Possible Synergistic Effect of Combined Metarhizium anisopliae and Fenitrothion for Control of German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) as a Novel Approach
-
Mohammad Reza Khaksar
,
Majid Kababian
,
Roohollah Fateh
,
Abedin Saghafipour
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Mona Sharififard
Abstract
Background: Cockroaches are one of the most common pests in many residential areas. In this study, the simultaneous effects of fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and fenitrothion-coated baits on the mortality rate of the German cockroach nymphs were investigated.
Methods: To determine the lethal level of fenitrothion insecticide, a bioassay test was performed on the last instar nymphs of the German cockroach reared at insectarium conditions. Various toxic concentrations of fenitrothion (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, 1.5%, and 2%) were used. Different concentrations of M. anisopliae (1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, 1×108 Conidia/ml) were also applied to nymphs. Eventually, we combined the effective dose of fenitrothion (0.93%) with the effective concentration of M. anisopliae (6.6 ×106 Conidia/ml) to provide the fungus-coated bait to attract insects. Mortality was recorded 24–96 hours after exposure to the toxic bait. The resulting data were subjected to Probit analysis.
Results: The results of applying M. anisopliae spores with fenitrothion composition showed that the mortality rate of German cockroach nymphs was significant. Therefore, the optimal dose of fenitrothion used in combination with M. anisopliae seems essential to reduce the German cockroach nymphs.
Conclusion: The results of this study can be considered a suitable method as a mixture with low cost and minimal damage to the environment and other organisms.
1. Wang C, Bennett G W(2009) Cost and
effectiveness of community-wide integrated pest
management for German cockroach, cockroach
allergen, and insecticide use reduction in low
income housing. J Econ Entomol. 102(4):1614-
23.
2. Shahraki GH, Parhizkar S, Nejad AR (2013)
Cockroach infestation and factors affecting the
estimation of cockroach population in urban
communities. Int J Zool. 2013:1-6.
3. Ehdae B (2015) Isolation and identification
bacteria from cockroaches of Ahvaz (sw of Iran)
hospitals and determination of their susceptibility
to antibiotics. [PhD dissertation]. School of
Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
4. Solomon F, Belayneh F, Kibru G, Solomon A
(2016) Vector potential of Blattella germanica (L.)
(Dictyoptera: Blattidae) for medically important
bacteria at food handling establishments in
Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Biomed Res
Int. 2016:3490906.
5. Nasirian H (2010) An overview of German
cockroach, Blattella germanica, studies conducted
in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 13(22):1077-84.
6. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost
H (2018) Control of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in municipal sewage
disposal system, central Iran. J Arthropod Borne
Dis. 12(2):172-179.
7. Salehi A, Vatandoost H, Hazratian T, SaneiDehkordi A, Hooshyar H, Arbabi M, SalimAbadi Y, Sharafati-Chaleshtori R, Gorouhi M
A, Paksa A (2016) Detection of bendiocarb
and carbaryl resistance mechanisms among
German cockroach Blattella germanica (Blattaria:
Blattellidae) collected from Tabriz hospitals, East
Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2013. J Arthropod
Borne Dis. 10(3):403-12.
8. Vazirianzadeh B, Dehghani R, Mehdinejad M,
Sharififard M, Nasirabadi N (2014) The first
report of drug resistant bacteria isolated from the
brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, in
Ahvaz, South-western Iran. J Arthropod Borne
Dis. 8(1):53-9.
9. Ladonni H, Paksa A, Nasirian H, Doroudgar
A, Abaie MR (2013) Detection of Carbamat
and Organo phosphorus susceptibility levels in
German cockroach in vivo. Tolooe Behdasht 40:
95–105.
10. Zhu F, Lavine L, O’Neal S, Lavine M, Foss M,
Walsh D (2016) Insecticide resistance and
management strategies in urban ecosystems.
Insects. 7(1):2.
11. Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Fakoorziba MR,
Azizi K, Mohebbi-Nodezh M (2013) Carbamate
insecticides resistance monitoring of adult male
German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), in
Southern Iran. J Health Sci Surveillance Sys. 1:
41–47.
