Molecular Survey of Mitochondrial Genes in Different Populations of the Black Fat-Tailed Scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda
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Abstract
Background: Androctonus crassicauda is the most medically relevant scorpion and understanding its genetic forms is essential for improvement of anti-venom sera, and risk management of scorpionism. Present study was designed to identify the variations of mitochondrial genes in different populations of A. crassicauda.
Methods: Adults of A. crassicauda were collected from Zanjan Province during 2016–2017. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted and fragments of mitochondrial 16S, COI and ND1 genes were amplified and some of the amplicons were sequenced. Haplotype of samples were identified by multiple alignment of sequences, then phylogenetic trees of haplotypes were constructed.
Results: Fragments of 352bp, 618bp and 680bp were amplified from 16S, COI and ND1 genes respectively. Nucleotide sequence in COI fragments was conserved, however, five haplotypes with some specific polymorphic sites were detected in 16S and ND1 fragments. Haplotype I was dominant and found in all areas. Other haplotypes were rare and limited to specific regions. Analysis of the phylogenetic trees inferred from 16S and COI genes, confirmed a strong positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance.
Conclusion: Mitochondrial COI, 16S and ND1 genes were detected suitable for identifying the population structure. Five genotypes were found using 16S and ND1 genes. To prepare and improve the anti-venoms quality, additional studies are necessary to identify the toxin electrophoretic profile and geographical/ecological niche models of these genotypes in future.
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2. Mullen GR, Sissom WD (2019) Scorpions. In: Mullen GR, Durden LA (Eds) Medi-cal and Veterinary Entomology. 3rd Edi-tion, Elsevier Inc, London, pp. 489–503.
3. Fet V, Sissom WD, Lowe G, Braunwalder ME (2000) Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758–1998). New York En-tomological Society.
4. Teruel R, Kovařík F, Turiel C (2013) A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from northwestern Egypt (Scorpi¬ones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 177: 1–2.
5. Lourenço WR, Qi JX (2006) A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from Af¬ghanistan (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zool Mid¬dle East. 38(1): 93–97.
6. Lourenço WR, Ythier E, Leguin EA (2009) A new species of Androctonus Ehren-berg, 1828 from Morocco (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 89: 1–8.
7. Lourenço WR, Duhem B, Cloudsley-Thomp¬son JL (2012) Scorpions from Ennedi, Kap¬ka and Tibesti, the moun-tains of Chad, with descriptions of nine new species (Scor¬piones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Ar¬thropoda Sel. 21(4): 307–338.
8. Kovařík F, Ahmed Z (2013) A review of Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897), with description of two new species from Pakistan and India (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius. 168: 1–10.
9. Turiel C (2013) Die Gattung Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828. Arachne. 18(5): 4–23.
10. Barahoei H, Navidpour Sh, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O (2020) An no¬tated checklist of the scorpiones of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones): DELTA database and identification key to the Iranian species. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 6: 391–490.
11. Stockmann R (2015) Introduction to Scor-pion Biology and Ecology. In: Go¬pala-krishnakone P. Possani LD, Schwartz EF, Rodríguez de la Vega RC (Eds) Scorpion Venoms. Springer Dor¬drecht Heidelberg. New York. London, pp. 25–59.
12. Farzanpey R (1987) Scorpion Knowledge. Iran Academic Press, Tehran.
13. Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst GD (2009) Mitochondrial DNA as a mark¬er of molecular diversity: a reap-praisal. Mol Ecol. 18(22): 4541–4550.
14. Dong Z, Wang Y, Li C, Li L, Men X (2021) Mitochondrial DNA as a Molec-ular Mark¬er in Insect Ecology: Current Status and Future Prospects. Ann Ento-mol Soc Am. 114(4): 470–476.
15. Ben Ali Z, Boursot P, Said K, Lagnel J, Chatti N, Navajas M (2000) Comparison of ribosomal ITS regions among An-drocto¬nus spp. scorpions (Scorpionida: Buthidae) from Tunisia. J Med Entomol. 37(6): 787–790.
16. Ben Othmen A, Said K, Mahamdallie SS, Testa JM, Haouas Z, Chatti N, Ready PD (2009) Phylogeography of An-droctonus species (Scorpiones: Buthi-dae) in Tunisia: diagnostic characters for linking species to scorpionism. Acta Trop. 112: 77–85.
17. Ghavami MB, Ghanbari M, Panahi S, Tagh¬iloo B (2020) Diversity of mito-chondrial genes and predominance of Clade B in dif¬ferent head lice popula-tions in the north¬west of Iran. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 1–2.
