Prone Regions of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran: Combination of Hierarchical Decision Model (AHP) and GIS
-
Elham Jahanifard
,
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Hossein Nasiri
,
Hamid Reza Matinfar
,
Zabihollah Charrahy
,
Mohammad Reza Abai
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major is an important public health problem in the world. Khuzestan Province is one of the main foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the southwest of Iran. We aimed to predict the spatial distribution of the vector and reservoir(s) of ZCL using decision-making tool and to prepare risk map of the disease using integrative GIS, RS and AHP methods in endemic foci in Shush (plain area) and Khorramshahr (coastal area) counties of Khuzestan Province, southern Iran from Mar 2012 to Jan 2013.
Methods: Thirteen criteria including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, soil texture, soil organic matter, soil pH, soil moisture, altitude, land cover, land use, underground water depth, distance from river, slope and distance from human dwelling with the highest chance of the presence of the main vector and reservoir of the disease were chosen for this study. Weights of the criteria classes were determined using the Expert choice 11 software. The presence probability maps of the vector and reservoir of the disease were prepared with the combination of AHP method and Arc GIS 9.3.
Results: Based on the maps derived from the AHP model, in Khorramshahr study area, the highest probability of ZCL is predicted in Gharb Karoon rural district. The presence probability of ZCL was high in Hossein Abad and Benmoala rural districts in the northeast of Shush.
Conclusion: Prediction maps of ZCL distribution pattern provide valuable information which can guide policy makers and health authorities to be precise in making appropriate decisions before occurrence of a possible disease outbreak.
1. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Javadian E, Motavalli-Emami M (2000) Field trial for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis in Badrood, Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 20: 386–389.
2. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6: 1–17.
3. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akhavan AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranjbar AA (2010) Sand fly surveillance with-in an emerging epidemic focus of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 4: 17–23.
4. Nadim A, Javadian E, Mohebali M, Momeni AZ (2009) Leishmania Parasite and Leishmaniasis. Third ed. Markaz Nashr Daneshgahi Press, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
5. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Gharachorlo F, Razavia MR, Postigo JA (2015) Epide-miological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012. East Mediterr Health J. 21(10): 736–742.
6. Shirzadi MR (2012) Cutaneous leishman-iasis control guideline in Iran. Zoono-ses Control Department, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Min-istry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Available at: http://vch.iums.ac.ir/uploads/ketab_salak.pdf.
7. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Seasonal variation of Leishma-nia major infection rates in sandflies from rodent burrows in Isfahan Prov-ince, Iran. Med Vet Entomol. 10: 181–184.
8. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (1999) Entomological survey of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 73: 321–326.
9. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distri-bution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
10. Nadim A, Mesghali A, Javadian E (1974) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Colloq Int CNRS. 239: 215–218.
11. Jahanifard E, Navidpour S, Vazirianza-deh B (2009) Study on Phlebotominae of two big marshlands of Khuzestan Province, Iran. J Exp Zool India. 12: 407–708.
12. Javadian E, Messghali A (1974) Studies on CL in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I: The leptomonad infection of sand flies. Bull Soc Path Exot. 67: 513–519.
13. Kavarizadeh F, Vazirianzadeh B, Rassi Y, Jalali-Glusang A, Moravvej A (2013) A faunistic study of sand flies of Musian District, Southwestern of Iran. Pak J Zool. 45: 549–554.
14. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha-van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in south-west Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phleboto-mus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173–180.
15. Vazirianzadeh B, Saki J, Jahanifard E, Zarean M, Amraee K, Navidpour SH (2013) Isolation and identification of Leishmania species from sand fly and rodents collected from Roffaye Dis-trict, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microb. 6: e10025.
16. Sedaghat MM, Salahi Moghadam A (2010) Mapping the distribution of the important rodents reservoir in Iran. J Army Univ. 8: 210–223 (In Persian).
17. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44–52.
18. Shirzadi MR, Mollalo A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi
MR (2015) Dynamic relations between incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and climatic factors in Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9: 148–160.
