Relationship between Biological and Qualitative Indices in Surface Waters Receiving the Effluent of Fish Farms in the Northwest of Iran
,
Abstract
Background: Water quality is usually measured using various indicators based on physical, chemical and biological parameters. By using the biological index that is based on the identification of the arthropod families, it is possible to make a logical judgment about the ecosystem condition. The aim of this study was measuring correlation coefficients between qualitative and biological Indices.
Methods: Water samples were collected 27 samples in northwest of Iran and aquatic insects’ samples 54 in 2019. The NSFWQI and IRWQISC as the most important indices of physical and chemical quality of water ranged from 54.45–76.21 and from 41.32 to 77.40, respectively.
Results: A total of 2,953 aquatic insects were collected, and biological Index ranged from 6.26 to 3.38. It can be stated that increasing in the concentration of pollutants in the source and end of the river could lead to a sharp decrease in biological index. IRWQISC index, the effluent stations of fish farms can fit into ‘fairly bad quality’ and ‘moderate quality’ categories.
Conclusion: The linear regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the Hilsenhoff biological Index and the physiochemical parameters of pH, DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and total dissolved solids. The activity of fish farms and discharging their effluents into water sources, can change the physical, chemical and biological parameters of receiving waters, therefore it is recommended that the location of these units be reviewed and also the appropriate treatment for such effluents should be considered, so that the health risks caused by them can be effectively reduced.
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2. USEPA (1979) National seecondary drink-ing water regulations.
3. Afshinnezhad Y (1994) Rivers of Iran: Min¬istry of Energy, Jamab Consulting Engi¬neers.
4. Yusefzadeh A, Shams Khoram Abadi G, Godini H, Hossein Zadeh I, Safari M (2014) Evaluation of water quality of Khoram¬rood River Khorramabad with wa¬ter quality index (NSFWQI) and its zon¬ing with Geographic Information Sys¬tem (GIS). Yafteh. 15(5): 82–92.
5. Behbahaninia A, Salmasi R (2008) Investi-gation and recognition of physicochemi-cal properties of Jajrood River pollu-tants. Hum Environ. 6: 34–43.
6. Nastiti KDM, Sayekti RW, Yuliani E (2023) Water quality and distribution of Selore¬jo Reservoir using the Pollution Index, Oregon-WQI, and NSF-WQI methods. J Tek Pengair: J Water Resour Eng. 14 (1): 64–75.
7. Fortes ACC, Barrocas PRG, Kligerman DC (2023) Water quality indices: Construc-tion, potential, and limitations. Ecol In-dic. 157: 111187.
8. Sánchez E, Colmenarejo M, Vicente J, Ru-bio A, García M, Travieso L, Borja R (2007) Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indi¬cators of watersheds pollution. Ecol In¬dic. 7(2): 315–328.
9. Bordalo A, Nilsumranchit W, Chalermwat K (2001) Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand). Water Res. 35(15): 3635–3642.
10. Karr JR (1998) Rivers as sentinels: using the biology of rivers to guide landscape management. River ecology and man-age¬ment: lessons from the Pacific Coastal ecoregion Springer, New York.
11. Siriwardhana KD, Jayaneththi DI, Herath RD, Makumbura RK, Jayasinghe H, Gun¬athilake MB (2023) A Simplified Equa¬tion for Calculating the Water Quality In¬dex (WQI), Kalu River, Sri Lanka. Sus¬tainability. 15(15): 12012.
12. Boyacioglu H (2006) Surface water qual-ity assessment using factor analysis. AJOL. 32(3): 389–393.
13. Pesce SF, Wunderlin DA (2000) Use of water quality indices to verify the im-pact of Córdoba City (Argentina) on Suquı́a River. Water Res. 34(11): 2915–2926.
14. Jonnalagadda S, Mhere G (2001) Water quality of the Odzi River in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. Water Res. 35 (10): 2371–2376.
15. Larijani S, Hossein B, Kavian A, Ziaei AN (2022) Sensitivity assessment of two water quality models NSFWQI and IRWQISC in Haraz River. Iran J Irrig Drain. 16(4): 816–830.