18. Ozkan O, Ahmet C, Zafer K (2010) A study on the genetic diversity of An-droctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807; Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 16(4): 599–606.
19. Coelho P, Sousa P, Harris DJ, van der Meijden A (2014) Deep intraspecific di-vergences in the medically relevant fat-tailed scorpions (Androctonus, Scorpi-ones). Acta Trop. 134: 43–51.
20. Froufe E, Sousa P, Alves P, Harris D (2008) Genetic diversity within Scorpio maurus (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) from Morocco: Preliminary evidence based on COI mitochondrial DNA se¬quences. Bi-ologia. 63(6): 1157–1160.
21. Mirshamsi O, Sari A, Elahi E, Hosseinie S (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of Mes¬obuthus eupeus (CL Koch, 1839) in-ferred from COI sequences (Scorpiones: Buthi¬dae). J Nat Hist. 44(47–48): 2851–2872.
22. Sousa P, Froufe E, Harris DJ, Alves PC, Meijden AV (2011) Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthi¬dae) scorpions based on COI: new insights on the genus phylogeny and dis-tribution. Afr Invertebr. 52(1): 135–143.
23. Koc H, Sipahi H, Yagmur EA (2017) Ge-netic diversity within Scorpio maurus (Scor¬piones: Scorpionidae) from Tur¬key. North West J Zool. 13(1): 27–33.
24. Moradi M, Yagmur E, Pooyan-Moradi G, Ahmadi F (2015) Scorpion Fauna of Zan¬jan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scor-pi¬ones). J Appl Biol Sci. 9(1): 11–14.
25. Ghavami MB, Alibabaei Z, Ghavami F (2022) Morphometric Indices and Ven-om Protein Profile in Different Popula-tions of Androctonus crassicauda. J Ar-thro¬pod Borne Dis. 16(1): 13–25.
26. Radmanesh M (1990) Androctonus cras-sicauda sting and its clinical study in Iran. J Trop Med Hyg. 93(5): 323–326.
27. Dehghani R, Fathi B (2012) Scorpion sting in Iran: a review. Toxicon. 60(5): 919–933.
28. Jalali A, Rahim F (2014) Epidemiological review of scorpion envenomation in Iran. Iran J Pharm Res. 13(3): 743–756.
29. Ozkan O, Bakir F, Adiguzel S (2008) Ef-fects of Androctonus crassicauda (Oliv-ier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) ven¬om on rat metabolism. J Venom Anim Tox-ins Incl Trop Dis. 14: 45–57.
30. Abd El-Aziz FEA, Shehab El, Elghazall DM, Hetta HF Elghazally SA (2019) Toxicological and epidemiological stud-ies of scorpion sting cases and morpho-logical characterization of scorpions (Lei¬urusquin questriatus and Androcto-nus cras¬sicauda) in Luxor, Egypt. Toxi-col Rep. 6: 329–335.
31- Adolfo B, Bermingham E, Herrera N, Al-fonzo J (2010) Molecular systematics of the neotropical scorpion genus Ti¬tyus (Buthi¬dae): The his torical biogeog¬raphy and venom antigenic diversity of toxic Ven¬ezuelan species. J Toxicon. 55: 436–454.
32- Mirshamsi O, Sary A, Elahi E, Hosseyni Sh (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) in¬ferred from COI sequences (Scorpi-ones: Buthidae). J Nat Hist. 44(47): 2851–2872.
33. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamu¬ra K, MEGA X (2018) Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 35(6): 1547–1549.
34. Chang JM, Di Tommaso P, Notredame C (2014) TCS: a new multiple sequence align¬ment reliability measure to estimate alignment accuracy and improve phylo-genetic tree reconstruction. Mol Biol Evol. 31(6): 1625–1637.
35. Borges A, Bermingham E, Herrera N, Al-fonzo MJ, Sanjur OI (2010) Molecular systematics of the neotropical scorpion genus Tityus (Buthidae): the historical bi¬ogeography and venom antigenic di-ver¬si¬ty of toxic Venezuelan species. Toxicon. 55(2–3): 436–454.
36. Desouky MM, Alshammari AM (2011) Scor¬pions of the Ha'il Region, northern Saudi Arabia, and molecular phyloge¬net-ics of two common species, An¬drocto¬nus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus kruglovi. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 15(6): 193–200.
37. Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Mattoni CI, Ochoa JA, Ramírez MJ, Ceccarelli FS, Prendini L (2016) Phylogeny, species delimitation and convergence in the South American bothriurid scorpion ge-nus Brachistoster¬nus Pocock 1893: In-tegrating morphology, nuclear and mi-tochondrial DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 94(Pt A): 159–170.
38. Soltan-Alinejad P, Rafinejad J, Dabiri F, Onorati P, Terenius O, Chavshin AR (2021) Molecular analysis of the mito-chondrial markers COI, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for six species of Iranian scor¬pions. BMC Res Notes. 14(1): 1–6.
2. Mullen GR, Sissom WD (2019) Scorpions. In: Mullen GR, Durden LA (Eds) Medi-cal and Veterinary Entomology. 3rd Edi-tion, Elsevier Inc, London, pp. 489–503.
3. Fet V, Sissom WD, Lowe G, Braunwalder ME (2000) Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758–1998). New York En-tomological Society.
4. Teruel R, Kovařík F, Turiel C (2013) A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from northwestern Egypt (Scorpi¬ones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 177: 1–2.
5. Lourenço WR, Qi JX (2006) A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from Af¬ghanistan (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zool Mid¬dle East. 38(1): 93–97.
6. Lourenço WR, Ythier E, Leguin EA (2009) A new species of Androctonus Ehren-berg, 1828 from Morocco (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 89: 1–8.
7. Lourenço WR, Duhem B, Cloudsley-Thomp¬son JL (2012) Scorpions from Ennedi, Kap¬ka and Tibesti, the moun-tains of Chad, with descriptions of nine new species (Scor¬piones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Ar¬thropoda Sel. 21(4): 307–338.
8. Kovařík F, Ahmed Z (2013) A review of Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897), with description of two new species from Pakistan and India (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius. 168: 1–10.
9. Turiel C (2013) Die Gattung Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828. Arachne. 18(5): 4–23.
10. Barahoei H, Navidpour Sh, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O (2020) An no¬tated checklist of the scorpiones of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones): DELTA database and identification key to the Iranian species. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 6: 391–490.
11. Stockmann R (2015) Introduction to Scor-pion Biology and Ecology. In: Go¬pala-krishnakone P. Possani LD, Schwartz EF, Rodríguez de la Vega RC (Eds) Scorpion Venoms. Springer Dor¬drecht Heidelberg. New York. London, pp. 25–59.
12. Farzanpey R (1987) Scorpion Knowledge. Iran Academic Press, Tehran.
13. Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst GD (2009) Mitochondrial DNA as a mark¬er of molecular diversity: a reap-praisal. Mol Ecol. 18(22): 4541–4550.
14. Dong Z, Wang Y, Li C, Li L, Men X (2021) Mitochondrial DNA as a Molec-ular Mark¬er in Insect Ecology: Current Status and Future Prospects. Ann Ento-mol Soc Am. 114(4): 470–476.
15. Ben Ali Z, Boursot P, Said K, Lagnel J, Chatti N, Navajas M (2000) Comparison of ribosomal ITS regions among An-drocto¬nus spp. scorpions (Scorpionida: Buthidae) from Tunisia. J Med Entomol. 37(6): 787–790.
16. Ben Othmen A, Said K, Mahamdallie SS, Testa JM, Haouas Z, Chatti N, Ready PD (2009) Phylogeography of An-droctonus species (Scorpiones: Buthi-dae) in Tunisia: diagnostic characters for linking species to scorpionism. Acta Trop. 112: 77–85.
17. Ghavami MB, Ghanbari M, Panahi S, Tagh¬iloo B (2020) Diversity of mito-chondrial genes and predominance of Clade B in dif¬ferent head lice popula-tions in the north¬west of Iran. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 1–2.
18. Ozkan O, Ahmet C, Zafer K (2010) A study on the genetic diversity of An-droctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807; Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 16(4): 599–606.
19. Coelho P, Sousa P, Harris DJ, van der Meijden A (2014) Deep intraspecific di-vergences in the medically relevant fat-tailed scorpions (Androctonus, Scorpi-ones). Acta Trop. 134: 43–51.
20. Froufe E, Sousa P, Alves P, Harris D (2008) Genetic diversity within Scorpio maurus (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) from Morocco: Preliminary evidence based on COI mitochondrial DNA se¬quences. Bi-ologia. 63(6): 1157–1160.
