Molecular Detection of Leishmania Infection in Phlebotomine Sand Flies from an Endemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran
Abstract
Background: Due to the outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), a disease caused by Leishmania major and mainly transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, the probable vectors of the disease were investigated in the city from 20 March 2016 to 20 January 2018.
Methods: Sand flies were collected from indoors and outdoors biweekly by sticky traps in different parts of the city. The trapped sand flies were stored in 70% ethanol. They were identified and checked for Leishmania infections using nested-PCR method and specific primers; CSB1XR, CSB2XF, LiR, and 13Z.
Results: Overall, 1862 phlebotomine sand flies of Ph. papatasi (48.8%), Ph. andrejevi (8.3%), Ph. caucasicus (7.7), Ph. mongolensis (2%), Ph. sergenti (1.2%), Ph. alexandri (0.7%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni (29.3%), and Se. sumbarica (2%) were collected indoors (31.1%) and outdoors (68.9%). The highest and lowest numbers of collected sand flies were belonging to Ph. papatasi (48.8%) and Ph. alexandri (0.7%) respectively. 2.2% of the examined sand flies were shown to be infected with L. major and all were belonging to Ph. papatasi.
Conclusion: This study confirms the report of Ph. papatasi infection with L. major and also the existence of Ph. sergenti and Ph. alexandri, the potential vectors of L. tropica and L. infantum respectively, in Damghan City. According to the findings, it is necessary for health officials to plan and take action to prevent the occurrence of ZCL epidemic in the city as well as the occurrence of other forms of leishmaniasis.
1. Naghian A, Oshaghi MA, Moein-Vaziri V, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Mostafavi E, Veysi A , Soleimani H, Dehghan H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mirhendi H, Amini MH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2020) Molecular identification of leishmania species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(1): 8-16.
2. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H (2023) The Checklist and Distribution of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Guilan Province and Their Medical Importance With a Taxonomic Note on the Name Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni. Caspian J Health Res. 8(1): 53-64.
3. Kassiri H, Naddaf SR, Javadian EA, Mohebali M (2013) First report on isolation and characterization of Leishmania major from Meriones hurrianae (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) of a rural cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in South-Eastern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 15(9): 789-793.
4. Rajabzadeh R, Arzamani K, Shoraka HR, Riyhani H (2015) Epidemiological survey and geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Khorasan province, 2006-2013. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2(4): 197-203.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1-17.
6. Razavi MR, Shirzadi MR, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi M, Gouya MM, Gharachorloo F, Arshi S, Amiri B (2021) Human cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran, up to date-2019. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 15(2): 143-151.
7. Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi AA, Sanei Dehkordi AR (2010) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. J Mil Med. 12(3): 131-135.
8. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132:131-139.
9. Dehkordi AS, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F, Jafarzadeh B, Ranjbarkhah A, Javadian E (2011) Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum in Naturally Infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar District, Northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2011;5(1):20-7.
10. Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Hide M, Javadian EA, Rassi Y, Sadraei J, Mohebali M, Sedaghat MM, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F (2009) Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and L. infantum in northwest Iran. Exp Parasitol. 123(3): 218-225. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.07.004.
11. Arzamani K, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Abai MR, Alavinia M, Akbarzadeh K, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S (2018) Richness and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(3): 232-239.
12. Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Sotoodeh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Pourahmad M (2014) Molecular survey on detection of Leishmania infection in rodent reservoirs in Jahrom District, Southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2):139-146.
13. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M (2017) Natural infection of Nesokia indica with Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasites in Damghan city, Northern Iran. Acta Trop. 170: 134-139.
14. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Hajjaran H (2012) Infection of Rhombomys opimus due to Leishmania major at Zoonotic Cutaneous leihmaniasis focus in Damghan District. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 17(56): 53-57.
15. Sofizadeh A, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Rafizadeh S (2018) Distribution and ecological aspects of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 11(9): 526-533.
16. Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Seasonal variation of Leishmania major infection rates in sand flies from rodent burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol. 10 (2):181-184.
17. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63-68.