16. Asadpour Lomer S, Ebrahimi K, Liaghat A, Alipour F (2024) Assessing Tem-poral-Spatial Variations and Classifying Wa¬ter Quality of the Dinachal River, Iran, through Field Data Collection. Iran J Soil Water Res.
17. Abbaspour M, Javid A, Habibi E (2014) Determination of Physical and Chemical Parameters of Khersan River Water and Investigation of its Annual Changes. Int J Environ Sci Tech. 15(4): 1–11.
18. Farzadkia M, Djahed B, Shahsavani E, Poureshg Y (2015) Spatio-temporal eval-uation of Yamchi Dam basin water qual-ity using Canadian water quality index. Environ Monit Assess. 187: 1–15.
19. NSF (2012) National Sanitation Founda-tion. Available at: http://www.Nsfconsumer.org.
20. Nikunahad A, Kazembeigi F (2009) Com-parison of water quality parameters for choosing the best of the index in the Kark¬heh Dam. Iran Water Res J. 3(4): 69–73.
21. Fabiano D, Altair B, Marcia C, Sonia M, Maria J (2008) Water quality index as a simple indicator of aquaculture effects on aquatic bodies. Ecol Indic. 8(5): 476–484.
22. Torabian A, Hashemi S, Khalili R, Ferdu-sipoor S (2004) Effects of harvesting on water quality in the river downstream of the dam Mamlu using QUAL2E model. J Environ Stud. 30(35): 69–76.
23. Hoseinzadeh A, Korsandi H, Rahimi N, Hosiza¬deh S, Alipour M (2013) Water quality assessment of AydooghMosh Riv¬er using the NSFWQI Quality Index and Liou Pollution Index. Uromiyeh Med J. 24(2): 156–162.
24. SawooEP Agency (2014) Standard of Iran Water Quality Index In: Agency EP, ed-itor. Tehran: EPA.
25. Shaker Donyavi A, Cheloyan P, Moridi A, Khalili R (2023) Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Water Quality of Ba¬bolroud River Using IRWQIsc, NSFWQI and CCME Water Quality Index. J Wa¬ter Irrig Manag. 13(2): 551–563.
26. Hafezieh M (2001) Aquatic insects as in-di¬cators of organic contamination of wa-ter. Iran J Fish Sci. 10(1): 19–36.
27. Lenat DR (1993) A biotic index for the southeastern United States: derivation and list of tolerance values, with criteria for assigning water-quality ratings. J North Am Benthol Soc. 12(3): 279–290.
28. Mokhtari SA, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Kalanta¬ri RR, Gholami M (2017) Appli-cation of dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction as a simple assisted clean-up and preconcentration technique for GC/ MS determination of selected PAHs ex-tracted from sewage sludge by Soxhlet and ultrasound assisted extraction method. De¬salination Water Treat. 66(5): 176–183.
29. Hilsenhoff WL (1988) Rapid Field As-sessment of Organic Pollution with a Family-Level Biotic Index. J North Am Benthol Soc. 7: 65–68.
30. Taowu M, Qinghui H, Hai W, Zijian W, Chunxia W, Shengbiao H (2008) Selec-tion of benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetrics and preliminary establish-ment of biocriteria for the bioassessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake, Chi-na. Acta Ecol Sin. 28(3): 1192–1200.
31. NafisiBehabadi M, Ahmadi M (2001) Iden¬tification of invertebrate species of cur¬rent waters. Khaibar, Tehran.
32. Balayo C (2019) Determining the diver¬sity and distribution of macroinverte¬brates in Tende Sub-Bay of Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria (Pearl Aquatics Cage Fish Farm). Undergraduate Dissertation. School of Biosciences Collection. Makerere Uni¬versity. Uganda.
33. Nasri M, Ghojoghi A, Podeh HT (2023) Investigation of Zayandeh River water quality based on Macrobenthos as bio-logical indicators. Int J Aquat Biol. 11 (3): 213–221.
34. Zhang J, Jiang P, Chen K, He S, Wang B, Jin X (2020) Development of biological water quality categories for streams us-ing a biotic index of macroinvertebrates in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Ecol Indic. 117: 106650.
