Ectoparasites Diversity on Rodents and Shrews at Scrub Typhus Endemic Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, India
-
Philip Samuel Paulraj
,
Govindarajan Renu
,
Krishnamoorthi Ranganathan
,
Rajamannar Veeramanoharan
,
Ashwani Kumar
Abstract
Background: Rodents and shrew living in the vicinity of human beings perform significant role to harbor different species of ectoparasites and thus act as the reservoir host for the spread of diseases to human and animals.
Methods: This study was undertaken to determine the species composition of the medically important ectoparasites present in the scrub typhus affected places of Vellore District using wonder and Sherman traps for trapping of live Rodent/Shrew during September 2017 to August 2018.
Results: Rodent/shrew hosts belonged to two Families, three sub families and five genera and five different species. These animals carried 23 species of ectoparasites including 17 trombiculid mites, two non-trombiculid mites, two ticks and two fleas. A total of 940 chigger mites were collected which belonged to three Tribes, six Genera, two Subgenera and 17 species. Adult mites collected belonged to two families, three genera and three species. Ticks collected were classified under one family, two genera and two species. Fleas fall under one family, one subfamily, one tribe, one genus and two species.
Conclusion: This is the first record of 14 species of chigger mites and three species of adult mites from Vellore District, Tamil Nadu. Surveillance of these keystone ectoparasites helped to identify the medically important disease vectors causing acari-borne zoonotic diseases.
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2. Buckle AP, Smith RH (1994) Rodent pests and their control, CAB INTERNATIONAL-Wallingford (United Kingdom): ISBN 0-85198-820-2. pp. 85–108.
3. Paramasvaran S, Sani RA, Hassan L, Krishnasamy M, Jeffery J, Oothuman P, Salleh I, Lim KH, Sumarni MG, Santhana RL (2009) Ectoparasite fauna of rodents and shrews from four habitats in Kuala Lumpur and the states of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and its public health significance. Trop Biomed. 26: 303–311.
4. Brown PR, Khamphoukeo K (2007) Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices with respect to rodent management in the upland and lowland farming systems of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Integr Zool. 2: 165–173.
5. Anthony NM, Ribic CA, Bautz R, Garland T (2005) Comparative effectiveness of Longworth and Sherman live traps. Wildl Soc Bull. 33: 1018–1026.
6. Kamarasu A, Malathi M, Rajagopal V, Subramani K, Jagadeeshramasamy D, Elizabeth Mathai (2007) Serological evidence for wide distribution of spotted fevers and typhus fever in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res. 126: 128–130.
7. Sadanandane Candasamy, Elango Ayyanar, Kummankottil Paily, Patricia Anitha Karthikeyan, Agatheswaran Sundararajan, Jambulingam Purushothaman (2016) Abundance and distribution of trombiculid mites Orientia tsutsugamushi, the vectors and pathogen of scrub typhus in rodents and shrews collected from Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Med Res. 144: 893–900.
8. Philip Samuel P, Govindarajan R, Krish-namoorthi R, Rajamannar V (2020) A study on ectoparasites with special reference to chigger mites on rodents/ shrews in scrub typhus endemic areas of Kerala state, India. Entomon, 45: 285–294.
9. Vellore District Population Census 2011-2022, Tamil Nadu literacy sex ratio and density. Available at: https://www.census2011. co.in/census/district/23-vellore.html.
10. Stan Fernandes, Kulkarni SM (2003) Stud¬ies on the Trombiculid Mite Fauna of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. pp. 1–539.
11. Lee Goff M, Richard B Loomis, Calvin Welbourn W, William J Wrenn (1982) A glossary of chigger terminology (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 19: 221–238.
12. James E Kerans, Taina R Litwak (1989) Pictorial key to the adults of hard ticks, Family Ixodidae (Ixodida: Ixodoidea), East of the Mississipi River. J Med Entomol. 26: 435–448.
13. Nadchatram M, Alexander L Dohany (1974) A pictorial key to the subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of Southeast Asian chiggers (Acari, Prostigmata, Trombiculidae). Bulletin No16, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 1–67.
14. Sharif M (1930) A Revision of the Indian Siphonaptera - Part-I : Family Pulicidae. In: Records of the Indian museum, Zoo-logical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1–62.
