Insecticidal and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Veratrum nigrum Alkaloidal Extract against the German Cockroach (Blattella germanica)
Abstract
Background: Veratrum nigrum (Liliaceae) is perennial medicinal plant widely used to treat various conditions. To determine its insecticidal properties against the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), several laboratory tests were carried out.
Methods: A 4kg dry sample of V. nigrum root was purchased from the medicinal material market in Yunnan Province in 2015, China. In contact toxicity tests, V. nigrum alkaloidal extract was topically applied to the abdomen of cockroaches using a micro-applicator. In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity tests were performed using a modified Ellman method.
Results: Veratrum nigrum alkaloidal extract was toxic to male adults and 4th nymphs cockroaches, with median lethal dose (LD50) values of 14.90µg/insect, 14.21µg/insect for adults and 41.45µg/insect, 39.01µg/insect for 4th nymphs after 24h and 48h exposure, respectively. There was a significant difference between adults and nymphs in terms of tolerance to V. nigrum alkaloidal extract. There was no significant difference in mortalities at 24h and 48h, the lethal effect of V. nigrum alkaloidal extract on German cockroach was quick. AChE activity tests showed that V. nigrum alkaloidal extract had an excellent inhibitory effect on AChE: inhibition in the 4th nymphs and male adults had 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 3.56mg/ml and 5.78mg/ml respectively. The inhibitory effect of AChE activity was positively correlated with inhibitory time (0–20min), at a concentration of 1mg/ml, inhibition of nymph and adult AChE activity had 50% inhibiting time (IT50) values of 8.34min and 16.75min, respectively.
Conclusion: V. nigrum may be explored as a potential natural insecticide for control of the German cockroach.
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24. Yeom HJ, Jung CS, Kang J, Kim J, Lee JH, Kim DS, Kim HS, Park PS, Kang KS, Park IK (2015) Insecticidal and acetylcho-line esterase inhibition activity of Aster-aceae plant essential oils and their constit-uents against adults of the German cock-roach (Blattella germanica). J Agric Food Chem. 63(8): 2241–2248.
25. Lee CY, Yap HH, Chong NL (1996) Insec-ticide toxicity on the adult German cock-roach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyop-tera: Blattellidae). Malays J Sci. 17A: 1–9.
26. Tong F, Coats JR (2010) Effects of mon-oterpenoid insecticides on [3H]-TBOB binding in house fly GABA receptor and 36 Cl- uptake in American cockroach ven-tral nerve cord. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 98: 317–324.
27. Enan EE (2001) Insecticidal activity of es-sential oils: octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Phar-macol. 130: 325–337.
28. Enan EE (2005) Molecular and pharmaco-logical analysis of an octopamine recep-tor from American cockroach and fruit fly in response to plant essential oils. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 59: 161–171.
29. Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim GH, Park IK (2012) Insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase in-hibition activity of Apiaceae plant essen-tial oils and their constituents against adults of German cockroach (Blattella german-ica). J Agric Food Chem. 60(29): 7194–7203.
30. Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim SW, Park IK (2013) Fumigant and contact toxicity of Myrtaceae plant essential oils and blends of their constituents against adults of Ger-man cockroach (Blattela germanica) and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activ-ity. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 107: 200–206.
31. Liu N, Zhu F, Xu Q, Pridgeon JW, Zhang L (2006) Behavioral change, physiological modification, and metabolic detoxificaion: Mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Acta Entomol Sin. 49: 671–679.
32. Zhao X, Zhang RL, Zhang ZH, Hu ZL (2009) Research progress in insecticical re-sistance and resistance mechanism of Blat-tella germanica. J Trop Med. 9(4): 455–459 (In Chinese).
33. Omolo MO, Okinyo D, Ndiege IO, Lwande W, Hassanali A (2004) Repellency of es-sential oils of some Kenyan plants against Anopheles gambiae. Phytochemistry. 65: 2797–2802.
34. Zhang B, Dong X, Lou ZY (2012) UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS in rapid seperation and iden-tification of chemical compounds in Vera-trum nigrum L. Acad J Sec Mil Med Univ. 33(5): 536–539 (In Chinese).
2. Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Nasirian H, Ghi-asian SA, Salehzadeh A, Nazari M (2017) Comparison of cockroach fungal contam-ination in the clinical and non-clinical en-vironments from Iran. J Ent Acar Res. 49 (2): 109–112.
3. Nasirian H (2017) Contamination of cock-roaches (Insecta: Blattaria) to medically fungi: A systematic review and meta-anal-ysis. J Mycol Med. 27(4): 427–448.
4. Davari B, Nasirian H, Nazari M, Salehzadeh A (2018) Efficacy of Maxforce and Avion gel baits containing fipronil, clothianidin, and indoxacarb against the German cock-roach (Blattella germanica). Entomol Res. 48(6): 459–465.
5. Sparks TC, Nauen R (2015) IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 121: 122–128.
6. Nasirian H (2010) An overview of German cockroach, Blattella germanica, studies conducted in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 13(22): 1077–1084.
7. Nasirian H (2016) New aspects about Su-pella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(12): 1065–1075.
8. Rajendran S, Srianjini V (2008) Plant prod-ucts as fumigants for stored-product in-sects control. J Stored Prod Res. 44: 126–135.
9. Senthikumar N, Varma P, Gurusubramanian G (2009) Larivicidal and adulticidal ac-tivities of some medicinal plants against the malarialvector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Parasitol Res. 104: 237–244.
10. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Mahapatra A, Bagavan A, Elango G (2010) Insecticidal and larvicidal activities of medicinal plant extracts against mosquitoes. Parasitol Res. 107(6): 1337–1349.
