Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Species Isolated from the Body Surface of the Housefly (Musca domestica) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
,
Abstract
Background: The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide. Houseflies are potential carriers of pathogenic and resistant bacteria and could be contributing to the global spread of these strains in the environments.We investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistant profiles of bacteria isolated from houseflies in Akure.
Methods: Twenty-five houseflies were captured by a sterile nylon net from the slaughterhouse, garbage dump, human house, hospital, and eatery from 9:00am to 1:00pm when the flies were active and transported immediately to the laboratory in sterile containers for processing. Bacterial loads were enumerated by serial dilution and plating on nutrient agar and selective media. Bacteria species were isolated by conventional isolation technique. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique.
Results: Sixty-seven bacterial species were isolated from 25 samples that were collected. The predominant bacterial species was Escherichia coli (n= 31, 45%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n= 17, 25%), Staphylococcus aureus (n= 11, 16%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n= 3, 4.3%). The bacterial load of the samples ranged from 9.7×105CFU/mL to 1.65×106CFU/mL. The results revealed that all isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, and Proteus mirabilis were resistant to streptomycin and cotrimoxazole, augmentin and amoxicillin respectively. None of the S. aureus isolates was resistant to cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, sparfloxacin, augmentin, and ofloxacin. All isolates were multi-drug resistant.
Conclusion: House flies that were collected from the slaughterhouse, garbage dump, human house, hospital, and eatery may participate in the dispersal of pathogenic and resistant bacteria in the study environment.
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15. Pai HH, Chen WC, Peng CF (2003) Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from hospital cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). J Hosp Infect. 53: 224–228.
16. Barreiro C, Albano H, Silva J, Teixeira P (2013) Role of flies as vectors of food-borne pathogens in rural areas. Inter Sc Res Notes. 2013: 1–7.
17. Oyeyemi OT, Agbaje MO, Okelue UB (2016) Food-borne human parasitic pathogens associated with household cock-roaches and houseflies in Nigeria. Par Epide Con. 1: 10–13.
18. Alam MJ, Zurek L (2004) Association of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with house-flies on a cattle farm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70: 7578–7580.
19. Rahuma N, Ghenghesh KS, Ben Aissa R, Elamaari A (2005) Carriage by the housefly (Musca domestica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospital and other urban environments in Misurata, Libya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 99: 795–802.
20. Macovei L, Miles B, Zurek L (2008) Potential of houseflies to contaminate ready-to-eat food with antibiotic-resistant enterococci. J Food Prot. 71: 435–439
21. Chakrabarti S, Kambhampati S, Zurek L (2010) Assessment of house fly dispersal between rural and urban habitats in Kansas, USA. J Kans Entomol Soc. 83: 172–188.
22. Ahmad A, Ghosh A, Schal C, Zurek L (2011) Insects in confined swine operations carries a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiol. 11(1): 2–13.
23. Sulaiman S, Othman MZ, Aziz AH (2000) Isolations of enteric pathogens from synanthropic flies trapped in downtown Kuala Lumpur. J Vector Ecol. 25: 90–93.
24. Vartivarian SE, Papadakis KA, Anaissie EJ (1996) Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia urinary tract infection: a disease that is usually severe and complicated. Arch Intern Med. 156: 433–435.
25. Nazari M, Mehrabi T, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2017) Bacterial contamination of adult house flies (Musca domestica) and sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Hamadan City, Iran. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(4): DC04–DC07.
26. Khamesipour F, Lankarani KB, Honarvar B, Kwenti TE (2018) A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Pub Health. 18: 1049.
27. Kobayashi M, Agui N, Sasaki T, Saito N, Tamura K, Susuki, Watanabe H (1999) Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 61: 625–629.
28. Urban JE, Broce A (1998) Flies and their bacterial loads in greyhound dog kennels in Kansas. Curr Microbiol. 36: 164–170.
29. Drzewiecka D (2016) Significance and roles of proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments. Microb Ecol. 72: 741–758.
