First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) From Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran
-
Seyed Hassan Nikookar
,
Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
,
Seyyed Payman Ziapour
,
Fatemeh Ghorbani
,
Yaser Salim-Abadi
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Ahmadali Enayati
Abstract
Background: Culex pipiens play an important role in transmission of infectious diseases. Vector control by chemical pesticides, leads inevitably to resistance development. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms can help improve the control programmes and insecticide resistance management.
Methods: The total contents of cytochrome p450s and the activities of glutathione S-transferases, alpha- and beta-esterases and inhibition rates of acetylcholine esterase (by propoxur) were measured in the field population of Cx. pipiens collected from Sari County, North of Iran, in 2016 and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible strain according to the biochemical assay methods of WHO for adult mosquitoes. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of enzyme activities/contents between filed and laboratory susceptible populations.
Results: The enzyme ratio of cytochrome p450s, alpha- and beta-esterases in the field population was 2.07, 3.72 and 1.36 respectively when compared with the results of the laboratory population. Although not statistically significant, the mean GSTs activities in the field population was marginally less than the laboratory population (ER=0.92). Acetylcholinesterase was insensitive to propoxur in 62.82% of the individuals of the tested field population. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between all values of the activities/contents of the enzyme in the field population except for GSTs compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. The highest enzyme activity was related to alpha esterase.
Conclusion: The present study showed a range of metabolic mechanisms, comprising p450s and esterases combined with target site insensitivity of AChE, contributing to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the field population of Cx. pipiens.
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3. de Wispelaere M, Despres P, Choumet V (2017) European Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens Are Competent Vectors for Japanese Encephalitis Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11: e0005294.
4. Bravo-Barriga D, Parreira R, Almeida AP, Calado M, Blanco-Ciudad J, Serrano-Aguilera FJ, Pérez-Martín JE, Sánchez-Peinado J, Pinto J, Reina D, Frontera E (2016) Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in South¬west Spain.Vet Parasitol. 223: 173–180.
5. Ventim R, Ramos JA, Osorio H, Lopes RJ, Perez-Tris J, Mendes L (2012) Avian ma¬laria infections in western European mos¬quitoes. Parasitol Res. 111: 637–645.
6. Shi L, Hu H, Ma K, Zhou D, Yu J, Zhong D, Fang F, Chang X, Hu Sh, Zou F (2015) Development of resistance to pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens population un¬der different insecticide selection pres¬sures. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 9: e0003928.
7. Gao Q, Xiong C, Su F, Cao H, Zhou J, Jiang Q (2016) Structure, Spatial and Tem¬poral Distribution of the Culex pipiens Complex in Shanghai, China. Int J En-vi¬ron Res Public Health. 13: 1150.
8. Vinogradova E, Shaikevich E, Ivanitsky A (2007) A study of the distribution of the Culex pipiens complex (Insecta: Dip-tera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the European part of Russia by molecular methods of iden¬tification. Comp Cytogenet. 1: 129–138.
9. Hesson JC, Schäfer M, Lundström JO (2016) First report on human-biting Culex pipiens in Sweden. Parasit Vectors. 9: 632.
10. Chaulk AC, Carson KP, Whitney HG, Fon¬seca DM, Chapman TW (2016) The ar¬rival of the northern house mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) on New-foundland's Avalon Peninsula. J Med Entomol. 53: 1364–1369.
11. Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic¬inae. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 3: 568–573.
12. Moosa-Kazemi S, Vatandoost H, Ni-kookar H, Fathian M (2009) Culicinae (Diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in Chabahar Coun¬ty, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, south¬eastern iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 3: 29–35.
13. Dehghan H, Sadraei J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Abolghasemi E, Solimani H, Jaffari No¬doshan A, Najafi MH (2016) A pictorial key for Culex pipiens Complex (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) In Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10: 291–302.
14. Nikookar S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Ha-midi¬an S, Mousavinasab S, Arabi M, Zia¬pour S, Shojaee J, Enayati AA (2017) Species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their hab¬itat characteristics in Mazandaran Prov¬ince, northern Iran. Bull Entomol Res. 107: 598–610.
15. Nikookar SH, Azari-Hamidian S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Nasab SNM, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Ziapour P, Enayati AA (2016) Species composition, co-occurrence, asso¬ciation and affinity indices of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mazanda¬ran Province, northern Iran. Acta Trop. 157: 20–29.
16. Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Ataei A, Anjamrooz M (2015) Fauna and larval habitat characteristics of mos¬qui¬toes in Neka County, northern Iran. J Ar¬thropod Borne Dis. 9: 253–266.
17. Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Enayati AA, Motevali-Haghi F, Zia¬pour SP, Fazeli-Dinan M (2015) Biodi¬ver¬sity of culicid mosquitoes in rural Neka township of Mazandaran Province, north¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 52: 63–72.
18. Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Vatandoost H, Kianinasab A (2010) Species compo¬si¬tion and diversity of mosquitoes in neka County, Mazandaran Province, northern iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 4: 26–34.
19. McCarroll L, Hemingway J (2002) Can in¬secticide resistance status affect parasite transmission in mosquitoes? Insect Bi¬ochem Mol Biol. 32: 1345–1351.
20. Labbe P, Berticat C, Berthomieu A, Unal S, Bernard C, Weill M, Lenormand T (2007) Forty years of erratic insecticide resistance evolution in the mosquito Cu¬lex pipiens. PLoS Genet. 3(11): e205.
21. Akıner MM, Ekşi E (2015) Evaluation of insecticide resistance and biochemical mech¬anisms of Culex pipiens L. in four localities of east and middle mediter¬ra-nean basin in Turkey. Int J Mosq Res. 2: 39–44.
22. Liu N (2015) Insecticide resistance in mos¬quitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions. Annu Rev Entomol. 60: 537–559.
23. Scott JG, Yoshimizu MH, Kasai S. Pyre-throid resistance in Culex pipiens mos-quitoes (2015) Pestic Biochem Physiol. 120: 68–76.
24. Zhang H, Meng F, Qiao C, Cui F (2012) Identification of resistant carboxylester¬ase alleles in Culex pipiens complex via PCR-RFLP. Parasit Vectors. 5: 209.
25. Zaim M, Mousavi SB, Baghestani MA, Aitio A (2017) An assessment of agricultural pesticide use in Iran, 2012–2014. J En-viron Health Sci Eng. 15: 1–8.
26. Naseri-Karimi N, Vatandoost H, Bagheri M, Chavshin AR (2015) Susceptibility status of Culex pipiens against deltame-thrin and DDT, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 5: S77–S79.
27. Ataie A, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Bakhshi H, Anjomruz M (2015) Assessing the sus-cep¬tibility status of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a dirofilariasis focus, north¬western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (1): 7–21.
28. Fathian M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Raeisi A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM (2015) Sus¬ceptibility of Culicidae mosquitoes to some insecticides recommended by WHO in a malaria endemic area of southeastern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 22–34.
29. Salim-Abadi Y, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Abai MR, Vatandoost H, Eshraghian MR, Mirhendi H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Gorouhi MA, Rafi F (2016) High Insecticides Re¬sistance in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) from Tehran, Capital of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(4): 483–492.
30. Ghorbani F, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Nikookar H, Enayati AA (2018) High resistance of vector of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) to different insecticides recommended by WHO in northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12: 24–30.
31. Brown FV, Logan RAE, Wilding CS (2019) Carbamate resistance in a UK pop¬ula-tion of the halophilic mosquito Ochlerotatus detritus implicates selection by agricultural usage of insecticide. Int J Pest Manag. 65: 284–292.
32. Safi NHZ, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Zia-pour SP, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati AA, Hemingway J (2017) Evidence of metabolic mechanisms playing a role in multiple insecticides resistance in Anoph¬eles stephensi populations from Afghan¬istan. Malar J. 16: 100.
33. Ziapour SP, Kheiri S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Sahraei-Rostami F, Mohammadpour RA, Aarabi M, Nikookar SH, Sarafrazi M, Asgarian F, Enayati A (2017) Pyrethroid resistance in Iranian field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Pes¬tic Biochem Physiol. 136: 70–79
34. Enayati AA, Vatandoost H, Ladonni H, Town¬son H, Hemingway J (2003) Molec¬ular evidence for a kdr‐like pyrethroid re¬sistance mechanism in the malaria vec¬tor mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Med Vet Entomol. 17: 138–144.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 4 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i4.2234 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Culex pipiens Insecticide resistanc Enzyme Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Ziapour SP, Ghorbani F, Salim-Abadi Y, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati A. First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) From Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;13(4):378-390.
