Chemical Composition and Repellency of Origanum vulgare Essential Oil against Cimex lectularius under Laboratory Conditions
,
Abstract
Background: The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius), a nocturnal blood-feeding ectoparasite, is considered an urban pest with public health importance in human environments. We aimed to determine the repellency effect of oregano essential oil, Origanum vulgare, against this pest under laboratory conditions.
Methods: The essential oil was prepared from dried leaves using hydro-distillation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for analysis and identification of oregano essential oil compounds. Treated surface method in Petri dish was carried out to evaluate repellency potential of the oil using 4th and 5th instar nymphs and adults. The concentration-repellency response of oregano essential oil was calculated and compared with a commercial insect repellent stick containing 33% N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET).
Results: The oregano essential oil consisted of 158 compounds with terpineol (22.85%) and α–terpinene (20.60%) being the major components by volume. The EC50 and EC99 of oregano oil (effective concentrations causing 50% and 90% repellency of bed bugs) were 1.61 and 6.57mg/cm2 at 9h after application, respectively. The 40% oregano essential oil exhibited 100% repellency against bed bug at 3, 5, 9 and 24h after application while the repellency index of DEET 33% was 100% at 3 and 5h and it decreased to 80% and 27% at 9 and 24 hours.
Conclusion: Oregano oil 40% exhibited more repellency compared to commercial insect repellent stick containing 33% DEET. Further studies are warranted to confirm the effectiveness of oregano essential oil in personal protecting against bed bug biting.
1. Seong KM, Lee DY, Yoon KS, Kwon DH, Kim HC, Klein TA, Clark JM, Lee SH (2010) Establishment of quantitative sequencing and filter contact vial bi-oassay for monitoring pyrethroid re-sistance in the common bed bug, Ci-mex lectularius. J Med Entomol. 47 (4): 592–599.
2. Tawatsin A, ThavaraU, Chompoosri J, Phusup Y, Jonjang N, Khumsawads C, Bhakdeenuan P, Sawanpanyalert P, Asavadachanukorn P, Mulla MS (2011) Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (He-miptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol.
48: 1023–1030.
3. Politi, FAS, Nascimento JD, da Silva AA, Moro IJ, Garcia ML, Guido RVC, Pietro RCL, Godinho AF, Furlan M (2016) Insecticidal activity of an es-sential oil of Tagetes patula L. (Aster-aceae) on common bed bug Cimex lec-tularius L. and molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of ClAChE1. Parasitol Res. 116(1): 415–424.
4. Haghi SFM, Behbodi M, Hajati H, Shafaroudi MM (2014) Prevalence of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in human settlement area of Bahnamir, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4: S786–S789.
5. Giorda F, Guardone L, ManciniM, Accor-si A, Macchioni F, Mignone W (2013) Cases of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Northwest Italy. Vet Ital. 49(4): 335–340.
6. How YF, Lee CY (2010) Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore. J Vector Ecol. 35(1): 89–94.
7. Omudu E, Kuse C (2010) Bedbug infesta-tion and its control practices in Gbajim-ba: a rural settlement in Benue state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(4): 222–227.
8. Levy Bencheton A, Berenger J, Del Giu-dice P, Delaunay P, Morand J (2011) Resurgence of bedbugs in southern France: a local problem or the tip of the iceberg? JEADV. 25(5): 599–602.
9. El-Azazy O, Al-Behbehani B, Abdou N (2013) Increasing bedbug, Cimex lec-tularius, infestations in Kuwait. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 43(2): 415–418.
10. Doggett SL, Russell RC (2008) The resur-gence of bed bugs, Cimex spp. (He-miptera: Cimicidae) in Australia. The 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, 2008 Veszprem: OOK-Press Kft.
11. Kilpinen O, Jensen KMV, Kristensen M (2008) Bed bug problems in Denmark, with a European perspective. The 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, 2008 OOK-Press Veszprém. pp. 13–16.
12. Hwang SW, Svoboda TJ, De Jong IJ, Kabasele KJ, Gogosis E (2005) Bed bug infestations in an urban environ-ment. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(4): 533.
13. Potter MF (2006) The perfect storm: an extension view on bed bugs. Am En-tomol. 52(2): 102–104.
14. Reinhardt K, Harder A, Holland S, Hooper J, Leake-Lyall C (2008) Who knows the bed bug? Knowledge of adult bed bug appearance increases with peo-ple’s age in three counties of Great Britain. J Med Entomol. 45(5): 956–958.
