Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran
-
Abdollah Naghian
,
Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
,
Vahideh Moein-Vaziri
,
Yavar Rassi
,
Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
,
Ehsan Mostafavi
,
Arshad Veysi
,
Hassan Soleimani
,
Hossein Dehghan
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
,
Hossein Mirhendi
,
Mohammad Hassan Amini
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
Abstract
Background: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are common in some areas of Iran and consider as health problems. Phlebotomus alexandri has been incriminated as a suspected vector for the both form of leishmaniasis.
Methods: This study was carried out in 4 western provinces of Iran. Sand flies were collected using sticky traps and light traps from indoor and outdoor resting places. Nested PCR was employed to detect Leishmania parasites among collected sand flies.
Results: Seven hundred and twenty two P. alexandri females were collected and pooled in 179 batches. Results of nested PCR showed, out of 9 samples from East Azerbaijan Province, only one sample was infected by Leishmania infantum. Of 34 individual and pooled samples from Kermanshah Province, only one pooled sample was infected with Leishmania major and among 30 individual and pooled samples in Fars Province, five specimens were infected by L. major, L. infantum, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica. Furthermore, out of 108 individual and pooled samples from Khuzestan Province, 10 samples showed infection with L. major and L. infantum.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that P. alexandri is more active in hot zones than in moderate zones and this species may be considered as a permissive species.
1. WHO (2015) Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva, p. 211.
2. WHO (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis. WHO technical report sereis 949. Report of the meeting of the WHO expert committee on the control of leishmaniasis, Geneva.
3. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current sit-uation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27(5): 305–318.
4. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their Role on Leishmania Transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran: a review article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10 (4): 429–444.
6. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M, Team WLC (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PloS One. 7(5): e35671.
7. Bates PA, Depaquit J, Galati EA, Kamhawi S, Maroli M, McDowell MA, Picado A, Ready PD, Salomón OD, Shaw JJ (2015) Recent advances in phlebotomine sand fly research related to leishmaniasis control. Parasit Vectors. 8(1): 131.
8. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
9. Guan LR, Xu YX, Li B-S, Dong J (1986) The role of Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar/ Bulletin of the World Health Organisation. 64 (1): 107–112.
10. Killick-Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. Med Vet Entomol. 4(1): 1–24.
11. Javadian E, Mesghali A, Nadim A (1977) Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies with its first occurrence in P. al-exandri in Khuzistan Province, Iran. Ecologie de Leishmaniasis. Coll Int CNRS. 239: 203–205
12. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63–68.
13. Bakhshi H, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rassi Y, Akhavan A, Sheikh Z, Mohtarami F, Saeidi Z, Mirzajani H, Anjomruz M (2013) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran-Turkmenistan: Restricted and permissive vectors Exp Parasitol. 135(2): 382–387.
14. Petriščeva P (1971) The natural focality of leishmaniasis in the USSR. Bull World Health Org. 44(4): 515–520.
15. Colacicco-Mayhugh MG (2009) Biology and ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the middle east, with spe-cial emphasis on Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri [PhD Thesis] Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine, USA.
16. Ghrab J, Rhim A, Bach-Hamba D, Chahed M, Aoun K, Nouira S, Bouratbine A (2006) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) of human leishmaniosis sites in Tunisia. Parasite. 13(1): 23–33.
17. Iran Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, National Meteorological Organization. Available at: http://www.irimo.ir/far/wd/2703
18. Seyedi-Rashti M, Nadim A (1992) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Plebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterrenean Region. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 11–50.
19. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Entomol. 1: 285–300.
20. Akhavan AA, Mirhendi H, Khamesipour A, Alimohammadian MH, Rassi Y, Bates P, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Arandian MH, Abdoli H (2010) Leishmania species: Detection and identification by nested PCR assay from skin samples of rodent reservoirs. Exp parasitol. 126(4): 552–556.
21. Hamzavi Y, Sobhi S, Rezaei M (2009) Epidemiological factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the patients referred to health centers in Kermanshah Province. Behbood J. 13(2): 151–161.
22. Rassi Y, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A, Zarei Z, Javadian E (2012) First report on natu¬ral infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp parasitol. 131(3): 344–349.
23. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Zahraii A, Vatandoost H, Motazedian H, Azizi K, Mohebali M (2005) Phlebotpmus (Lar-roussius) kandelakii the Principal and Proven Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North West of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 8: 1802–1806.
24. Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F, Jafarzadeh B, Javadian E (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar District, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 20–27.
25. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1974) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I. The leptomonad infection of sandflies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 67(5): 513–516.
26. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education (2016) Infectious Disease Management, Annual Meeting of the Zoon-osis Group in Sarein, Ardabil, Iran.
