Spironucleus muris and Eperythrozoon coccoides in Rodents from Northwestern Iran: Rare Infections
Abstract
Background: Rodents perform a crucial role in dispersal of zoonosis causes globally. We aimed to investigation about infection levels of parasitic agents in rodents’ population in Meshkinshahr areas, northwest of Iran from Apr to Sep 2014.
Methods: Two hundred four rodents were trapped and anaesthetized. A sample of blood was collected via cardiopuncture from each one. Thin and thick blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa. All stained smear were examined under light microscopy with high magnification by two expert microscopists. Every suspected unicellular observed were measured microscopically and compared with key references to diagnose.
Results: Captured rodents were identified as three genera including Meriones persicus, Mus musculus, Cricetulus migraturius. Protozoa identified in this study were included of Spironucleus muris and Eperythrozoon coccoides, these parasites were observed in blood smear of 0.98% of rodents. S. muris and E. coccoides were seen in M. musculus and C. migraturius, respectively.
Conclusion: The present study increases awareness about Eperythrozoonosis in rodents and its potential transmission to domestic animals and even to human in rural districts in Iran. Moreover, the attack of Spironucleus on the mucus of colon and its systemic risk was confirmed.
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2. Wanger JE, Doyle RE, Ronald NC, Garri-son RG, Schmitz JA (1974) Hexamitia-sis in laboratory mice, hamsters, and rats. Lab Anim Sci. 24: 349–354.
3. Flatt RE, Halvorsen JA, Kemp RL (1978) Hexamitiasis in a laboratory mouse colony. Lab Anim Sci. 28: 62–65.
4. Letvin NL, O'Connell MJ, Blake BJ, King NW (1984) Hematogenous hexamitia-sis in a macaque monkey with an im-munodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis. 149 (5): 828.
5. Schilling V (1928) Eperythrozoon coccoides, eine neue durch Splenektomie aktiv-ierbare Dauerinfektion der weissen Maus. Mol Med. 7(39): 1853–1855.
6. Eliot CP, Ford WW (1930) Eperythrozoon coccoides in mice. Am J Epidemiol. 12 (3): 677–680.
7. Neimark H, Peters W, Robinson BL, Stewart LB (2005) Phylogenetic analysis and de-scription of Eperythrozoon coccoides, proposal to transfer to the genus Myco-plasma as Mycoplasma coccoides comb. nov. and Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 55(3): 1385–1391.
8. Puntaric V, Borčić D, Vukelic D, Jeren T, Burek V, Wikerhauser T, Richter B (1986) Eperythrozoonosis in man. Lan-cet. 328 (8511): 868–869.
9. Yuan C, Liang A, Yu F, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhu J, Cui L, Han Y, Hua X (2007) Eperythrozoon infection identified in an unknown aetiology anaemia patient. Ann Microbiol. 57(3): 467–469.
10. Tai X, Yang D (1991) Human eperythro-zoonosis. Chin Inner Mong Med J. 11: 122.
11. Henry S (1979) Clinical observations on eperythrozoonosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 174(6): 601–603.
12. Eliot CP (1936) The insect vector for the natural transmission of Eperythrozoon coccoides in mice. Science. 84: 397.
13. Brugerolle G, Kunstyr I, Senarud J, Friedhoff K (1980) Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the path-ogenic diplomonad Spironucleus muris. Z Parasitenkd. 62: 47–61.
14. Kreier JP, Ristic M (1968) Haemobartonel-losis, eperythrozoonosis, grahamellosis and ehrlichiosis. In: Weinman D and Ristic M (Eds) Infectious blood dis-eases of man and animals, Vol. 2. Ac-ademic Press, New York, pp. 387–472.
15. Baker DG (2008) Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals. John Wiley and Sons. Blackwell Publishing, Australia.
16. Casebolt D, Lindsey J, Cassell G (1988) Prevalence rates of infectious agents among commercial breeding populations of rats and mice. Lab Anim Sci. 38(3): 327–329.
17. Bicalho KA, Araújo FTM, Rocha R, Car-valho OdS (2007) Sanitary profile in mice and rat colonies in laboratory an-imal houses in Minas Gerais: I-Endo and ectoparasites. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo. 59(6): 1478–1484.
18. Gilioli R, Andrade L, Passos L, Silva F, Rodrigues D, Guaraldo A (2000) Para-site survey in mouse and rat colonies of Brazilian laboratory animal houses kept under differents sanitary barrier condi-tions. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo. 52(1): 33–37.
