Molecular Identification of Species Caused Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Zone of Iran
-
Afshin Barazesh
,
Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
,
Moradali Fouladvand
,
Gholamreza Hatam
,
Saeed Tajbakhsh
,
Sepideh Ebrahimi
,
Danial Purkamal
Abstract
Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are two main species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran. Recently, Crithidia spp. has also been reported in the wound of patients with CL. In this study, we determined the species causing CL in the southern of Iran and the role of Crithidia spp. in creating skin ulcers.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study from Apr to Sep 2016, 66 patients with CL referred to Diagnostic Lab of Leishmaniasis, Valfajr Health Center, Shiraz, Iran, were selected. After DNA extraction from the Giemsa stained smears, all samples were amplified in two separate steps using specific primers, firstly, to differentiate Leishmania species and then to identify Crithidia spp.
Results: Two species L. major and L. tropica were responsible for 60 and 6 cases, respectively. Moreover, in two patients, mixed infection with Crithidia was confirmed. In mix infection cases, the morphology of the cutaneous ulcers was not different from the wounds of other patients.
Conclusion: Leishmania major is responsible for the most common CL in southern Iran. In addition, in two patients with L. major and L. tropica, mix infection with Crithidia was confirmed. The potential role of Crithidia as the main factor for CL and the probability of this parasite to have synergistic effects on Leishmania, as a hypothesis, requires more comprehensive researches on the ambiguity of this protozoon.
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2. Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Barati M, Zarean M, Hakimi-Parizi M (2011) Anti-leish¬ma-nial effect of nanosilver solu¬tions on Leish¬mania tropica pro¬mastigotes by invitro assay. ZJRMS. 13(7): 8–12.
3. Gutiérrez V, Seabra AB, Reguera RM, Khandare J, Calderón M (2016) New approaches from nanomedicine for treating leishmaniasis. Chem Soc Rev. 45 (1): 152–168.
4. Fouladvand M, Barazesh A, Farokhzad F, Malekizadeh H, Sartavi K (2011) Eval¬uation of invitro anti-leishmanial activity of some brown, green and red algae from the Persian Gulf. Eur Rev Med Phar¬ma¬col. 15(6): 597–600.
5. Khan W, Kumar N (2011) Drug targeting to macrophages using paromomycin-load-ed albumin microspheres for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: an in vitro eval¬ua-tion. J Drug Target. 19(4): 239–250.
6. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current sit-uation and new perspectives. Comp Im-munol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27: 305–318.
7. Nejati J, Mojadam M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Key¬hani A, Habibi-Nodeh F (2014) An epidemiological study of cutaneous leish-maniasis in Andimeshk (2005–2010). Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 21(7): 94–101.
8. Sharifi I, Zamani F, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri A (2008) Reported an epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and fac-tors that may cause the city of Bam in Kerman Province. Iran J Epidemiol. 4(1): 53–58.
9. Doroodgar M, Doroodgar M, Mahboobi S, Doroodgar A (2018) Epidemiologi-cal aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis during 2009–2016 in Kashan City, Cen¬tral Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 56(1): 21–24.
10. Rassi Y, Gassemi MM, Javadian E, Ra-fizadeh S, Motazedian H, Vatandoost H (2007) Vectors and reservoirs of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Marvdasht Dis¬trict, Southern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 13(3): 686–693.
11. Almasi-Hashiani A, Shirdare M, Emadi J, Esfandiari M, Pourmohammadi B, Hossieni S (2012) Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Marvdasht, Fars Province, Iran. Journal of North Khora¬san University of Med-ical Scienc¬es. 3(4): 15–23.
12. Nikouee F, Soltanian M, Babaee F, Motamed-Jahromi M (2017) Cutane-ous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013–2015. J Nurs Mid Sci. 4(1): 58–62.
13. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, Ghola¬mi S, Badiee F (2012) Detection and iden-tification of causative agent of cutane-ous leishmaniasis using specific PCR. J Ma¬zandaran Univ Med Sci. 21 (1): 85–92.
14. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebalia M, Ershadia MRY, Gharachorlo F, Ra-zavia MR, Postigo JAR (2015) Epide-miolog¬i¬cal status of leishmaniasis in the Islam¬ic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012. East Med¬iterr Health J. 21(10): 736–742.