15. Geevargheese G, Mishra AC (2011) Haemophysalis Ticks of India. 1st ed. Elisevier Inc. pp. 1–260.
16. Peng PY, Guo XG, Ren TG, Song WY, Dong WG Fan (2016) Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. Parasitol Res. 115: 3605–3618.
17. Fernandes S, Kulkarni SM, Bhat HR (1988) Survey of trombiculid mites from the Himalayan region, India. Prog Acarol. 1: 107–112.
18. Varma RN, Mahadevan B (1971) Three species of trombiculid mites described from Eastern Himalayan foot hills India. Indian J Med Res. 59: 817–822.
19. Ramachandra Rao T, Dhanda V, Bhat HR, Kulkarni SM (1973) A survey of Haematophagous arthropods in western Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill districts of West Bengal-A general account. Indian J Med Res. 61: 1421–1461.
20. Bhat HR, Kulkarni SM, Mishra AC (1983) Records of Mesostigmata, Ereymetidae and Pterygosomidae (Acarina) in Western Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill districts of West Bengal. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 80: 91–110.
21. Krantz GW (1978) A Manual of Acarology. 2nd ed. Oregon State University Book Stores Inc, Corvallis.
22. World Health Organization (1986) Vector Control series mite training and information guide. World Health Organization, Geneva.
23. Tilak R, Kumar R, Wankhade UB, Tilak VW (2011) The emergence of Schoengastiella ligula as the vector of a scrub typhus outbreak in Darjeeling. Has Leptotrobidium deliense been replaced? Indian J Public Heal. 55: 92–99.
24. Alexander JOD (1984) Arthropods and Human skin. Chapter 17, In: Springer-Verlag.
25. Pranap Jyoti Bhuyan, Anjan Jyoti Nath (2016) Record of tropical rat mite, Orni-thonyssusbacoti (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) from domestic and peridomestic rodents (Rattus rattus) in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10: 98–101.
26. Lindardi PM, Gomes AF, Botelho JR (1994) Some ectoparasites of commensal rodents from Huambo, Angola. J Med Entomol. 31: 754–756.
27. Durden LA, Page BF (2008) Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance. Med Vet Entomol. 5: 1–7.
28. Kia EB, Moghddas-Sani H, Hasssanpoor H, Vatandoost H, Zahabiun F, Akhavan AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2009) Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 3: 44–49.
29. Deeb EHI, Zidan ZH, Hawashy EN, Mourad AA (1999) Rodent ectoparasites relationships at new reclaimed areas of Egypt. Ann Agr Sci. 44: 799–810.
30. Kandy EGA, Shazly EAM, Mikhail MW, Bhat IM (2007) Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Talkha center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 37: 825–833.
2. Buckle AP, Smith RH (1994) Rodent pests and their control, CAB INTERNATIONAL-Wallingford (United Kingdom): ISBN 0-85198-820-2. pp. 85–108.
3. Paramasvaran S, Sani RA, Hassan L, Krishnasamy M, Jeffery J, Oothuman P, Salleh I, Lim KH, Sumarni MG, Santhana RL (2009) Ectoparasite fauna of rodents and shrews from four habitats in Kuala Lumpur and the states of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and its public health significance. Trop Biomed. 26: 303–311.
4. Brown PR, Khamphoukeo K (2007) Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices with respect to rodent management in the upland and lowland farming systems of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Integr Zool. 2: 165–173.
5. Anthony NM, Ribic CA, Bautz R, Garland T (2005) Comparative effectiveness of Longworth and Sherman live traps. Wildl Soc Bull. 33: 1018–1026.
6. Kamarasu A, Malathi M, Rajagopal V, Subramani K, Jagadeeshramasamy D, Elizabeth Mathai (2007) Serological evidence for wide distribution of spotted fevers and typhus fever in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res. 126: 128–130.
7. Sadanandane Candasamy, Elango Ayyanar, Kummankottil Paily, Patricia Anitha Karthikeyan, Agatheswaran Sundararajan, Jambulingam Purushothaman (2016) Abundance and distribution of trombiculid mites Orientia tsutsugamushi, the vectors and pathogen of scrub typhus in rodents and shrews collected from Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Med Res. 144: 893–900.
