the spatial pattern changes of cutaneous leishmaniasis inci­dence. Results: The incidence of CL in North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan was 35.80 per 100,000 people (309/863092), 34.14 per 100,000 people (2197/6,434,501) and 7.67 per 100,000 people (59/768,898), respectively. The incidence of CL had the highest correlation with soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Moreover, the incidence of dis­ease was significantly correlated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and air humidity while it had the lowest correlation with rainfall. Furthermore, the CL incidence had an indirect correlation relation with the air tem­perature meaning that with an increase in the temperature, the incidence of disease decreased. Conclusion: As such, the incidence of disease was also higher in the northern regions; most areas of North Khorasan and northern regions of Razavi Khorasan; where the rainfall, vegetation, specific humidity, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture was higher than the southern areas. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1258 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1258/483

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1266 1266 Ismaeil Alizadeh Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Biology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Elham Jahanifard Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mona Sharififard Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Ebrahim Azemi Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Product, Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2020 03 30 Background: Bed bugs as blood-sucking insects have become a public health problem in urban communities through­out the world. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of resident education and self-implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for eliminating bed bug infestation in infected apartments in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in seventy apartments infested with bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in Ahvaz City, southwest Iran, during a 6-month period. The bed bug infestations reported to Health centers were in­spect­ed visually and confirmed by medical entomology experts. Then, the heads of the households were received tech­niques/ tools of the IPM program and trained by medical entomology experts before self-implementation of control methods. Finally, the infected apartments were inspected by the experts at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention and data were rec­orded in a checklist. Results: From the seventy infected apartments, 57%, 28% and 15% were considered as low, moderate, and high level infestation respectively. The bed bug infestation was eliminated from 53 apartments (76%) after one month and it reached to 62 apartments (88%) by the end of third month. Finally, after six months of applying IPM program, bed bugs infestation was eliminated from all infected apartments (100%). Residents expressed their 100% satisfaction with ap­plying the bed bug IPM strategy. Conclusion: Training residents to implement the IPM program can reduce pest control costs, the volume of pesticides consumed, and human exposure to chemical pesticides, resulting in increased human and environmental health and safety. https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/view/1266 https://jad.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jad/article/download/1266/489

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2322-1984 14 1 2019 08 03 1265 1265 Abedin Saghafipour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Vatandoost