18. Rassi Y, Mohammadi Azni S, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoubi Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Abaei M, Mohtarami F, Nokandeh Z, Rafizadeh S (2012). Study on sand flies as a vector (s) of cutaneous leishmaniasis by nested PCR in rural areas of Damghan District, Semnan Province. Avicenna J Clin Med 18(4):47- 52.
19. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M (2008) Rodent infection with Leishmania in a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 102(2): 127-33.
20. Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Azani SM, Abaie MR, Rafizadeh S, Mohebai M, Mohtarami F, Zeinali MK (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection due to Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in the vectors and reservoir host in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(2): 145-150.
21. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S (2019) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus: a potential reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 334-343.
22. Smart J (1948) A Handbook for the Identification of Insects of Medical Importance. With Chapters on Fleas by Dr. Karl Jordan, FRS, and on Arachnids by RJ Wittick, B. Sc. A Handbook for the Identification of Insects of Medical Importance.
23. Nadim A, Javadian E (1976) Key for the species identification of sand flies (Diptera phlebotominae) of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5(1): 25-28.
24. Lewis DJ, Lane RP (1976) A taxonomic review of Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus)(Psychodidae). Syst Entomol. 1(1): 53-60.
25. Noyes HA, Reyburn H, Bailey JW, Smith D (1998) A nested-PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol. 36(10): 2877-2881.
26. Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Otranto D (2010) Phlebotomine sand fly population dynamics in a leishmaniasis endemic peri-urban area in southern Italy. Acta Trop. 116(3): 227-234.
27. Chelbi I, Derbali M, Al-Ahmadi Z, Zaafouri B, El Fahem A, Zhioua E (2007) Phenology of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) relative to the seasonal prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia. J Med Entomol. 44(2): 385-388.
28. Hamarsheh O (2011) Distribution of Leishmania major zymodemes in relation to populations of Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies. Parasites Vectors.4(1):1-6.
29. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Moemenbellah-Fard MD (2010) PCR-based detection of Leishmania major kDNA within naturally infected Phlebotomus papatasi in southern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 104(6): 440-442.
30. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Zahrai-Ramazani AR, Mohebali M (2001) Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania major in Ardestan town, central Iran. Acta Trop. 79(2): 115-121.
31. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jooshin MK, Rassi Y, Shirzadi MR, Akhavan AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2017) Epidemiological study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area, of Qom province, central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(3): 403-413.
32. Parvizi P, Baghban N, Novin EA, Absavaran A (2010) Detection, identification and molecular typing of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi from a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 124(2): 232- 237.
33. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Rafizadeh S, Mohebail M, Mohtarami F, Salahi R (2008) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in the vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2(2): 21-27.
34. Rafizadeh S, Saraei M, Abaei MR, Oshaghi MA, Mohebali M, Peymani A, Naserpour-Farivar T, Bakhshi H, Rassi Y (2016) Molecular Detection of Leishmania major and L. turanica in Phlebotomus papatasi and First Natural Infection of P. salehi to L. major in North-east of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(2): 141-147.
35. Mesghali A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1976) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran B. Khorassan area. Part II. Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Meshed and Lotfabad areas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 60(6): 514-518.
36. Nadim A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Mesghali A (1968) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkemen Sahara, Iran. J Trop Med Hygiene. 71(9).
37. Oshaghi MA, Rasolian M, Shirzadi MR, Mohtarami F, Doosti S (2010) First report on isolation of Leishmania tropica from sand flies of a classical urban Cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 126(4): 445-450.
38. Pazarbasi A, Alptekin D, Luleyap HU, Kasap M, Kasap H (2014) Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of natural leishmania infections in phlebotomine sand flies from Southeastern Turkey. J Med Entomol. 43(2): 248-251.
39. Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Ali A, Ludovisi A, Gramiccia M (2004) The isolation of Leishmania tropica and L. aethiopica from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Awash Valley, northeastern Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 98(1): 64-70.
40. Bakhshi H, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Sheikh Z, Mohtarami F, Saidi Z, Mirzajani H, Anjomruz M (2013) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran-Turkmenistan: restricted and permissive vectors. Exp Parasitol. 135(2): 382-7.