27. WHO (2003) Communicable Disease Working Group on Emergencies, HQ Division of Communicable Disease Control, EMRO, WHO OFFICE, Baghdad. WHO Office, Baghdad. Communicable Disease Toolkit, IRAQ CRISIS. WHO 2003: 39–44. www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/toolkits/Iraq_profile_ok.pd
28. Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azzi A (2014) Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: inci-dence and epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8 (10): e3208.
29. Rahi AA, Ali MA, Valian HK, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A (2013) Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq. Sch J App Med Sci. 1(6): 985–989.
2. WHO (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis. WHO technical report sereis 949. Report of the meeting of the WHO expert committee on the control of leishmaniasis, Geneva.
3. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current sit-uation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27(5): 305–318.
4. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their Role on Leishmania Transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran: a review article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10 (4): 429–444.
6. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M, Team WLC (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PloS One. 7(5): e35671.
7. Bates PA, Depaquit J, Galati EA, Kamhawi S, Maroli M, McDowell MA, Picado A, Ready PD, Salomón OD, Shaw JJ (2015) Recent advances in phlebotomine sand fly research related to leishmaniasis control. Parasit Vectors. 8(1): 131.
8. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
9. Guan LR, Xu YX, Li B-S, Dong J (1986) The role of Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar/ Bulletin of the World Health Organisation. 64 (1): 107–112.
10. Killick-Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. Med Vet Entomol. 4(1): 1–24.
11. Javadian E, Mesghali A, Nadim A (1977) Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies with its first occurrence in P. al-exandri in Khuzistan Province, Iran. Ecologie de Leishmaniasis. Coll Int CNRS. 239: 203–205
12. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63–68.
13. Bakhshi H, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rassi Y, Akhavan A, Sheikh Z, Mohtarami F, Saeidi Z, Mirzajani H, Anjomruz M (2013) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran-Turkmenistan: Restricted and permissive vectors Exp Parasitol. 135(2): 382–387.
14. Petriščeva P (1971) The natural focality of leishmaniasis in the USSR. Bull World Health Org. 44(4): 515–520.
15. Colacicco-Mayhugh MG (2009) Biology and ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the middle east, with spe-cial emphasis on Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri [PhD Thesis] Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine, USA.
16. Ghrab J, Rhim A, Bach-Hamba D, Chahed M, Aoun K, Nouira S, Bouratbine A (2006) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) of human leishmaniosis sites in Tunisia. Parasite. 13(1): 23–33.
17. Iran Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, National Meteorological Organization. Available at: http://www.irimo.ir/far/wd/2703
18. Seyedi-Rashti M, Nadim A (1992) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Plebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterrenean Region. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 11–50.
19. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Entomol. 1: 285–300.
20. Akhavan AA, Mirhendi H, Khamesipour A, Alimohammadian MH, Rassi Y, Bates P, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Arandian MH, Abdoli H (2010) Leishmania species: Detection and identification by nested PCR assay from skin samples of rodent reservoirs. Exp parasitol. 126(4): 552–556.
21. Hamzavi Y, Sobhi S, Rezaei M (2009) Epidemiological factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the patients referred to health centers in Kermanshah Province. Behbood J. 13(2): 151–161.
22. Rassi Y, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A, Zarei Z, Javadian E (2012) First report on natu¬ral infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp parasitol. 131(3): 344–349.
23. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Zahraii A, Vatandoost H, Motazedian H, Azizi K, Mohebali M (2005) Phlebotpmus (Lar-roussius) kandelakii the Principal and Proven Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North West of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 8: 1802–1806.
24. Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F, Jafarzadeh B, Javadian E (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar District, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 20–27.
25. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1974) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I. The leptomonad infection of sandflies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 67(5): 513–516.
26. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education (2016) Infectious Disease Management, Annual Meeting of the Zoon-osis Group in Sarein, Ardabil, Iran.
27. WHO (2003) Communicable Disease Working Group on Emergencies, HQ Division of Communicable Disease Control, EMRO, WHO OFFICE, Baghdad. WHO Office, Baghdad. Communicable Disease Toolkit, IRAQ CRISIS. WHO 2003: 39–44. www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/toolkits/Iraq_profile_ok.pd
28. Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azzi A (2014) Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: inci-dence and epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8 (10): e3208.
29. Rahi AA, Ali MA, Valian HK, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A (2013) Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq. Sch J App Med Sci. 1(6): 985–989.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 1 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i1.2699 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Leishmaniasis; Phlebotomus alexandri; Leishmania; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Naghian A, Oshaghi MA, Moein-Vaziri V, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Mostafavi E, Veysi A, Soleimani H, Dehghan H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mirhendi H, Amini MH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA. Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;14(1):8–16.
