Status of Resistant and Knockdown of West Nile Vector, Culex pipiens Complex to Different Pesticides in Iran
,
Abstract
Background: West Nile virus (WNV) can cause a fatal disease in humans and it is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Vector control using insecticides is a very important goal. Study of Culex pipiens resistance towards several insecticides in the city of Tehran, Iran was evaluated.
Methods: Adult females reared from field-caught larvae from southern part of Tehran and lab strain reared in the insectary of Tehran University of Medical Science were determined for resistant status by exposing to 4% DDT, 0.1% bendiocarb, 0.1% propoxur, 1% fenitrothion, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.5% etofenprox, 5% malathion and 0.15% cyfluthrin papers using the standard WHO susceptibility tests.
Results: Results clearly showed resistance development of Cx. pipiens against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Cx. pipiens were less than 90% with high resistance, low knock down rate and knock down time (50%) observed against insecticides. DDT and Malathion showed the most and least lethal time (LT50) values for the field strain. The results of the knockdown test showed that DDT and deltamethrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the field strain, respectively, while DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the lab strain, respectively.
Conclusion: Resistance to mentioned insecticides in Cx. pipiens is widely distributed in southern part of Tehran. Regular implementation of susceptibility test in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes will help local public health authorities to develop new and better control strategies.
1. World Health Organization (2017) Scientific working group on west Nile virus. In Meeting report, Geneva, Switzerland. 3–5. Available at: http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-swg.pdf
2. McCarroll L, Hemingway J (2002) insecticide resistance status affect parasite trans mission in mosquitoes? Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 32(10): 1345–1351.
3. Ottesen E, Duke B, Karam M, Behbehani K (1997) Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. 75(6): 491.
4. Hemingway J, Callaghan A, Amin A (1990) Mechanisms of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from Saudi Arabia. Med Vet Entomol. 4(3): 275–282.
5. Pasteur N, Raymond M (1996) Insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes: their mutations, migration, and selection in field populations. J Hered. 87(6): 444–449.
6. Karunaratne SH, Hemingway J (2001) Malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in Sri Lanka. Bull World Health Organ. 79: 1060–1104.
7. Oakeshott J, Claudianos C, Campbell PL (2005) Biochemical genetics and genomics of insect esterases. In: Newcomb R, Ru-ssell R, Gilbert (Eds): Comprehensive molecular insect science. Vol.2. Elsevier, canada, pp. 309–381.
8. Scott JG, Yoshimizu MH, Kasai S (2015) Pyrethroid resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 120: 68–76.
9. Hemingway JRH (2000) Insecticide re-sistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 45(1): 371–391.
10. Nisbet AJ, Mordue AJ, Mordue W (1995) Detection of dihydroazadirachtin binding sites on membranes from Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) testes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 25: 551-558.
11. Vatandoost H, Ezeddinloo L, Mahvi A, Abai M, Kia E, Mobedi I (2005) Enhanced tolerance of house mosquito to different insecticides due to agricultural and house-hold pesticides in sewage system of Tehran, Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 1(1): 42–45.
12. Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E, Nadim A (1976) The prevalence of human infection with West Nile virus in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5(1): 8–13.
13. Mobedi I, Javadian E, Abai M (1990) Introduction of zoonosis focus of dog heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis, Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Meshkin-Shahr area, East Azerbaijan Province and its public health importacne in Iran. The First Congress of Parasitic Diseases in Iran.
14. Lotfi M, Manouchehri A, Yazdanpanah H (1975) Resistance of Culex pipiens pipiens to DDT in northern Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 68(1): 91–9.
15. Feyereisen R (1995) Molecular biology of insecticide resistance. Toxicol Lett. 82: 83–90.
16. Davies T, Field L, Usherwood P, Williamson M (2007) DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB life. 59(3): 151–162.
17. Knipple DC, Doyle KE, Marsella-Herrick PA, Soderlund DM (1994) Tight genetic linkage between the kdr insecticide resistance trait and a voltage-sensitive so-dium channel gene in the house fly. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 91(7): 2483–2487.
18. Williamson MS, Denholm I, Bell CA, Devonshire AL (1993) Knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides maps to a sodium channel gene locus in the housefly (Musca domestica). Mol Gen Genet. 240(1): 17–22.
19. Soderlund D, Knipple D (2003) The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 33(6): 563–577.
20. Toshio N (1992) Nerve membrane Na+ channels as targets of insecticides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 13: 236–241.
21. Milani R (1954) Comportamento mendeliano della resistenza alla azione abbatante del DDT: correlazione tran abbatimento e mortalia in Musca domestica L. Riv Parasitol. 15: 513–542.
22. Soderlund DM, Bloomquist JR (1989) Neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides. Annu Rev Entomol. 34(1): 77–96.