11. Morey RA, Khandagle AJ (2012) Bioeffi-cacy of essential oils of medicinal plants against housefly, Musca domestica L. Parasitol Res. 111(4): 1799–1805.
12. Chauhan N, Kumar P, Mishra S, Verma S, Malik A, Sharma S (2015) Insecticidal activity of Jatropha curcas extracts against houserfly, Musca domestica. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 22: 14793–14800.
13. Zhu WX, Zhao K, Chu SS, Liu ZL (2012) Evaluation of Essential Oil and its Three Main Active Ingredients of Chinese Che-nopodium ambrosioides (Family: Cheno-podiaceae) against Blattella germanica. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(2): 90–97.
14. Liu XC, Liu Q, Chen H, Liu QZ, Jiang SY, Liu ZL (2015) Evaluation of Contact Tox-icity and Repellency of the Essential Oil of Pogostemon cablin Leaves and Its Con-stituents Against Blattella germanica (Blat-todae: Blattelidae). J Med Entomol. 52(1): 86–92.
15. Cong Y, Zhou YB, Chen J, Zeng YM, Wang JH (2008) Alkaloid profiling of crude and processed Veratrum nigrum L. through simultaneous determination of ten steroi-dal alkaloids by HPLC-ELSD. J Pharma-ceut Biomed. 48: 573–578.
16. Wang LS, Zhao DQ, Liu YH (2008) Quality assessment of Veratrum nigrum L. by LC-ELSD fingerprints and LC quantitative analysis. Chromatographia. 68: 961–967.
17. Shi QL, Wang HT, Li P, Tian ZJ (2007) Pre-liminary studies on the insecticidal activ-ity of extract from Veratrum nigrum. Nat Prod Res Dev. 19: 266–269 (In Chinese).
18. Vanichpakorn P, Ding W, Cen XX (2010) Insecticidal activity of five Chinese me-dicinal plants against Plutella xylostella L. larvae. J Asia Pac Entomol. 13: 169–173.
19. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Anders VJ, Feath-er-shone RM (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcho-linesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 7: 88–95.
20. Hartmann T (2007) From waste products to ecochemicals: fifty years research of plant secondary metabolism. Phytochemistry. 68: 2831–2846.
21. Zhu A, You H, Y WX, Zhu FX (2009) Sus-ceptibility of different instars and sexes of Blattella germanica to pyrethroid insec-ticides. Chin J Vector Bio and Control. 20(2): 127–128 (In Chinese).
22. Phillips AK, Appel AG (2010) Fumigant toxicity of essential oils to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Entomol. 103(3): 781–790.
23. Phillips AK, Appel AG, Sims SR (2010)
Topical toxicity of essential oils to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattelli-dae). J Econ Entomol. 103(2): 448–459.
24. Yeom HJ, Jung CS, Kang J, Kim J, Lee JH, Kim DS, Kim HS, Park PS, Kang KS, Park IK (2015) Insecticidal and acetylcho-line esterase inhibition activity of Aster-aceae plant essential oils and their constit-uents against adults of the German cock-roach (Blattella germanica). J Agric Food Chem. 63(8): 2241–2248.
25. Lee CY, Yap HH, Chong NL (1996) Insec-ticide toxicity on the adult German cock-roach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyop-tera: Blattellidae). Malays J Sci. 17A: 1–9.
26. Tong F, Coats JR (2010) Effects of mon-oterpenoid insecticides on [3H]-TBOB binding in house fly GABA receptor and 36 Cl- uptake in American cockroach ven-tral nerve cord. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 98: 317–324.
27. Enan EE (2001) Insecticidal activity of es-sential oils: octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Phar-macol. 130: 325–337.
28. Enan EE (2005) Molecular and pharmaco-logical analysis of an octopamine recep-tor from American cockroach and fruit fly in response to plant essential oils. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 59: 161–171.
29. Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim GH, Park IK (2012) Insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase in-hibition activity of Apiaceae plant essen-tial oils and their constituents against adults of German cockroach (Blattella german-ica). J Agric Food Chem. 60(29): 7194–7203.
30. Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim SW, Park IK (2013) Fumigant and contact toxicity of Myrtaceae plant essential oils and blends of their constituents against adults of Ger-man cockroach (Blattela germanica) and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activ-ity. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 107: 200–206.
31. Liu N, Zhu F, Xu Q, Pridgeon JW, Zhang L (2006) Behavioral change, physiological modification, and metabolic detoxificaion: Mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Acta Entomol Sin. 49: 671–679.
32. Zhao X, Zhang RL, Zhang ZH, Hu ZL (2009) Research progress in insecticical re-sistance and resistance mechanism of Blat-tella germanica. J Trop Med. 9(4): 455–459 (In Chinese).
33. Omolo MO, Okinyo D, Ndiege IO, Lwande W, Hassanali A (2004) Repellency of es-sential oils of some Kenyan plants against Anopheles gambiae. Phytochemistry. 65: 2797–2802.
34. Zhang B, Dong X, Lou ZY (2012) UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS in rapid seperation and iden-tification of chemical compounds in Vera-trum nigrum L. Acad J Sec Mil Med Univ. 33(5): 536–539 (In Chinese).
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| Issue | Vol 12 No 4 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i4.361 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Insecticidal activity Acetylcholinesterase inhibition Veratrum nigrum Medicinal plant German cockroach | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Cai X, Li Q, Xiao L, Lu H, Tang J, Huang J, Yuan J. Insecticidal and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Veratrum nigrum Alkaloidal Extract against the German Cockroach (Blattella germanica). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2018;12(4):414-420.