15. Goddard J, de Shazo R (2012) Psycho-logical effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L.). Am J Med. 125(1): 101–103.
16. Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z (2015) Labora-tory bioassay on efficacy of dual mode of action insecticides (beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid) towards tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (Hemip-tera: Cimicidae). J Entomol Zool Stud. 3(5): 217–220.
17. Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R (2014) Po-tential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control. J Econ Entomol. 107(6): 2163–2170.
18. Romero A, Potter MF, Potter DA, Haynes KF (2007) Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest's sudden resurgence? J Med Entomol. 44(2): 175–178.
19. Debboun M, Strickman DA, Klun JA (2005) Repellents and the military: our first line of defense. J Am Mosq Con-trol Assoc. 21(Supplement 1): 4–6.
20. McCabe E, Barthel W, Gertler S, Hall S (1954) Insect Repellents. Iii. N, N-Diethylamides1. J Org Chem. 19(4): 493–498.
21. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Akhavan A, Jahani-fard E, Vatandoost H, Amin G, Moosa-vi L, Ramazani AZ, Abdoli H, Aran-dian M (2006) Repellency effect of Myrtle essential oil and DEET against Phlebotomus papatasi, under Labora-tory Conditions. Iran J Public Health.35(3): 7–13.
22. McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, Cho T, Luxemburger C, Edwards R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Lindsay SW (2001) Safety of the insect repellent N, N-diethyl-M-tol-uamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 65(4): 285–289.
23. Goodyer L, Behrens RH (1998) Short re-port: the safety and toxicity of insect repellents. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59 (2): 323–324.
24. Tripathi AK, Upadhyay S, Bhuiyan M, Bhattacharya P (2009) A review on prospects of essential oils as biopesti-cide in insect pest management. J Phar-macogn Phytochem. 1(5): 052–063.
25. Maia MF, Moore SJ (2011) Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their ef-ficacy, development and testing. Ma-lar J. 10(1): S11.
26. Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal G (2008) Es-sential oils as green pesticides: po-tential and constraints. Biopestic Int. 4(1): 63–84.
27. Wang C, Lü L, Zhang A, Liu C )2013(Repellency of selected chemicals against the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimi-cidae). J Econ Entomol. 106(6): 2522–2529.
28. Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. Bioresour Technol. 101 (1): 372–378.
29. Khater HF (2012) Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest manage-ment. Pharmacol. 3(12): 641–656.
30. Kayedi MH, Haghdoost AA, Salehnia A, Khamisabadi K (2014) Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Essential Oils of Satureja khuzestanica (Carvacrol), Myrtus communis (Myrtle), Lavendu-la officinalis and Salvia sclarea using Standard WHO Repellency Tests. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(1): 60–68.
31. Mohan M, Haider SZ, Andola HC, Puro-hit V (2011) Essential oils as green pesticides: for sustainable agriculture. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Scie. 2(4): 10–104.
32. Park BS, Choi WS, Kim JH, Kim KH, Lee SE (2005) Monoterpenes from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mos-quito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2(1): 80–83.
33. Choi WS, Park BS, Ku SK, Lee SE (2002) Repellent activities of essential oils and monoterpenes against Culex pipiens pallens. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 18(4): 348–351.
34. Sharififard M, Safdari F, Siahpoush A, Kassiri H (2016) Evaluation of Some Plant Essential Oils against the Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipal-pa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae): A Mechan-ical Vector of Human Pathogens. Iran J Arthropod Born Dis. 10(4): 528–537.
35. Dewer Y, Mahmoud MM (2014) Effec-tiveness and safety of some essential oils of aromatic plants on the growth and silk production of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2(2): 81–86.
36. Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oils by gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry. Carol Stream, Allured Pub-lishing Corporation.
37. Robertson JL, Savin N, Preisler HK, Rus-sell RM (2007) Bioassays with arthro-pods, CRC press.
38. Hashemi M, EhsaniA, Aminzare M, Has-sanzadazar H (2016) Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile Flow-ers and Leaves from Iran. J food qual hazards control. 3(4): 134–140.
39. Pirigharnaei M, Zare S, Heidary R, Kha-ra J, EmamaliSabzi R, Kheiry F (2011) The essential oils compositions of Ira-nian Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations in field and provenance from Piranshahr District, West Azarbai-jan Province, Iran. Avicenna J Phy-tomed. 1(2): 106–114.