19. Oryan A, Alidadi S, Akbari M (2014) Risk factors associated with leishmaniasis. Trop Med Surg. 2: e118.
20. Gebre-Michael T, Mslone JB, Balkew M, Ali A, Berhe N, Hailu A, Herzi AA (2004) Mapping the potential distribu-tion of Phlebotomus martini and P. orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of Kala-azar in East Africa by use of geographic information systems. Acta Trop. 90: 73–86.
21. Mollalo A, Khodabandehloo E (2016) Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran: a GIS-based spatio-temporal multi-criteria decision-making approach. Epidemiol Infect. 144(10): 2217–2229.
22. Kalluri S, Gilruth P, Rogers D, Szczur M (2007) Surveillance of arthropod vec-tor-borne infectious diseases using re-mote sensing techniques: a review. PLOS Pathog. 3(10): e116.
23. Cross ER, Newcomb WW, Tucker CJ (1996) Use of weather data and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomous papatasi in southwest Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54: 530–536.
24. Salmon OS, Quintana MG, Mastrangelo AV, Fernandez MS (2012) Leishmani-asis and climate change-case study: Argentina. J Trop Med. 2012: 601242.
25. Mesghati Amoli G (2011) GIS-based risk map analysis of leishmaniasis dis-ease in Isfahan, Iran. In: IEEE sympo-sium on business, engineering and in-dustrial applications (ISBEIA), 2011Sept 25–28, Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia, pp. 275–280.
26. Palaniyandi M (2012) The role of Re-mote Sensing and GIS for spatial pre-diction of vector-borne disease trans-mission:
A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis.
49(4): 197–204.
27. Fradelous EC, Papathanasia IV, Mitis D, Tsaras K, Kleisiaris CF, Kourkouta L (2014) Health based Geographic Infor-mation Systems (GIS) and their ap-plications. Acta Inform Med. 22: 402–405.
28. Rai PK, Nathawat MS, Mishra A, Singh SB, Onagh M (2011) Role of GIS and GPS in VBD mapping: A case study. J GIS Trens. 2(1): 20–27.
29. Rai PK, Nathawat MS (2013) GIS in Healthcare Planning: A Case Study of Varanasi, India. Forum Geografic. 12(2): 153–163.
30. Rai PK, Nathawat MS, Rai S (2014) Us-ing the information value method in a geographic information system and re-mote sensing for malaria mapping: a case study from India. Journal of Inno-vation in Health Informatics. 21(1): 43–52.
31. Abedi-Astaneh F, Hajjaran H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Mohe-bali M, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Akha-van AA, Mahmoudi B (2016) Risk mapping and situational analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Central Iran: A GIS-based sur-vey. PloS One. 11: e0161317.
32. Jacquez GM (2000) Spatial analysis in epidemiology: Nascent science or a failure of GIS? J Geogr Syst. 2: 91–97.
33. Rai PK, Nathawat MS (2013) Applica-tion of GIS and statistical methods to select optimum model for malaria sus-ceptibility zonation: a case study. An-alele stiintifice ale Universitatii" Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iasi-seria Geo-grafie. 59(2): 73–94.
34. Rajabi M, Mansourian A, Bazmani A (2012) Susceptibility mapping of Vis-ceral Leishmaniasis based on fuzzy modeling and group decision-making methods. Geospat Health. 7: 37–50.
35. Chikodzi D (2013) Spatial modeling of malaria risk zones using environmen-tal, anthropogenic variables and geograph-ical information system techniques. J Geosc Geom. 1: 8–14.
36. Bhatt B, Joshi JP (2014) Analytical hier-archy process modeling for malaria risk zone in Vadodara District, Guja-rat. The 8th ISPRS Technical Commis-sion Symposium, 2014 December 09–12, Hyderabad, India, pp. 171–176.
37. Malczewski J (2006) GIS-based mul-ticriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. Int J Geogr INF Sci. 20: 703–726.