12. Chaurasia A, Lone Y, Gupta US (2016) Effects of
entomopathogenic fungi, Hirsutella thompsonii
on mortality and detoxification enzyme activity
in Periplaneta americana. J Entomol Zool Stud. 4:
234–239.
13. Khan S, Guo L, Maimaiti Y, Mijit M, Qiu O (2012)
Entomopathogenic fungi as microbial biocontrol
agent. Mol Plant Breed. 3: 63–79.
14. Joseph F Bischoff , Stephen A Rehner, Richard
A Humber (2009) A multilocus phylogeny of
the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia.
101(4):512-30.
15. Lopes R B, Alves S B (2011) Differential
susceptibility of adults and nymphs of Blattella
germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) to infection
by Metarhizium anisopliae and assessment of
delivery strategies. Neotrop Entomol. 40(3):368-
74.
16. Dayer MS, Karvandian K (2016) Toxicity
of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota:
Hyphomycetes) and boric acid against nosocomial
cockroaches, Blattella germanica. Arthropods. 5:
114–124.
17. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh
B, Latifi S M (2014) Evaluation of conidia- dust
formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae to biocontrol the
brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa F.
Jundishapur J Microbiol. 7(6):e10721.
18. Hartelt K, Wurst E, Collatz J, Zimmermann
G, Kleespies RG, Oehme RM (2008)
Biological control of the tick Ixodes ricinus
with entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes:
Preliminary results from laboratory experiments.
Int J Med Microbiol. 298: 314–320.
19. Draganova SA, Simova SA (2010) Susceptibility of
Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae)
to isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria
bassiana. Pestic Phytomed. 25: 51–57.
20. Shah FA, Ansari MA, Watkins J, Phelps Z, Cross
J, Butt TM (2009) Influence of commercial
fungicides on the germination, growth and
virulence of four species of entomopathogenic
fungi. Biocontrol Sci Techn. 19: 743–753.
21. Amjad M, Bashir MH, Afzal M, Sabri MA, Javed
N (2012) Effects of commercial pesticides against
cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci genn.) and mites
(Tetranychus urticae koch) on growth and conidial
germination of two species of entomopathogenic
fungi. Pak J Life Sci. 10: 22–27.
22. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh
B, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A (2011) Interactions
between entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium
anisopliae and sub lethal doses of spinosad for
control of house fly Musca domestica. Iran J
Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1):28-36.
23. Benserradj O, Mihoubi I (2014) Larvicidal
activity of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium
anisopliae against mosquito larvae in Algeria. Int
J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 3: 54–62.
24. Bilal H, Hassan SA, Khan IK (2012) Isolation
and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungus
(Metarhizium anisopliae) for the control of Aedes
albopictus Skuse larvae: suspected dengue vector
in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2(4):298-
300.
25. El-Sharabasy HM, Mahmoud MF, El-Bahrawy
AF, El-Badry YS, El-Kady GA (2014) Food
preference of the German cockroach, Blattella
germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Cercet
Agron Mold. 2: 81–88.
26. Mahjoob M, Nejati J, keyhani A (2010) Evaluation
of bacterial infection of external surface and
digestive system of cockroach species. Med J
Hormozgan. 14: 80–86.
27. Rahimian AA, Hanafi- Bojd AA, Vatandoost
H, Zaim M (2019) A review on the insecticide
resistance of three species of cockroaches
(Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. J Econ Entomol112(1):1-10.
28. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh B,
Latifi S M (2016) Biocontrol of the brown-banded
cockroach, Supella longipalpa F. (Blattaria:
Blattellidae), with entomopathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae. J Arthropod Borne Dis.
10(3):335-46.
29. Salehzade A, Mahjub H (2007) Comparison of
effect of actelic, ficam, diazinon, fenitrothion and
coopex on cockroaches from tehran urban areas.
J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 15: 24–31.
30. Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM
(2008) Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
31. Butt T M, Coates C J, Dubovskiy I M, Ratcliffe N
A (2016) Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights
into Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Genet.
94:307-64.
32. Ranjbar Bahadori SH, Pirali Kheirabadi KH
(2010) Biological Control of Parasites.(1st eds.),
Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar,
Iran.
33. Gutierrez AC, García JJ, Alzogaray RA, Urrutia
MI, López LCC (2014) Susceptibility of different
life stages of Blattella germanica (Blattodea:
Blattellidae) and Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea:
Blattidae) to entomopathogenic fungi. Int J Curr
Microbiol App Sci. 3: 614–621.
effectiveness of community-wide integrated pest
management for German cockroach, cockroach
allergen, and insecticide use reduction in low
income housing. J Econ Entomol. 102(4):1614-
23.
2. Shahraki GH, Parhizkar S, Nejad AR (2013)
Cockroach infestation and factors affecting the
estimation of cockroach population in urban
communities. Int J Zool. 2013:1-6.
3. Ehdae B (2015) Isolation and identification
bacteria from cockroaches of Ahvaz (sw of Iran)
hospitals and determination of their susceptibility
to antibiotics. [PhD dissertation]. School of
Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
4. Solomon F, Belayneh F, Kibru G, Solomon A
(2016) Vector potential of Blattella germanica (L.)
(Dictyoptera: Blattidae) for medically important
bacteria at food handling establishments in
Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Biomed Res
Int. 2016:3490906.
5. Nasirian H (2010) An overview of German
cockroach, Blattella germanica, studies conducted
in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 13(22):1077-84.
6. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost
H (2018) Control of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in municipal sewage
disposal system, central Iran. J Arthropod Borne
Dis. 12(2):172-179.
7. Salehi A, Vatandoost H, Hazratian T, SaneiDehkordi A, Hooshyar H, Arbabi M, SalimAbadi Y, Sharafati-Chaleshtori R, Gorouhi M
A, Paksa A (2016) Detection of bendiocarb
and carbaryl resistance mechanisms among
German cockroach Blattella germanica (Blattaria:
Blattellidae) collected from Tabriz hospitals, East
Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2013. J Arthropod
Borne Dis. 10(3):403-12.
8. Vazirianzadeh B, Dehghani R, Mehdinejad M,
Sharififard M, Nasirabadi N (2014) The first
report of drug resistant bacteria isolated from the
brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, in
Ahvaz, South-western Iran. J Arthropod Borne
Dis. 8(1):53-9.
9. Ladonni H, Paksa A, Nasirian H, Doroudgar
A, Abaie MR (2013) Detection of Carbamat
and Organo phosphorus susceptibility levels in
German cockroach in vivo. Tolooe Behdasht 40:
95–105.
10. Zhu F, Lavine L, O’Neal S, Lavine M, Foss M,
Walsh D (2016) Insecticide resistance and
management strategies in urban ecosystems.
Insects. 7(1):2.
11. Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Fakoorziba MR,
Azizi K, Mohebbi-Nodezh M (2013) Carbamate
insecticides resistance monitoring of adult male
German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), in
Southern Iran. J Health Sci Surveillance Sys. 1:
41–47.
12. Chaurasia A, Lone Y, Gupta US (2016) Effects of
entomopathogenic fungi, Hirsutella thompsonii
on mortality and detoxification enzyme activity
in Periplaneta americana. J Entomol Zool Stud. 4:
234–239.
13. Khan S, Guo L, Maimaiti Y, Mijit M, Qiu O (2012)
Entomopathogenic fungi as microbial biocontrol
agent. Mol Plant Breed. 3: 63–79.
14. Joseph F Bischoff , Stephen A Rehner, Richard
A Humber (2009) A multilocus phylogeny of
the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia.
101(4):512-30.
15. Lopes R B, Alves S B (2011) Differential
susceptibility of adults and nymphs of Blattella
germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) to infection
by Metarhizium anisopliae and assessment of
delivery strategies. Neotrop Entomol. 40(3):368-
74.