15. Doudi M, Eslami G, Setorki M, Hegazi SH (2011) The study of genetic poly¬mor-phism of Leishmania major and Leish¬ma¬nia tropica by PCR-RFLP technique in two hyper-endemic re¬gions: Isfahan and Bam, Iran. AMUJ. 14(4): 20–29.
16. Doudi M, Setorki M, Eslami G, Hejazi SH (2014) The molecular epidemiolo-gy of Crithidia strains in Isfahan City and surrounding areas, Iran. J Isfahan Med Sch. 32(275): 182–193.
17. Ghobakhloo N, Motazedian MH, Naderi S, Ebrahimi S (2019) Isolation of Crithid¬ia spp. from lesions of immu¬nocom¬pe¬tent pa-tients with suspected cutaneous leish-maniasis in Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 24(1): 116–126.
18. Doudi M, Hejazi SH, Razavi MR, Nari-mani M, Khanjani S, Eslami G (2010) Comparative molecular epidemiology of Leishmania major and Leishmania trop¬ica by PCR-RFLP technique in hy¬per en¬demic cities of Isfahan and Bam, Iran. Med Sci Monit. 16(11): 530–535.
19. Ishemgulova A, Butenko A, Kortišová L, Boucinha C, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Mo¬relli KA, Tesařová M, Kraeva N, Gryb¬chuk D, Pánek T, Flegontov P (2017) Molecular mechanisms of thermal resistance of the insect trypa-no¬so¬matid Crithidia thermophila. PloS One. 12(3): e0174165.
20. Kalantari M, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Soltani A, Azizi K (2018) Co-detection and isolation of Leishmania and Crithidia among natu-rally infected Tatera indica (Rodentia: Muridae) in Fars Province, southern Iran. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed. 8(5): 279.
21. de Souza W, Motta MC (1999) Endo-symbiosis in protozoa of the Trypano-so¬matidae family. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 173(1): 1–8.
22. Santos DO, Bourguignon SC, Castro HC, Silva JS, Franco LS, Hespanhol R, Soares MJ, Corte-Real S (2004) Infec¬tion of mouse dermal fibroblasts by the mon-oxenous trypanosomatid protozoa Crithid¬ia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani. J Eukaryot Mic. 51(5): 570–574.
23. Santos DO, Bourguignon SC, Castro HC, Miranda A, Vieira RT, Corte-Real S, Bastos OM (2010) Crithidia deanei in-fection in normal and dexamethasone–immunosuppressed Balb/c mice. Health. 2: 589–594.
24. Baghaei A, Jasbi E, Akhoundi M, Mir-zaei H, Dehnam O (2012) Microscopic and molecular detection of Leishmania spe¬cies among suspected patients of cu¬ta¬neous leishmaniasis using ITS-r DNA in Fars Province. JSSU. 20(4): 464–473.
25. den Boer M, Argaw D, Jannin J, Alvar J (2011) Leishmaniasis impact and treat¬ment access. Clin Microbiol In-fect. 17: 1471–1477.
26. Motazedian MH, Karamian M, Ardehali SS, Hanjani F (2004) Characterization of Leishmania parasites from archived geimsa-stained slides using Nested Pol¬y¬merase Chain Reaction. J Med Res. 2 (4): 1–9.
27. Motazedian MH, Noamanpoor B, Ar-dehali S (2002) Characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from dif-ferent provinces of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 8: 338–844.
28. Noyes H, Reyburn AH, Bailey WJ, Smith D (1998) A nested-PCR-based schizoderme method for identifying Leishma¬nia kinetoplast minicircle clas¬ses direct¬ly from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 36: 2877–2881.
29. Vince A, Poljak M, Seme K (1998) DNA extraction from archival Giemsa-stained bone marrow slides: Compari¬son of six rapid methods. Br J Haema¬tol. 101: 349–351.
30. Karamian M, Motazedian MH, Fakhar M, Pakshir K, Jowkar F, Rezanezhad H (2008) Atypical presentation of old-world cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagno-sis and species identification by PCR. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 22(8): 958–962.
31. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Kalantari M, Habibi P, Sarkari B (2010) Comparison of three methods for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 5(4): 1–8.