19. Rahemo Z, Ahmed R, Koyee Q (2012) Intestinal Parasites of Experimental Rodents with Testing the Efficacy of Diagnostic Methods. Int Res J of Phar-maceuticals. 2(3): 77–81.
20. Hamedi Y, Heidari M, Soleimani-Ahmadi M (2003) Intestinal and blood parasites of brown rats in Bandar Abbas. Hor-mozgan Med J. 7(3): 123–127.
21. Whitehouse A, France MP, Pope SE, Lloyd JE, Ratcliffe RC (1993) Spiro-nucleus muris in laboratory mice. Aust Vet J. 70(5): 193.
22. Lussier G, Loew F (1970) An outbreak of hexamitiasis in laboratory mice. Can J Comp Med. 34(4): 350–353.
23. Meshorer A (1969) Hexamitiasis in labor-atory mice. Lab Anim Care. 19: 33–37.
24. Bailey C, Kramer J, Mejia A, MacKey J, Mansfield K, Miller A (2010) Systemic spironucleosis in 2 immunodeficient rhe-sus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol. 47(3): 488–494.
25. Boorman G, Lina P, Zurcher C, Nieu-werkerk H (1973) Hexamita and Giar-dia as a cause of mortality in congeni-tally thymus-less (nude) mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 15: 623–627. 26. Sebesteny A (1969) Pathogenicity of in-testinal flagellates in mice. Lab Anim. 3(1): 71–77.
27. Kunstyr I, Ammerpohl E, Meyer B (1977) Experimental spironucleosis (hexami-tiasis) in the nude mouse as a model for immunologic and pharmacologic stud-ies. Lab Animl Sci. 24: 782–788.
28. Brett SJ, Cox F (1982) Immunological aspects of Giardia muris and Spironu-cleus muris infections in inbred and outbred strains of laboratory mice: a comparative study. Parasitology. 85(1): 85–99.
29. Brett SJ, Cox F (1982) Interactions be-tween the intestinal flagellates Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris and the blood parasites Babesia microti, Plas-modium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei in mice. Parasitology. 85(1): 101–110.
30. Hofmeister K (1993) Spironukleose des Feldhamsters. Licht- und el-ektronenmikroskopische. [PhD disser-tation]. Tierärztliche Hochschule Han-nover.
31. Yang D, Tai X, Qiu Y, Yun S (2000) Prevalence of Eperythrozoon spp. in-fection and congenital eperythrozoono-sis in humans in Inner Mongolia, Chi-na. Epidemiol Infect. 125(2): 421–426.
32. Huang DS, Guan P, Wu W, Shen TF, Liu HL, Cao S, Zhou H (2012) Infection rate of Eperythrozoon spp. in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis since the first Chinese case re-ported in 1991. BMC Infect Dis. 12: 171
2. Wanger JE, Doyle RE, Ronald NC, Garri-son RG, Schmitz JA (1974) Hexamitia-sis in laboratory mice, hamsters, and rats. Lab Anim Sci. 24: 349–354.
3. Flatt RE, Halvorsen JA, Kemp RL (1978) Hexamitiasis in a laboratory mouse colony. Lab Anim Sci. 28: 62–65.
4. Letvin NL, O'Connell MJ, Blake BJ, King NW (1984) Hematogenous hexamitia-sis in a macaque monkey with an im-munodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis. 149 (5): 828.
5. Schilling V (1928) Eperythrozoon coccoides, eine neue durch Splenektomie aktiv-ierbare Dauerinfektion der weissen Maus. Mol Med. 7(39): 1853–1855.
6. Eliot CP, Ford WW (1930) Eperythrozoon coccoides in mice. Am J Epidemiol. 12 (3): 677–680.
7. Neimark H, Peters W, Robinson BL, Stewart LB (2005) Phylogenetic analysis and de-scription of Eperythrozoon coccoides, proposal to transfer to the genus Myco-plasma as Mycoplasma coccoides comb. nov. and Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 55(3): 1385–1391.
8. Puntaric V, Borčić D, Vukelic D, Jeren T, Burek V, Wikerhauser T, Richter B (1986) Eperythrozoonosis in man. Lan-cet. 328 (8511): 868–869.
9. Yuan C, Liang A, Yu F, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhu J, Cui L, Han Y, Hua X (2007) Eperythrozoon infection identified in an unknown aetiology anaemia patient. Ann Microbiol. 57(3): 467–469.
10. Tai X, Yang D (1991) Human eperythro-zoonosis. Chin Inner Mong Med J. 11: 122.
11. Henry S (1979) Clinical observations on eperythrozoonosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 174(6): 601–603.