38. Etemad E (1978) Mammals of Iran, Vol. 1. Rodents and their Identification Keys. National Society of Guardianship of Natural Resources and Human Environ-ment, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
39. Smart J, Jordan K, Whittick RJ (1965) Insect of Medical Importance. Fourth ed. British Museum, Natural History, Adlen Press, Oxford.
40. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Ento-mol. 1: 285–300.
41. Seyed-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992) The genus of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psy-chodidae: Phlebotominae) of the coun-tries the Eastern Mediterranean region. Iran J Public Health. 21: 11–50.
42. Saaty TL (2008) Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Int J Ser-vices Sciences. 1: 83–98.
43. Bhushan N, Rai K (2004) Strategic Deci-sion Making: Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Springer.
44. Saaty TL (1990) How to make a deci-sion: The analytic hierarchy process. Eur J Oper Res. 48: 9–26.
45. Desjeux P (2001) The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 95: 239–243.
46. Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D (2011) Vector-borne parasitic zoono-ses: emerging scenarios and new perspec-tives. Vet Parasitol. 182: 14–21.
47. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors
of Leishmania: distribution, physiolo-gy and their control. J Vect Borne Dis. 45: 255–272.
48. Bhunia GS, Kesari S, Chatterjee N, Pal DK, Kumar V, Ranjan A, Das P (2011) Incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in the Vaishali district of Bihar, India: Spatial patterns and role of inland wa-ter bodies. Geospat Health. 5: 205–215.
49. Aytekin S, Ertem M, Yagdiran O, Ayte-kin N (2006) Clinico-epidemiologic study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Diyar-bkir, Turkey. Dermatol Online J. 12(3): 14.
50. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Haghdoost AA, Akhavan AA, Rassi Y, Karimi A, Charrahy Z (2015) Model-ing the distribution of cutaneous leish-maniasis vectors (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Iran: a potential transmission in disease prone, reser-voir areas. J Med Entomol. 52: 557–565.
51. Ali-Akbarpour M, Mohammadbeigi A, Tabatabee SHR, Hatam GH (2012) Spatial analysis of eco-environmental risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran. J Cutan Aesthe Surg. 5: 30–35.
52. Florez MP, Ocampo CB, Ardila CV, Al-exander N (2016) Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean region of Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 111: 433–442.
53. Ozbel Y, Balcioglu C, Kirami Olgen M, Simsek FM, Ozensoy Toz S, Ertabaklar H, Demir S, Alkan Z (2011) Spatial distribution of phlebotomine sand flies in the Aydin Mountains and surroundings: the main focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Turkey. J Vect Ecol. 36: S99–S105.
54. Dong SH (2016) Comparisons between different multi-criteria decision analysis techniques for disease. [Master the-sis]. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sweden.
2. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6: 1–17.
3. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akhavan AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranjbar AA (2010) Sand fly surveillance with-in an emerging epidemic focus of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 4: 17–23.
4. Nadim A, Javadian E, Mohebali M, Momeni AZ (2009) Leishmania Parasite and Leishmaniasis. Third ed. Markaz Nashr Daneshgahi Press, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
5. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Gharachorlo F, Razavia MR, Postigo JA (2015) Epide-miological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012. East Mediterr Health J. 21(10): 736–742.
6. Shirzadi MR (2012) Cutaneous leishman-iasis control guideline in Iran. Zoono-ses Control Department, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Min-istry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Available at: http://vch.iums.ac.ir/uploads/ketab_salak.pdf.
7. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Seasonal variation of Leishma-nia major infection rates in sandflies from rodent burrows in Isfahan Prov-ince, Iran. Med Vet Entomol. 10: 181–184.
8. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (1999) Entomological survey of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 73: 321–326.
9. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distri-bution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
10. Nadim A, Mesghali A, Javadian E (1974) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Colloq Int CNRS. 239: 215–218.
11. Jahanifard E, Navidpour S, Vazirianza-deh B (2009) Study on Phlebotominae of two big marshlands of Khuzestan Province, Iran. J Exp Zool India. 12: 407–708.