32. Baker JR, Muller R, Rollinson D (1998) Advances in Parasitology. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 215–240.
33. Bailey MS, Lockwood DNJ (2007) Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermat. 25 (2): 203–211.
34. Banuls AL, Brisse S, Sidibe I, Noel S, Tibayrenc M (1999) A phylogenetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electropho-resis and multiprimer random ampli-fied polymorphic DNA fingerprinting of the Leishmania genome project Friedlin reference strain. Folia Parasitol. 46(1): 10–14.
2. Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Barati M, Zarean M, Hakimi-Parizi M (2011) Anti-leish¬ma-nial effect of nanosilver solu¬tions on Leish¬mania tropica pro¬mastigotes by invitro assay. ZJRMS. 13(7): 8–12.
3. Gutiérrez V, Seabra AB, Reguera RM, Khandare J, Calderón M (2016) New approaches from nanomedicine for treating leishmaniasis. Chem Soc Rev. 45 (1): 152–168.
4. Fouladvand M, Barazesh A, Farokhzad F, Malekizadeh H, Sartavi K (2011) Eval¬uation of invitro anti-leishmanial activity of some brown, green and red algae from the Persian Gulf. Eur Rev Med Phar¬ma¬col. 15(6): 597–600.
5. Khan W, Kumar N (2011) Drug targeting to macrophages using paromomycin-load-ed albumin microspheres for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: an in vitro eval¬ua-tion. J Drug Target. 19(4): 239–250.
6. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current sit-uation and new perspectives. Comp Im-munol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27: 305–318.
7. Nejati J, Mojadam M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Key¬hani A, Habibi-Nodeh F (2014) An epidemiological study of cutaneous leish-maniasis in Andimeshk (2005–2010). Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 21(7): 94–101.
8. Sharifi I, Zamani F, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri A (2008) Reported an epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and fac-tors that may cause the city of Bam in Kerman Province. Iran J Epidemiol. 4(1): 53–58.
9. Doroodgar M, Doroodgar M, Mahboobi S, Doroodgar A (2018) Epidemiologi-cal aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis during 2009–2016 in Kashan City, Cen¬tral Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 56(1): 21–24.
10. Rassi Y, Gassemi MM, Javadian E, Ra-fizadeh S, Motazedian H, Vatandoost H (2007) Vectors and reservoirs of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Marvdasht Dis¬trict, Southern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 13(3): 686–693.
11. Almasi-Hashiani A, Shirdare M, Emadi J, Esfandiari M, Pourmohammadi B, Hossieni S (2012) Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Marvdasht, Fars Province, Iran. Journal of North Khora¬san University of Med-ical Scienc¬es. 3(4): 15–23.
12. Nikouee F, Soltanian M, Babaee F, Motamed-Jahromi M (2017) Cutane-ous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013–2015. J Nurs Mid Sci. 4(1): 58–62.
13. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, Ghola¬mi S, Badiee F (2012) Detection and iden-tification of causative agent of cutane-ous leishmaniasis using specific PCR. J Ma¬zandaran Univ Med Sci. 21 (1): 85–92.
14. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebalia M, Ershadia MRY, Gharachorlo F, Ra-zavia MR, Postigo JAR (2015) Epide-miolog¬i¬cal status of leishmaniasis in the Islam¬ic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012. East Med¬iterr Health J. 21(10): 736–742.
15. Doudi M, Eslami G, Setorki M, Hegazi SH (2011) The study of genetic poly¬mor-phism of Leishmania major and Leish¬ma¬nia tropica by PCR-RFLP technique in two hyper-endemic re¬gions: Isfahan and Bam, Iran. AMUJ. 14(4): 20–29.
16. Doudi M, Setorki M, Eslami G, Hejazi SH (2014) The molecular epidemiolo-gy of Crithidia strains in Isfahan City and surrounding areas, Iran. J Isfahan Med Sch. 32(275): 182–193.
17. Ghobakhloo N, Motazedian MH, Naderi S, Ebrahimi S (2019) Isolation of Crithid¬ia spp. from lesions of immu¬nocom¬pe¬tent pa-tients with suspected cutaneous leish-maniasis in Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 24(1): 116–126.