12. Eliot CP (1936) The insect vector for the natural transmission of Eperythrozoon coccoides in mice. Science. 84: 397.
13. Brugerolle G, Kunstyr I, Senarud J, Friedhoff K (1980) Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the path-ogenic diplomonad Spironucleus muris. Z Parasitenkd. 62: 47–61.
14. Kreier JP, Ristic M (1968) Haemobartonel-losis, eperythrozoonosis, grahamellosis and ehrlichiosis. In: Weinman D and Ristic M (Eds) Infectious blood dis-eases of man and animals, Vol. 2. Ac-ademic Press, New York, pp. 387–472.
15. Baker DG (2008) Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals. John Wiley and Sons. Blackwell Publishing, Australia.
16. Casebolt D, Lindsey J, Cassell G (1988) Prevalence rates of infectious agents among commercial breeding populations of rats and mice. Lab Anim Sci. 38(3): 327–329.
17. Bicalho KA, Araújo FTM, Rocha R, Car-valho OdS (2007) Sanitary profile in mice and rat colonies in laboratory an-imal houses in Minas Gerais: I-Endo and ectoparasites. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo. 59(6): 1478–1484.
18. Gilioli R, Andrade L, Passos L, Silva F, Rodrigues D, Guaraldo A (2000) Para-site survey in mouse and rat colonies of Brazilian laboratory animal houses kept under differents sanitary barrier condi-tions. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoo. 52(1): 33–37.
19. Rahemo Z, Ahmed R, Koyee Q (2012) Intestinal Parasites of Experimental Rodents with Testing the Efficacy of Diagnostic Methods. Int Res J of Phar-maceuticals. 2(3): 77–81.
20. Hamedi Y, Heidari M, Soleimani-Ahmadi M (2003) Intestinal and blood parasites of brown rats in Bandar Abbas. Hor-mozgan Med J. 7(3): 123–127.
21. Whitehouse A, France MP, Pope SE, Lloyd JE, Ratcliffe RC (1993) Spiro-nucleus muris in laboratory mice. Aust Vet J. 70(5): 193.
22. Lussier G, Loew F (1970) An outbreak of hexamitiasis in laboratory mice. Can J Comp Med. 34(4): 350–353.
23. Meshorer A (1969) Hexamitiasis in labor-atory mice. Lab Anim Care. 19: 33–37.
24. Bailey C, Kramer J, Mejia A, MacKey J, Mansfield K, Miller A (2010) Systemic spironucleosis in 2 immunodeficient rhe-sus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol. 47(3): 488–494.
25. Boorman G, Lina P, Zurcher C, Nieu-werkerk H (1973) Hexamita and Giar-dia as a cause of mortality in congeni-tally thymus-less (nude) mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 15: 623–627. 26. Sebesteny A (1969) Pathogenicity of in-testinal flagellates in mice. Lab Anim. 3(1): 71–77.
27. Kunstyr I, Ammerpohl E, Meyer B (1977) Experimental spironucleosis (hexami-tiasis) in the nude mouse as a model for immunologic and pharmacologic stud-ies. Lab Animl Sci. 24: 782–788.
28. Brett SJ, Cox F (1982) Immunological aspects of Giardia muris and Spironu-cleus muris infections in inbred and outbred strains of laboratory mice: a comparative study. Parasitology. 85(1): 85–99.
29. Brett SJ, Cox F (1982) Interactions be-tween the intestinal flagellates Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris and the blood parasites Babesia microti, Plas-modium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei in mice. Parasitology. 85(1): 101–110.
30. Hofmeister K (1993) Spironukleose des Feldhamsters. Licht- und el-ektronenmikroskopische. [PhD disser-tation]. Tierärztliche Hochschule Han-nover.
31. Yang D, Tai X, Qiu Y, Yun S (2000) Prevalence of Eperythrozoon spp. in-fection and congenital eperythrozoono-sis in humans in Inner Mongolia, Chi-na. Epidemiol Infect. 125(2): 421–426.
32. Huang DS, Guan P, Wu W, Shen TF, Liu HL, Cao S, Zhou H (2012) Infection rate of Eperythrozoon spp. in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis since the first Chinese case re-ported in 1991. BMC Infect Dis. 12: 171
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 4 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i4.351 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Spironucleus muris Eperythrozoon coccoides Rodents Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Heidari S, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Nateghpour M, Motevalli-Haghi A. Spironucleus muris and Eperythrozoon coccoides in Rodents from Northwestern Iran: Rare Infections. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2018;12(4):334-340.