12. Javadian E, Messghali A (1974) Studies on CL in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I: The leptomonad infection of sand flies. Bull Soc Path Exot. 67: 513–519.
13. Kavarizadeh F, Vazirianzadeh B, Rassi Y, Jalali-Glusang A, Moravvej A (2013) A faunistic study of sand flies of Musian District, Southwestern of Iran. Pak J Zool. 45: 549–554.
14. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha-van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in south-west Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phleboto-mus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173–180.
15. Vazirianzadeh B, Saki J, Jahanifard E, Zarean M, Amraee K, Navidpour SH (2013) Isolation and identification of Leishmania species from sand fly and rodents collected from Roffaye Dis-trict, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microb. 6: e10025.
16. Sedaghat MM, Salahi Moghadam A (2010) Mapping the distribution of the important rodents reservoir in Iran. J Army Univ. 8: 210–223 (In Persian).
17. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44–52.
18. Shirzadi MR, Mollalo A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi
MR (2015) Dynamic relations between incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and climatic factors in Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9: 148–160.
19. Oryan A, Alidadi S, Akbari M (2014) Risk factors associated with leishmaniasis. Trop Med Surg. 2: e118.
20. Gebre-Michael T, Mslone JB, Balkew M, Ali A, Berhe N, Hailu A, Herzi AA (2004) Mapping the potential distribu-tion of Phlebotomus martini and P. orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of Kala-azar in East Africa by use of geographic information systems. Acta Trop. 90: 73–86.
21. Mollalo A, Khodabandehloo E (2016) Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran: a GIS-based spatio-temporal multi-criteria decision-making approach. Epidemiol Infect. 144(10): 2217–2229.
22. Kalluri S, Gilruth P, Rogers D, Szczur M (2007) Surveillance of arthropod vec-tor-borne infectious diseases using re-mote sensing techniques: a review. PLOS Pathog. 3(10): e116.
23. Cross ER, Newcomb WW, Tucker CJ (1996) Use of weather data and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomous papatasi in southwest Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54: 530–536.
24. Salmon OS, Quintana MG, Mastrangelo AV, Fernandez MS (2012) Leishmani-asis and climate change-case study: Argentina. J Trop Med. 2012: 601242.
25. Mesghati Amoli G (2011) GIS-based risk map analysis of leishmaniasis dis-ease in Isfahan, Iran. In: IEEE sympo-sium on business, engineering and in-dustrial applications (ISBEIA), 2011Sept 25–28, Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia, pp. 275–280.
26. Palaniyandi M (2012) The role of Re-mote Sensing and GIS for spatial pre-diction of vector-borne disease trans-mission:
A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis.
49(4): 197–204.
27. Fradelous EC, Papathanasia IV, Mitis D, Tsaras K, Kleisiaris CF, Kourkouta L (2014) Health based Geographic Infor-mation Systems (GIS) and their ap-plications. Acta Inform Med. 22: 402–405.
28. Rai PK, Nathawat MS, Mishra A, Singh SB, Onagh M (2011) Role of GIS and GPS in VBD mapping: A case study. J GIS Trens. 2(1): 20–27.
29. Rai PK, Nathawat MS (2013) GIS in Healthcare Planning: A Case Study of Varanasi, India. Forum Geografic. 12(2): 153–163.
30. Rai PK, Nathawat MS, Rai S (2014) Us-ing the information value method in a geographic information system and re-mote sensing for malaria mapping: a case study from India. Journal of Inno-vation in Health Informatics. 21(1): 43–52.
31. Abedi-Astaneh F, Hajjaran H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Mohe-bali M, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Akha-van AA, Mahmoudi B (2016) Risk mapping and situational analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Central Iran: A GIS-based sur-vey. PloS One. 11: e0161317.
32. Jacquez GM (2000) Spatial analysis in epidemiology: Nascent science or a failure of GIS? J Geogr Syst. 2: 91–97.
33. Rai PK, Nathawat MS (2013) Applica-tion of GIS and statistical methods to select optimum model for malaria sus-ceptibility zonation: a case study. An-alele stiintifice ale Universitatii" Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iasi-seria Geo-grafie. 59(2): 73–94.