21. Mirshamsi O, Sari A, Elahi E, Hosseinie S (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of Mes¬obuthus eupeus (CL Koch, 1839) in-ferred from COI sequences (Scorpiones: Buthi¬dae). J Nat Hist. 44(47–48): 2851–2872.
22. Sousa P, Froufe E, Harris DJ, Alves PC, Meijden AV (2011) Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthi¬dae) scorpions based on COI: new insights on the genus phylogeny and dis-tribution. Afr Invertebr. 52(1): 135–143.
23. Koc H, Sipahi H, Yagmur EA (2017) Ge-netic diversity within Scorpio maurus (Scor¬piones: Scorpionidae) from Tur¬key. North West J Zool. 13(1): 27–33.
24. Moradi M, Yagmur E, Pooyan-Moradi G, Ahmadi F (2015) Scorpion Fauna of Zan¬jan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scor-pi¬ones). J Appl Biol Sci. 9(1): 11–14.
25. Ghavami MB, Alibabaei Z, Ghavami F (2022) Morphometric Indices and Ven-om Protein Profile in Different Popula-tions of Androctonus crassicauda. J Ar-thro¬pod Borne Dis. 16(1): 13–25.
26. Radmanesh M (1990) Androctonus cras-sicauda sting and its clinical study in Iran. J Trop Med Hyg. 93(5): 323–326.
27. Dehghani R, Fathi B (2012) Scorpion sting in Iran: a review. Toxicon. 60(5): 919–933.
28. Jalali A, Rahim F (2014) Epidemiological review of scorpion envenomation in Iran. Iran J Pharm Res. 13(3): 743–756.
29. Ozkan O, Bakir F, Adiguzel S (2008) Ef-fects of Androctonus crassicauda (Oliv-ier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) ven¬om on rat metabolism. J Venom Anim Tox-ins Incl Trop Dis. 14: 45–57.
30. Abd El-Aziz FEA, Shehab El, Elghazall DM, Hetta HF Elghazally SA (2019) Toxicological and epidemiological stud-ies of scorpion sting cases and morpho-logical characterization of scorpions (Lei¬urusquin questriatus and Androcto-nus cras¬sicauda) in Luxor, Egypt. Toxi-col Rep. 6: 329–335.
31- Adolfo B, Bermingham E, Herrera N, Al-fonzo J (2010) Molecular systematics of the neotropical scorpion genus Ti¬tyus (Buthi¬dae): The his torical biogeog¬raphy and venom antigenic diversity of toxic Ven¬ezuelan species. J Toxicon. 55: 436–454.
32- Mirshamsi O, Sary A, Elahi E, Hosseyni Sh (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) in¬ferred from COI sequences (Scorpi-ones: Buthidae). J Nat Hist. 44(47): 2851–2872.
33. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamu¬ra K, MEGA X (2018) Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 35(6): 1547–1549.
34. Chang JM, Di Tommaso P, Notredame C (2014) TCS: a new multiple sequence align¬ment reliability measure to estimate alignment accuracy and improve phylo-genetic tree reconstruction. Mol Biol Evol. 31(6): 1625–1637.
35. Borges A, Bermingham E, Herrera N, Al-fonzo MJ, Sanjur OI (2010) Molecular systematics of the neotropical scorpion genus Tityus (Buthidae): the historical bi¬ogeography and venom antigenic di-ver¬si¬ty of toxic Venezuelan species. Toxicon. 55(2–3): 436–454.
36. Desouky MM, Alshammari AM (2011) Scor¬pions of the Ha'il Region, northern Saudi Arabia, and molecular phyloge¬net-ics of two common species, An¬drocto¬nus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus kruglovi. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 15(6): 193–200.
37. Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Mattoni CI, Ochoa JA, Ramírez MJ, Ceccarelli FS, Prendini L (2016) Phylogeny, species delimitation and convergence in the South American bothriurid scorpion ge-nus Brachistoster¬nus Pocock 1893: In-tegrating morphology, nuclear and mi-tochondrial DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 94(Pt A): 159–170.
38. Soltan-Alinejad P, Rafinejad J, Dabiri F, Onorati P, Terenius O, Chavshin AR (2021) Molecular analysis of the mito-chondrial markers COI, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for six species of Iranian scor¬pions. BMC Res Notes. 14(1): 1–6.
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| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11799 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Androctonus crassicauda 16S ND1 COI Mitochondrial genotypes | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghavami M, Alibabaei Z, Ghavami F. Molecular Survey of Mitochondrial Genes in Different Populations of the Black Fat-Tailed Scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(2):84–96.