16. Dayer MS, Karvandian K (2016) Toxicity
of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota:
Hyphomycetes) and boric acid against nosocomial
cockroaches, Blattella germanica. Arthropods. 5:
114–124.
17. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh
B, Latifi S M (2014) Evaluation of conidia- dust
formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae to biocontrol the
brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa F.
Jundishapur J Microbiol. 7(6):e10721.
18. Hartelt K, Wurst E, Collatz J, Zimmermann
G, Kleespies RG, Oehme RM (2008)
Biological control of the tick Ixodes ricinus
with entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes:
Preliminary results from laboratory experiments.
Int J Med Microbiol. 298: 314–320.
19. Draganova SA, Simova SA (2010) Susceptibility of
Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae)
to isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria
bassiana. Pestic Phytomed. 25: 51–57.
20. Shah FA, Ansari MA, Watkins J, Phelps Z, Cross
J, Butt TM (2009) Influence of commercial
fungicides on the germination, growth and
virulence of four species of entomopathogenic
fungi. Biocontrol Sci Techn. 19: 743–753.
21. Amjad M, Bashir MH, Afzal M, Sabri MA, Javed
N (2012) Effects of commercial pesticides against
cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci genn.) and mites
(Tetranychus urticae koch) on growth and conidial
germination of two species of entomopathogenic
fungi. Pak J Life Sci. 10: 22–27.
22. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh
B, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A (2011) Interactions
between entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium
anisopliae and sub lethal doses of spinosad for
control of house fly Musca domestica. Iran J
Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1):28-36.
23. Benserradj O, Mihoubi I (2014) Larvicidal
activity of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium
anisopliae against mosquito larvae in Algeria. Int
J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 3: 54–62.
24. Bilal H, Hassan SA, Khan IK (2012) Isolation
and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungus
(Metarhizium anisopliae) for the control of Aedes
albopictus Skuse larvae: suspected dengue vector
in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2(4):298-
300.
25. El-Sharabasy HM, Mahmoud MF, El-Bahrawy
AF, El-Badry YS, El-Kady GA (2014) Food
preference of the German cockroach, Blattella
germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Cercet
Agron Mold. 2: 81–88.
26. Mahjoob M, Nejati J, keyhani A (2010) Evaluation
of bacterial infection of external surface and
digestive system of cockroach species. Med J
Hormozgan. 14: 80–86.
27. Rahimian AA, Hanafi- Bojd AA, Vatandoost
H, Zaim M (2019) A review on the insecticide
resistance of three species of cockroaches
(Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. J Econ Entomol112(1):1-10.
28. Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh B,
Latifi S M (2016) Biocontrol of the brown-banded
cockroach, Supella longipalpa F. (Blattaria:
Blattellidae), with entomopathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae. J Arthropod Borne Dis.
10(3):335-46.
29. Salehzade A, Mahjub H (2007) Comparison of
effect of actelic, ficam, diazinon, fenitrothion and
coopex on cockroaches from tehran urban areas.
J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 15: 24–31.
30. Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM
(2008) Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
31. Butt T M, Coates C J, Dubovskiy I M, Ratcliffe N
A (2016) Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights
into Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Genet.
94:307-64.
32. Ranjbar Bahadori SH, Pirali Kheirabadi KH
(2010) Biological Control of Parasites.(1st eds.),
Islamic Azad University of Garmsar, Garmsar,
Iran.
33. Gutierrez AC, García JJ, Alzogaray RA, Urrutia
MI, López LCC (2014) Susceptibility of different
life stages of Blattella germanica (Blattodea:
Blattellidae) and Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea:
Blattidae) to entomopathogenic fungi. Int J Curr
Microbiol App Sci. 3: 614–621.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9818 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blattella germanica; Metarhizium anisopliae; Fenitrothion; Synergism | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khaksar MR, Kababian M, Fateh R, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Sharififard M. Possible Synergistic Effect of Combined Metarhizium anisopliae and Fenitrothion for Control of German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) as a Novel Approach. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021;15(3):314-324.