34. Rajabi M, Mansourian A, Bazmani A (2012) Susceptibility mapping of Vis-ceral Leishmaniasis based on fuzzy modeling and group decision-making methods. Geospat Health. 7: 37–50.
35. Chikodzi D (2013) Spatial modeling of malaria risk zones using environmen-tal, anthropogenic variables and geograph-ical information system techniques. J Geosc Geom. 1: 8–14.
36. Bhatt B, Joshi JP (2014) Analytical hier-archy process modeling for malaria risk zone in Vadodara District, Guja-rat. The 8th ISPRS Technical Commis-sion Symposium, 2014 December 09–12, Hyderabad, India, pp. 171–176.
37. Malczewski J (2006) GIS-based mul-ticriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. Int J Geogr INF Sci. 20: 703–726.
38. Etemad E (1978) Mammals of Iran, Vol. 1. Rodents and their Identification Keys. National Society of Guardianship of Natural Resources and Human Environ-ment, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
39. Smart J, Jordan K, Whittick RJ (1965) Insect of Medical Importance. Fourth ed. British Museum, Natural History, Adlen Press, Oxford.
40. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Ento-mol. 1: 285–300.
41. Seyed-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992) The genus of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psy-chodidae: Phlebotominae) of the coun-tries the Eastern Mediterranean region. Iran J Public Health. 21: 11–50.
42. Saaty TL (2008) Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Int J Ser-vices Sciences. 1: 83–98.
43. Bhushan N, Rai K (2004) Strategic Deci-sion Making: Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Springer.
44. Saaty TL (1990) How to make a deci-sion: The analytic hierarchy process. Eur J Oper Res. 48: 9–26.
45. Desjeux P (2001) The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 95: 239–243.
46. Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D (2011) Vector-borne parasitic zoono-ses: emerging scenarios and new perspec-tives. Vet Parasitol. 182: 14–21.
47. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors
of Leishmania: distribution, physiolo-gy and their control. J Vect Borne Dis. 45: 255–272.
48. Bhunia GS, Kesari S, Chatterjee N, Pal DK, Kumar V, Ranjan A, Das P (2011) Incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in the Vaishali district of Bihar, India: Spatial patterns and role of inland wa-ter bodies. Geospat Health. 5: 205–215.
49. Aytekin S, Ertem M, Yagdiran O, Ayte-kin N (2006) Clinico-epidemiologic study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Diyar-bkir, Turkey. Dermatol Online J. 12(3): 14.
50. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Haghdoost AA, Akhavan AA, Rassi Y, Karimi A, Charrahy Z (2015) Model-ing the distribution of cutaneous leish-maniasis vectors (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Iran: a potential transmission in disease prone, reser-voir areas. J Med Entomol. 52: 557–565.
51. Ali-Akbarpour M, Mohammadbeigi A, Tabatabee SHR, Hatam GH (2012) Spatial analysis of eco-environmental risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran. J Cutan Aesthe Surg. 5: 30–35.
52. Florez MP, Ocampo CB, Ardila CV, Al-exander N (2016) Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean region of Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 111: 433–442.
53. Ozbel Y, Balcioglu C, Kirami Olgen M, Simsek FM, Ozensoy Toz S, Ertabaklar H, Demir S, Alkan Z (2011) Spatial distribution of phlebotomine sand flies in the Aydin Mountains and surroundings: the main focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Turkey. J Vect Ecol. 36: S99–S105.
54. Dong SH (2016) Comparisons between different multi-criteria decision analysis techniques for disease. [Master the-sis]. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sweden.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i3.1540 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Decision model; Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Risk map; Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jahanifard E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nasiri H, Matinfar HR, Charrahy Z, Abai MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA. Prone Regions of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran: Combination of Hierarchical Decision Model (AHP) and GIS. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;13(3):310-323.