40. Nurzynska-Wierdak R (2009) Herb yield and chemical composition of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essen-tial oil according to the plant’s devel-opmental stage. Herba polonica 55(3): 55–62.
41. Terriquez J, Klotz SA, Meister E, Klotz J, Schmidt J (2013) Repellency of DEET, picaridin, and three essential oils to Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J Med En-tomol. 50(3): 664–667.
42. Nasr M, Sendi JJ, Moharramipour S, Zibaee A (2015) Evaluation of Ori-ganum vulgare L. essential oil as a source of toxicant and an inhibitor of physiological parameters in diamond-back moth, Plutella xylustella L. (Lep-idoptera: Pyralidae). J Saudi Soci Agric Sci. 16: 184–190.
2. Tawatsin A, ThavaraU, Chompoosri J, Phusup Y, Jonjang N, Khumsawads C, Bhakdeenuan P, Sawanpanyalert P, Asavadachanukorn P, Mulla MS (2011) Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (He-miptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol.
48: 1023–1030.
3. Politi, FAS, Nascimento JD, da Silva AA, Moro IJ, Garcia ML, Guido RVC, Pietro RCL, Godinho AF, Furlan M (2016) Insecticidal activity of an es-sential oil of Tagetes patula L. (Aster-aceae) on common bed bug Cimex lec-tularius L. and molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of ClAChE1. Parasitol Res. 116(1): 415–424.
4. Haghi SFM, Behbodi M, Hajati H, Shafaroudi MM (2014) Prevalence of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in human settlement area of Bahnamir, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4: S786–S789.
5. Giorda F, Guardone L, ManciniM, Accor-si A, Macchioni F, Mignone W (2013) Cases of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Northwest Italy. Vet Ital. 49(4): 335–340.
6. How YF, Lee CY (2010) Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore. J Vector Ecol. 35(1): 89–94.
7. Omudu E, Kuse C (2010) Bedbug infesta-tion and its control practices in Gbajim-ba: a rural settlement in Benue state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(4): 222–227.
8. Levy Bencheton A, Berenger J, Del Giu-dice P, Delaunay P, Morand J (2011) Resurgence of bedbugs in southern France: a local problem or the tip of the iceberg? JEADV. 25(5): 599–602.
9. El-Azazy O, Al-Behbehani B, Abdou N (2013) Increasing bedbug, Cimex lec-tularius, infestations in Kuwait. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 43(2): 415–418.
10. Doggett SL, Russell RC (2008) The resur-gence of bed bugs, Cimex spp. (He-miptera: Cimicidae) in Australia. The 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, 2008 Veszprem: OOK-Press Kft.
11. Kilpinen O, Jensen KMV, Kristensen M (2008) Bed bug problems in Denmark, with a European perspective. The 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, 2008 OOK-Press Veszprém. pp. 13–16.
12. Hwang SW, Svoboda TJ, De Jong IJ, Kabasele KJ, Gogosis E (2005) Bed bug infestations in an urban environ-ment. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(4): 533.
13. Potter MF (2006) The perfect storm: an extension view on bed bugs. Am En-tomol. 52(2): 102–104.
14. Reinhardt K, Harder A, Holland S, Hooper J, Leake-Lyall C (2008) Who knows the bed bug? Knowledge of adult bed bug appearance increases with peo-ple’s age in three counties of Great Britain. J Med Entomol. 45(5): 956–958.
15. Goddard J, de Shazo R (2012) Psycho-logical effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L.). Am J Med. 125(1): 101–103.
16. Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z (2015) Labora-tory bioassay on efficacy of dual mode of action insecticides (beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid) towards tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (Hemip-tera: Cimicidae). J Entomol Zool Stud. 3(5): 217–220.
17. Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R (2014) Po-tential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control. J Econ Entomol. 107(6): 2163–2170.
18. Romero A, Potter MF, Potter DA, Haynes KF (2007) Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest's sudden resurgence? J Med Entomol. 44(2): 175–178.
19. Debboun M, Strickman DA, Klun JA (2005) Repellents and the military: our first line of defense. J Am Mosq Con-trol Assoc. 21(Supplement 1): 4–6.
20. McCabe E, Barthel W, Gertler S, Hall S (1954) Insect Repellents. Iii. N, N-Diethylamides1. J Org Chem. 19(4): 493–498.
21. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Akhavan A, Jahani-fard E, Vatandoost H, Amin G, Moosa-vi L, Ramazani AZ, Abdoli H, Aran-dian M (2006) Repellency effect of Myrtle essential oil and DEET against Phlebotomus papatasi, under Labora-tory Conditions. Iran J Public Health.35(3): 7–13.
22. McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, Cho T, Luxemburger C, Edwards R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Lindsay SW (2001) Safety of the insect repellent N, N-diethyl-M-tol-uamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 65(4): 285–289.
23. Goodyer L, Behrens RH (1998) Short re-port: the safety and toxicity of insect repellents. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59 (2): 323–324.
24. Tripathi AK, Upadhyay S, Bhuiyan M, Bhattacharya P (2009) A review on prospects of essential oils as biopesti-cide in insect pest management. J Phar-macogn Phytochem. 1(5): 052–063.
25. Maia MF, Moore SJ (2011) Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their ef-ficacy, development and testing. Ma-lar J. 10(1): S11.
26. Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal G (2008) Es-sential oils as green pesticides: po-tential and constraints. Biopestic Int. 4(1): 63–84.
27. Wang C, Lü L, Zhang A, Liu C )2013(Repellency of selected chemicals against the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimi-cidae). J Econ Entomol. 106(6): 2522–2529.
28. Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. Bioresour Technol. 101 (1): 372–378.
29. Khater HF (2012) Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest manage-ment. Pharmacol. 3(12): 641–656.
30. Kayedi MH, Haghdoost AA, Salehnia A, Khamisabadi K (2014) Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Essential Oils of Satureja khuzestanica (Carvacrol), Myrtus communis (Myrtle), Lavendu-la officinalis and Salvia sclarea using Standard WHO Repellency Tests. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(1): 60–68.
31. Mohan M, Haider SZ, Andola HC, Puro-hit V (2011) Essential oils as green pesticides: for sustainable agriculture. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Scie. 2(4): 10–104.
32. Park BS, Choi WS, Kim JH, Kim KH, Lee SE (2005) Monoterpenes from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mos-quito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2(1): 80–83.
33. Choi WS, Park BS, Ku SK, Lee SE (2002) Repellent activities of essential oils and monoterpenes against Culex pipiens pallens. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 18(4): 348–351.
34. Sharififard M, Safdari F, Siahpoush A, Kassiri H (2016) Evaluation of Some Plant Essential Oils against the Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipal-pa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae): A Mechan-ical Vector of Human Pathogens. Iran J Arthropod Born Dis. 10(4): 528–537.
35. Dewer Y, Mahmoud MM (2014) Effec-tiveness and safety of some essential oils of aromatic plants on the growth and silk production of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2(2): 81–86.
36. Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oils by gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry. Carol Stream, Allured Pub-lishing Corporation.
37. Robertson JL, Savin N, Preisler HK, Rus-sell RM (2007) Bioassays with arthro-pods, CRC press.
38. Hashemi M, EhsaniA, Aminzare M, Has-sanzadazar H (2016) Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile Flow-ers and Leaves from Iran. J food qual hazards control. 3(4): 134–140.
39. Pirigharnaei M, Zare S, Heidary R, Kha-ra J, EmamaliSabzi R, Kheiry F (2011) The essential oils compositions of Ira-nian Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations in field and provenance from Piranshahr District, West Azarbai-jan Province, Iran. Avicenna J Phy-tomed. 1(2): 106–114.
40. Nurzynska-Wierdak R (2009) Herb yield and chemical composition of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essen-tial oil according to the plant’s devel-opmental stage. Herba polonica 55(3): 55–62.
41. Terriquez J, Klotz SA, Meister E, Klotz J, Schmidt J (2013) Repellency of DEET, picaridin, and three essential oils to Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J Med En-tomol. 50(3): 664–667.
42. Nasr M, Sendi JJ, Moharramipour S, Zibaee A (2015) Evaluation of Ori-ganum vulgare L. essential oil as a source of toxicant and an inhibitor of physiological parameters in diamond-back moth, Plutella xylustella L. (Lep-idoptera: Pyralidae). J Saudi Soci Agric Sci. 16: 184–190.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 4 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i4.357 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cimex lectularius Essential oil Origanum vulgare repellency | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sharififard M, Alizadeh I, Jahanifard E, Wang C, Azemi ME. Chemical Composition and Repellency of Origanum vulgare Essential Oil against Cimex lectularius under Laboratory Conditions. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2018;12(4):387-397.