18. Doudi M, Hejazi SH, Razavi MR, Nari-mani M, Khanjani S, Eslami G (2010) Comparative molecular epidemiology of Leishmania major and Leishmania trop¬ica by PCR-RFLP technique in hy¬per en¬demic cities of Isfahan and Bam, Iran. Med Sci Monit. 16(11): 530–535.
19. Ishemgulova A, Butenko A, Kortišová L, Boucinha C, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Mo¬relli KA, Tesařová M, Kraeva N, Gryb¬chuk D, Pánek T, Flegontov P (2017) Molecular mechanisms of thermal resistance of the insect trypa-no¬so¬matid Crithidia thermophila. PloS One. 12(3): e0174165.
20. Kalantari M, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Soltani A, Azizi K (2018) Co-detection and isolation of Leishmania and Crithidia among natu-rally infected Tatera indica (Rodentia: Muridae) in Fars Province, southern Iran. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed. 8(5): 279.
21. de Souza W, Motta MC (1999) Endo-symbiosis in protozoa of the Trypano-so¬matidae family. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 173(1): 1–8.
22. Santos DO, Bourguignon SC, Castro HC, Silva JS, Franco LS, Hespanhol R, Soares MJ, Corte-Real S (2004) Infec¬tion of mouse dermal fibroblasts by the mon-oxenous trypanosomatid protozoa Crithid¬ia deanei and Herpetomonas roitmani. J Eukaryot Mic. 51(5): 570–574.
23. Santos DO, Bourguignon SC, Castro HC, Miranda A, Vieira RT, Corte-Real S, Bastos OM (2010) Crithidia deanei in-fection in normal and dexamethasone–immunosuppressed Balb/c mice. Health. 2: 589–594.
24. Baghaei A, Jasbi E, Akhoundi M, Mir-zaei H, Dehnam O (2012) Microscopic and molecular detection of Leishmania spe¬cies among suspected patients of cu¬ta¬neous leishmaniasis using ITS-r DNA in Fars Province. JSSU. 20(4): 464–473.
25. den Boer M, Argaw D, Jannin J, Alvar J (2011) Leishmaniasis impact and treat¬ment access. Clin Microbiol In-fect. 17: 1471–1477.
26. Motazedian MH, Karamian M, Ardehali SS, Hanjani F (2004) Characterization of Leishmania parasites from archived geimsa-stained slides using Nested Pol¬y¬merase Chain Reaction. J Med Res. 2 (4): 1–9.
27. Motazedian MH, Noamanpoor B, Ar-dehali S (2002) Characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from dif-ferent provinces of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 8: 338–844.
28. Noyes H, Reyburn AH, Bailey WJ, Smith D (1998) A nested-PCR-based schizoderme method for identifying Leishma¬nia kinetoplast minicircle clas¬ses direct¬ly from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 36: 2877–2881.
29. Vince A, Poljak M, Seme K (1998) DNA extraction from archival Giemsa-stained bone marrow slides: Compari¬son of six rapid methods. Br J Haema¬tol. 101: 349–351.
30. Karamian M, Motazedian MH, Fakhar M, Pakshir K, Jowkar F, Rezanezhad H (2008) Atypical presentation of old-world cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagno-sis and species identification by PCR. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 22(8): 958–962.
31. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Kalantari M, Habibi P, Sarkari B (2010) Comparison of three methods for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 5(4): 1–8.
32. Baker JR, Muller R, Rollinson D (1998) Advances in Parasitology. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 215–240.
33. Bailey MS, Lockwood DNJ (2007) Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermat. 25 (2): 203–211.
34. Banuls AL, Brisse S, Sidibe I, Noel S, Tibayrenc M (1999) A phylogenetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electropho-resis and multiprimer random ampli-fied polymorphic DNA fingerprinting of the Leishmania genome project Friedlin reference strain. Folia Parasitol. 46(1): 10–14.
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| Issue | Vol 13 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i2.1246 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cutaneous leishmaniasis Leishmania Crithidia Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Barazesh A, Motazedian MH, Fouladvand M, Hatam G, Tajbakhsh S, Ebrahimi S, Purkamal D. Molecular Identification of Species Caused Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Zone of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2018;13(2):198-205.