30. Ma Q, Fonseca A, Liu W, Fields AT, Pimsler ML, Spindola AF, Tarone AM, Crippen TL, Tomberlin JK, Wood TK (2012) Proteus mirabilis interkingdom swarming signals attract blow flies. ISME J. 6: 1356–1366.
31. Nayduch D, Cho H, Joyner C (2013) Staphylococcus aureus in the house fly: temporospatial fate of bacteria and expres¬sion of the antimicrobial peptide defensin. J Med Entomol. 50: 171–178.
32. Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG (2015) Staphylococcus aureus Infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 28: 603–661.
33. Onwugamba FC, Fitzgerald JR, Rochon K, Guadabassi L, Alabi A (2018) The role of ‘filth flies’ in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis. 22: 8–17.
34. Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhao F, Fan X, Zhong W, Qiao D, Cao Y (2013) Multidrug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 44: 988–996.
35. Graham JP, Price LB, Evans SL, Graczyk TK, Silbergeld EK (2009) Antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations. Sci Total Environ. 407: 2701–2710.
36. Wei TTY, Miyanaga K (2014) Persistence of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive Proteus mirabilis strains in the digestive tract of the housefly (Musca domestica) and green bottle flies (Calliphoridae). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98: 8357–8366.
37. Witte W (1999) Antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacteria: epidemiological aspects. J Antimicrob Chemother 44: 1–9.
38. Salyers AA (2002) An overview of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and its implications for agriculture. Anim Biotechnol. 13: 1–5.
39. Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, Silbergeld EK, Morris JG (2002) Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 99: 6434–6439.
2. WHO (2001) WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Avail¬able at: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy_English.pdf.
3. Nmorsi OPG, Agbozele G, Ukwandu NCD (2007) Some aspects of epidemiology of filth flies: Musca domestica, Musca domestica vicina, Drosophilia melanogaster and associated bacteria pathogens in Ekpoma, Nigeria. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7: 107–117.
4. Bouamamaa L, Sorlozano A, Laglaoui A, Lebbadi M, Aarab A, Guterrez J (2010) Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial strains isolated from Periplaneta americana and Musca domestica in Tangier, Morocco. J Infect Dev Ctries. 4(4): 194–201.
5. Davari B, Kalantar E, Zahirnia A, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2010) Frequency of resistance and susceptible bacteria isolated from houseflies. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 50–55.
6. Mawak JD, Olukose OJ (2006) Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for pathogenic organisms in Jos, Nigeria. J Pest Dis Vec Man. 7: 418–423.
7. Barin A, Arabkhazaeli F, Rahbari S, Madani SA (2010) The housefly, Musca domestica, as a possible mechanical vector of Newcastle disease virus in the laboratory and field. Med Vet Entomol. 24: 88–90.
8. Kassiri H, Zarrin M, Veys-Behbahani R, Faramarzi S, Kasiri A (2015) Isolation and identification of pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeasts from adult house fly (diptera: muscidae) captured from the hospital environments in Ahvaz City, Southwestern Iran. J Med Entomol. 52: 1351–1356.
9. Hemmatinezhad B, Ommi D, Hafshejani TT, Khamesipour F (2015) Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from houseflies (Musca domestica) in Iran. J Venom Anim Toxins Trop Dis. 21(1): 1–5.
10. Agbelade AD (2013) Land use mapping and tree species diversity of federal university of technology, Akure. Am Int J Contempt Res. 3(2): 104–113.
11. Fawole MO, Oso BA (2007) Laboratory manual of microbiology, revised edition. Spectrum Books, Ibadan, p. 23.
12. Olutiola PO, Sonntag, HS Famurewa O (Measurement of Microbial Growth. In: An Introduction to General Microbiology (A practical Approach). p. 111
13. Cheesbrough M (2006) District laboratory practice in tropical countries Part II. Cambridge University Press. 113: 319–329.
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2013) M100-S11, Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 23(5): 49.
15. Pai HH, Chen WC, Peng CF (2003) Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from hospital cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). J Hosp Infect. 53: 224–228.
16. Barreiro C, Albano H, Silva J, Teixeira P (2013) Role of flies as vectors of food-borne pathogens in rural areas. Inter Sc Res Notes. 2013: 1–7.