8. Philip Samuel P, Govindarajan R, Krish-namoorthi R, Rajamannar V (2020) A study on ectoparasites with special reference to chigger mites on rodents/ shrews in scrub typhus endemic areas of Kerala state, India. Entomon, 45: 285–294.
9. Vellore District Population Census 2011-2022, Tamil Nadu literacy sex ratio and density. Available at: https://www.census2011. co.in/census/district/23-vellore.html.
10. Stan Fernandes, Kulkarni SM (2003) Stud¬ies on the Trombiculid Mite Fauna of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. pp. 1–539.
11. Lee Goff M, Richard B Loomis, Calvin Welbourn W, William J Wrenn (1982) A glossary of chigger terminology (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 19: 221–238.
12. James E Kerans, Taina R Litwak (1989) Pictorial key to the adults of hard ticks, Family Ixodidae (Ixodida: Ixodoidea), East of the Mississipi River. J Med Entomol. 26: 435–448.
13. Nadchatram M, Alexander L Dohany (1974) A pictorial key to the subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of Southeast Asian chiggers (Acari, Prostigmata, Trombiculidae). Bulletin No16, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 1–67.
14. Sharif M (1930) A Revision of the Indian Siphonaptera - Part-I : Family Pulicidae. In: Records of the Indian museum, Zoo-logical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1–62.
15. Geevargheese G, Mishra AC (2011) Haemophysalis Ticks of India. 1st ed. Elisevier Inc. pp. 1–260.
16. Peng PY, Guo XG, Ren TG, Song WY, Dong WG Fan (2016) Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. Parasitol Res. 115: 3605–3618.
17. Fernandes S, Kulkarni SM, Bhat HR (1988) Survey of trombiculid mites from the Himalayan region, India. Prog Acarol. 1: 107–112.
18. Varma RN, Mahadevan B (1971) Three species of trombiculid mites described from Eastern Himalayan foot hills India. Indian J Med Res. 59: 817–822.
19. Ramachandra Rao T, Dhanda V, Bhat HR, Kulkarni SM (1973) A survey of Haematophagous arthropods in western Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill districts of West Bengal-A general account. Indian J Med Res. 61: 1421–1461.
20. Bhat HR, Kulkarni SM, Mishra AC (1983) Records of Mesostigmata, Ereymetidae and Pterygosomidae (Acarina) in Western Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill districts of West Bengal. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 80: 91–110.
21. Krantz GW (1978) A Manual of Acarology. 2nd ed. Oregon State University Book Stores Inc, Corvallis.
22. World Health Organization (1986) Vector Control series mite training and information guide. World Health Organization, Geneva.
23. Tilak R, Kumar R, Wankhade UB, Tilak VW (2011) The emergence of Schoengastiella ligula as the vector of a scrub typhus outbreak in Darjeeling. Has Leptotrobidium deliense been replaced? Indian J Public Heal. 55: 92–99.
24. Alexander JOD (1984) Arthropods and Human skin. Chapter 17, In: Springer-Verlag.
25. Pranap Jyoti Bhuyan, Anjan Jyoti Nath (2016) Record of tropical rat mite, Orni-thonyssusbacoti (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) from domestic and peridomestic rodents (Rattus rattus) in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10: 98–101.
26. Lindardi PM, Gomes AF, Botelho JR (1994) Some ectoparasites of commensal rodents from Huambo, Angola. J Med Entomol. 31: 754–756.
27. Durden LA, Page BF (2008) Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance. Med Vet Entomol. 5: 1–7.
28. Kia EB, Moghddas-Sani H, Hasssanpoor H, Vatandoost H, Zahabiun F, Akhavan AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2009) Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 3: 44–49.
29. Deeb EHI, Zidan ZH, Hawashy EN, Mourad AA (1999) Rodent ectoparasites relationships at new reclaimed areas of Egypt. Ann Agr Sci. 44: 799–810.
30. Kandy EGA, Shazly EAM, Mikhail MW, Bhat IM (2007) Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Talkha center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 37: 825–833.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i1.11192 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diversity Ectoparasites Rodents Scrub typhus Tamil Nadu-India | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Paulraj P, Renu G, Ranganathan K, Veeramanoharan R, Kumar A. Ectoparasites Diversity on Rodents and Shrews at Scrub Typhus Endemic Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, India. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2022;16(1):51–60.