23. Zhou L, Lawrence GG, Vineis JH, Mcallister JC, Wirtz RA, Brogdon WG (2009) Detection of broadly distributed sodium channel alleles characteristic of insect pyrethroid resistance in West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in the United States. J Med Entomol. 46 (2): 321–327.
24. WHO (2016) Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes.
25. WHO (2013) Malaria entomology and vec-tor control: World Health Organization.
26. McAbee RD, Kang KD, Stanich MA, Christiansen JA, Wheelock CE, Inman AD, Cornel, A J (2004) Pyrethroid tolerance in Culex pipiens pipiens var molestus from Marin County, California. Pest Manag Sci. 60(4): 359–368.
27. Priester TM, Georghiou GP (1978) Induc-tion of high resistance to permethrin in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J Econ Entomol. 71(2): 197–200.
28. Chandre F, Darriet F, Darder M, Cuany A, Doannio J, Pasteur N, Guillet, P (1998) Pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from West Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 12(4): 359–366.
29. Amin A, Hemingway J (1989) Preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from Saudi Arabia. Bull Entomol Res. 79(3): 361–366.
30. Jinfu W (1999) Resistance to deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Zhejiang, China. J Med Entomol. 36(3): 389–393.
31. Wondji CS, Priyanka De Silva W, Hemingway J, Ranson H, Parakrama Karu-naratne S (2008) Characterization of knockdown resistance in DDT and pyre-throid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus populations from Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health. 13(4): 548–555.
32. Chen L, Zhong D, Zhang D, Shi L, Zhou G, Gong M, Hong S (2010) Molecular ecology of pyrethroid knockdown resistance in Culex pipiens pallens mos-quitoes. PLoS One. 5(7): 11681.
33. Matambo T, Abdalla H, Brooke B, Koekemoer L, Mnzava A, Hunt R, Coetzee M (2007) Insecticide resistance in the malarial mosquito Anopheles arabiensis and association with the kdr mutation. Med Vet Entomol. 21(1): 97–102.
34. Liu HM, Cheng P, Huang X, Dai YH, Wang HF, Liu LJ, Gong MQ (2013) Identification of TCT, a novel knock-down resistance allele mutation and analysis of resistance detection methods in the voltagegated Na+ channel of Culex pipiens pallens from Shandong Province, China. Mol Med Rep. 7(2): 525–530.
35. Jamal AE NA, Abdalmagid MA, Bashir AI, Elnaiem IH (2011) Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Khartoum locality (Sudan) to malathion, temephos, lambdacyhalothrin and permethrin insecticides. Sudan J Public Health. 6(2): 56–62.
36. Cui F, Lin LF, Qiao CL, Xu Y, Marquine M, Weill M, Raymond M (2006) Insecticide resistance in Chinese populations of the Culex pipiens complex through esterase overproduction. Entomol Exp Appl. 120(3): 211–220.
37. Abbott WS (1925) A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18: 265–267.
2. McCarroll L, Hemingway J (2002) insecticide resistance status affect parasite trans mission in mosquitoes? Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 32(10): 1345–1351.
3. Ottesen E, Duke B, Karam M, Behbehani K (1997) Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. 75(6): 491.
4. Hemingway J, Callaghan A, Amin A (1990) Mechanisms of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from Saudi Arabia. Med Vet Entomol. 4(3): 275–282.
5. Pasteur N, Raymond M (1996) Insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes: their mutations, migration, and selection in field populations. J Hered. 87(6): 444–449.
6. Karunaratne SH, Hemingway J (2001) Malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in Sri Lanka. Bull World Health Organ. 79: 1060–1104.
7. Oakeshott J, Claudianos C, Campbell PL (2005) Biochemical genetics and genomics of insect esterases. In: Newcomb R, Ru-ssell R, Gilbert (Eds): Comprehensive molecular insect science. Vol.2. Elsevier, canada, pp. 309–381.
8. Scott JG, Yoshimizu MH, Kasai S (2015) Pyrethroid resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 120: 68–76.
9. Hemingway JRH (2000) Insecticide re-sistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 45(1): 371–391.
10. Nisbet AJ, Mordue AJ, Mordue W (1995) Detection of dihydroazadirachtin binding sites on membranes from Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) testes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 25: 551-558.
11. Vatandoost H, Ezeddinloo L, Mahvi A, Abai M, Kia E, Mobedi I (2005) Enhanced tolerance of house mosquito to different insecticides due to agricultural and house-hold pesticides in sewage system of Tehran, Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 1(1): 42–45.
12. Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E, Nadim A (1976) The prevalence of human infection with West Nile virus in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5(1): 8–13.