35. Malvandi H, Moghanizade R, Abdoli A (2021) The use of biological indices and diversity indices to evaluate water qual-ity of rivers in Mashhad, Iran. Biologia. 76: 959–971.
36. Shukrisarvey M, Ahmadi M, Rahmani H, Kamrani E (2015) Evaluation of Water Quality Based on Hilsenhoff Biological Indices, Shannon-Wiener Diversity and En¬vironmental Indices in Tajan River. J Fish Sci Tech. 3(4): 43–55.
37. Heydari N, Yazdian H, Zahrai B, Nema-tollah JafarzadehhagigiFard (2011) Bio-logical Assessment of Kashkanrood Riv-er Based on Diversity and Population Struc¬ture of Macrobenthos. The 1st Na-tional Conference on Environmental Pro¬tection and Planning, 2014 February 27, Hamadan Islamic Azad University, Ham¬adan, Iran.
38. Ibiwumi AA, Kabir PKO, Abiodun SA (2013) Impact of Physicochemical Param¬eters on Benthic Macro-invertebrates As¬semblage of Erelu Reservoir in Oyo Town, Nigeria. Asian J Biol Sci. 2(12): 328–336.
39. Mehrjo F, Abdoli A, Hashemi SH, Hosse-inabadi F (2020) Development of a mul-timetric index based on benthic ma¬croin-vertebrates for downstream Jajrud in Teh¬ran Province, Iran. Iran J Fish Sci. 19(1): 286–296.
40. Feldman D, Farris J, Moore M, Cooper C (2010) A characterization of benthic ma-croinvertebrate communities in agricul-tur¬al drainage ditches of the northeast Ar¬kansas Delta, USA. Agricultural drain¬age ditches: Mitigation wetlands for the 21st century Research Signpost, Kerala, pp. 17–35.
41. Bui DT, Khosravi K, Tiefenbacher J, Ngu-yen H, Kazakis N (2020) Improving pre-diction of water quality indices using novel hybrid machine-learning algo-rithms. Sci Total Environ. 721: 137612.
42. Rostami MH, Vahidi H, Tayefeh M, Ah-madikallan M (2020) Evaluating water quality of kangir river by means of NSF water quality index and the effect of re-ducing the load of point pollutants on increasing the index rate using QUAL-2KW model. J Wetl Ecobiol. 12(1): 81–98.
43. Malekei-Ravasan N, Bahrami A, Shayeghi M, Oshaghi MA, Malek M, Mansoorian AB, Vatandoost H (2013) Notes on the Iran Caddisflies and Role of Annulipal-pian Hydropsychid Caddisflies as a Bio-monitoring Agent. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 7(1): 71–82.
44. Abbasi M, Doosti S, Vatandoost H, Hos-seini-Vasoukolaei N (2020) Study on the Fauna of Aquatic Insects in Northwest-ern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(1): 1–7.
45. Shaeghi M, Dehghan H, Pakdad K, Nik-pour F, Absavaran A, Sofizadeh A, Akha¬van AA, Vatandoost H, Aghai-Afshar A. Faunistic Study of the Aquatic Arthro¬pods in a Tourism Area in Northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2017 May 27. 11(2): 286–301.
46. Shayeghi M, Vatandoost H, Gorouhi A, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Salim-Abadi Y, Kara¬mi M, Jalil-Navaz MR, Akhavan AA, Shiekh Z, Vatandoost S, Arandian MH. Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects of Zayandeh Roud River and Its Branches, Isfahan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2014 Apr 9. 8(2): 197–203.
47. Hosseini SH, Sajjadi MM, Kamrani E, Sourinejad I, Ranjbar H (2013) Impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farm effluents on water physico-chem-ical parameters of Ryjab River (Ker¬man-shah Province). J Aquat Ecol. 2(4): 39–29.
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| Keywords | ||
| : Water quality index; Biological index; Aquatic insects; Water quality; Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Pourfaraj F, Abazari M, Moradiasl E, Mokhtariai SA. Relationship between Biological and Qualitative Indices in Surface Waters Receiving the Effluent of Fish Farms in the Northwest of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;.