17. Oyeyemi OT, Agbaje MO, Okelue UB (2016) Food-borne human parasitic pathogens associated with household cock-roaches and houseflies in Nigeria. Par Epide Con. 1: 10–13.
18. Alam MJ, Zurek L (2004) Association of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with house-flies on a cattle farm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70: 7578–7580.
19. Rahuma N, Ghenghesh KS, Ben Aissa R, Elamaari A (2005) Carriage by the housefly (Musca domestica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospital and other urban environments in Misurata, Libya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 99: 795–802.
20. Macovei L, Miles B, Zurek L (2008) Potential of houseflies to contaminate ready-to-eat food with antibiotic-resistant enterococci. J Food Prot. 71: 435–439
21. Chakrabarti S, Kambhampati S, Zurek L (2010) Assessment of house fly dispersal between rural and urban habitats in Kansas, USA. J Kans Entomol Soc. 83: 172–188.
22. Ahmad A, Ghosh A, Schal C, Zurek L (2011) Insects in confined swine operations carries a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiol. 11(1): 2–13.
23. Sulaiman S, Othman MZ, Aziz AH (2000) Isolations of enteric pathogens from synanthropic flies trapped in downtown Kuala Lumpur. J Vector Ecol. 25: 90–93.
24. Vartivarian SE, Papadakis KA, Anaissie EJ (1996) Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia urinary tract infection: a disease that is usually severe and complicated. Arch Intern Med. 156: 433–435.
25. Nazari M, Mehrabi T, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2017) Bacterial contamination of adult house flies (Musca domestica) and sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Hamadan City, Iran. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(4): DC04–DC07.
26. Khamesipour F, Lankarani KB, Honarvar B, Kwenti TE (2018) A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Pub Health. 18: 1049.
27. Kobayashi M, Agui N, Sasaki T, Saito N, Tamura K, Susuki, Watanabe H (1999) Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 61: 625–629.
28. Urban JE, Broce A (1998) Flies and their bacterial loads in greyhound dog kennels in Kansas. Curr Microbiol. 36: 164–170.
29. Drzewiecka D (2016) Significance and roles of proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments. Microb Ecol. 72: 741–758.
30. Ma Q, Fonseca A, Liu W, Fields AT, Pimsler ML, Spindola AF, Tarone AM, Crippen TL, Tomberlin JK, Wood TK (2012) Proteus mirabilis interkingdom swarming signals attract blow flies. ISME J. 6: 1356–1366.
31. Nayduch D, Cho H, Joyner C (2013) Staphylococcus aureus in the house fly: temporospatial fate of bacteria and expres¬sion of the antimicrobial peptide defensin. J Med Entomol. 50: 171–178.
32. Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG (2015) Staphylococcus aureus Infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 28: 603–661.
33. Onwugamba FC, Fitzgerald JR, Rochon K, Guadabassi L, Alabi A (2018) The role of ‘filth flies’ in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis. 22: 8–17.
34. Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhao F, Fan X, Zhong W, Qiao D, Cao Y (2013) Multidrug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 44: 988–996.
35. Graham JP, Price LB, Evans SL, Graczyk TK, Silbergeld EK (2009) Antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations. Sci Total Environ. 407: 2701–2710.
36. Wei TTY, Miyanaga K (2014) Persistence of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive Proteus mirabilis strains in the digestive tract of the housefly (Musca domestica) and green bottle flies (Calliphoridae). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98: 8357–8366.
37. Witte W (1999) Antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacteria: epidemiological aspects. J Antimicrob Chemother 44: 1–9.
38. Salyers AA (2002) An overview of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and its implications for agriculture. Anim Biotechnol. 13: 1–5.
39. Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, Silbergeld EK, Morris JG (2002) Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 99: 6434–6439.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 1 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i1.2715 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Houseflies; Antimicrobial resistance; Pathogenic bacteria; Vector; Infection | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Odetoyin B, Adeola B, Olaniran O. Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Species Isolated from the Body Surface of the Housefly (Musca domestica) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;14(1):88–96.