13. Mobedi I, Javadian E, Abai M (1990) Introduction of zoonosis focus of dog heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis, Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Meshkin-Shahr area, East Azerbaijan Province and its public health importacne in Iran. The First Congress of Parasitic Diseases in Iran.
14. Lotfi M, Manouchehri A, Yazdanpanah H (1975) Resistance of Culex pipiens pipiens to DDT in northern Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 68(1): 91–9.
15. Feyereisen R (1995) Molecular biology of insecticide resistance. Toxicol Lett. 82: 83–90.
16. Davies T, Field L, Usherwood P, Williamson M (2007) DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB life. 59(3): 151–162.
17. Knipple DC, Doyle KE, Marsella-Herrick PA, Soderlund DM (1994) Tight genetic linkage between the kdr insecticide resistance trait and a voltage-sensitive so-dium channel gene in the house fly. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 91(7): 2483–2487.
18. Williamson MS, Denholm I, Bell CA, Devonshire AL (1993) Knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides maps to a sodium channel gene locus in the housefly (Musca domestica). Mol Gen Genet. 240(1): 17–22.
19. Soderlund D, Knipple D (2003) The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 33(6): 563–577.
20. Toshio N (1992) Nerve membrane Na+ channels as targets of insecticides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 13: 236–241.
21. Milani R (1954) Comportamento mendeliano della resistenza alla azione abbatante del DDT: correlazione tran abbatimento e mortalia in Musca domestica L. Riv Parasitol. 15: 513–542.
22. Soderlund DM, Bloomquist JR (1989) Neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides. Annu Rev Entomol. 34(1): 77–96.
23. Zhou L, Lawrence GG, Vineis JH, Mcallister JC, Wirtz RA, Brogdon WG (2009) Detection of broadly distributed sodium channel alleles characteristic of insect pyrethroid resistance in West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in the United States. J Med Entomol. 46 (2): 321–327.
24. WHO (2016) Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes.
25. WHO (2013) Malaria entomology and vec-tor control: World Health Organization.
26. McAbee RD, Kang KD, Stanich MA, Christiansen JA, Wheelock CE, Inman AD, Cornel, A J (2004) Pyrethroid tolerance in Culex pipiens pipiens var molestus from Marin County, California. Pest Manag Sci. 60(4): 359–368.
27. Priester TM, Georghiou GP (1978) Induc-tion of high resistance to permethrin in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J Econ Entomol. 71(2): 197–200.
28. Chandre F, Darriet F, Darder M, Cuany A, Doannio J, Pasteur N, Guillet, P (1998) Pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from West Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 12(4): 359–366.
29. Amin A, Hemingway J (1989) Preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from Saudi Arabia. Bull Entomol Res. 79(3): 361–366.
30. Jinfu W (1999) Resistance to deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Zhejiang, China. J Med Entomol. 36(3): 389–393.
31. Wondji CS, Priyanka De Silva W, Hemingway J, Ranson H, Parakrama Karu-naratne S (2008) Characterization of knockdown resistance in DDT and pyre-throid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus populations from Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health. 13(4): 548–555.
32. Chen L, Zhong D, Zhang D, Shi L, Zhou G, Gong M, Hong S (2010) Molecular ecology of pyrethroid knockdown resistance in Culex pipiens pallens mos-quitoes. PLoS One. 5(7): 11681.
33. Matambo T, Abdalla H, Brooke B, Koekemoer L, Mnzava A, Hunt R, Coetzee M (2007) Insecticide resistance in the malarial mosquito Anopheles arabiensis and association with the kdr mutation. Med Vet Entomol. 21(1): 97–102.
34. Liu HM, Cheng P, Huang X, Dai YH, Wang HF, Liu LJ, Gong MQ (2013) Identification of TCT, a novel knock-down resistance allele mutation and analysis of resistance detection methods in the voltagegated Na+ channel of Culex pipiens pallens from Shandong Province, China. Mol Med Rep. 7(2): 525–530.
35. Jamal AE NA, Abdalmagid MA, Bashir AI, Elnaiem IH (2011) Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Khartoum locality (Sudan) to malathion, temephos, lambdacyhalothrin and permethrin insecticides. Sudan J Public Health. 6(2): 56–62.
36. Cui F, Lin LF, Qiao CL, Xu Y, Marquine M, Weill M, Raymond M (2006) Insecticide resistance in Chinese populations of the Culex pipiens complex through esterase overproduction. Entomol Exp Appl. 120(3): 211–220.
37. Abbott WS (1925) A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18: 265–267.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i3.1538 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Resistance; Culex pipiens; West nile; Insecticide; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rahimi S, Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Raeisi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA. Status of Resistant and Knockdown of West Nile Vector, Culex pipiens Complex to Different Pesticides in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;13(3):284-296.