41. Javadian E, Mesghali A, Nadim A (1997) Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies with its first occurrence in P. alexandri in Khuzistan Province, Iran. Ecologie de Leishmaniasis Coll Int CNRS. 239: 203-205.
42. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Jalali-Zand AR, Piazak N (2005) Bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30(1): 115-118.
43. Parvizi P, Ready PD (2008) Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS‐rDNA fragments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health. 13(9): 1159-1571.
44. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140:173-180.
45. Li-Ren G, Yong-Xiang X, Bao-Shan L, Jiang D (1986) The role of Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar. Bull World Health Organ. 64(1): 107-112.
46. Baharshahi A, Behravan M, Keikhosravi A (2018) Morphological Identification of Sand flies and Their Species’ Diversity. Arch Adv Biosci. 9(4): 35-41.
2. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H (2023) The Checklist and Distribution of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Guilan Province and Their Medical Importance With a Taxonomic Note on the Name Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni. Caspian J Health Res. 8(1): 53-64.
3. Kassiri H, Naddaf SR, Javadian EA, Mohebali M (2013) First report on isolation and characterization of Leishmania major from Meriones hurrianae (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) of a rural cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in South-Eastern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 15(9): 789-793.
4. Rajabzadeh R, Arzamani K, Shoraka HR, Riyhani H (2015) Epidemiological survey and geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Khorasan province, 2006-2013. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2(4): 197-203.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1-17.
6. Razavi MR, Shirzadi MR, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi M, Gouya MM, Gharachorloo F, Arshi S, Amiri B (2021) Human cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran, up to date-2019. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 15(2): 143-151.
7. Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi AA, Sanei Dehkordi AR (2010) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. J Mil Med. 12(3): 131-135.
8. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132:131-139.
9. Dehkordi AS, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F, Jafarzadeh B, Ranjbarkhah A, Javadian E (2011) Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum in Naturally Infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar District, Northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2011;5(1):20-7.
10. Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Hide M, Javadian EA, Rassi Y, Sadraei J, Mohebali M, Sedaghat MM, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F (2009) Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and L. infantum in northwest Iran. Exp Parasitol. 123(3): 218-225. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.07.004.
11. Arzamani K, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Abai MR, Alavinia M, Akbarzadeh K, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S (2018) Richness and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(3): 232-239.
12. Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Sotoodeh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Pourahmad M (2014) Molecular survey on detection of Leishmania infection in rodent reservoirs in Jahrom District, Southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2):139-146.
13. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M (2017) Natural infection of Nesokia indica with Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasites in Damghan city, Northern Iran. Acta Trop. 170: 134-139.
14. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Hajjaran H (2012) Infection of Rhombomys opimus due to Leishmania major at Zoonotic Cutaneous leihmaniasis focus in Damghan District. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 17(56): 53-57.
15. Sofizadeh A, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Rafizadeh S (2018) Distribution and ecological aspects of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 11(9): 526-533.
16. Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Seasonal variation of Leishmania major infection rates in sand flies from rodent burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol. 10 (2):181-184.
17. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63-68.
18. Rassi Y, Mohammadi Azni S, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoubi Ershadi M, Mohebali M, Abaei M, Mohtarami F, Nokandeh Z, Rafizadeh S (2012). Study on sand flies as a vector (s) of cutaneous leishmaniasis by nested PCR in rural areas of Damghan District, Semnan Province. Avicenna J Clin Med 18(4):47- 52.
19. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M (2008) Rodent infection with Leishmania in a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 102(2): 127-33.
20. Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Azani SM, Abaie MR, Rafizadeh S, Mohebai M, Mohtarami F, Zeinali MK (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection due to Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in the vectors and reservoir host in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(2): 145-150.
21. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S (2019) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus: a potential reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 334-343.
22. Smart J (1948) A Handbook for the Identification of Insects of Medical Importance. With Chapters on Fleas by Dr. Karl Jordan, FRS, and on Arachnids by RJ Wittick, B. Sc. A Handbook for the Identification of Insects of Medical Importance.
23. Nadim A, Javadian E (1976) Key for the species identification of sand flies (Diptera phlebotominae) of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5(1): 25-28.
24. Lewis DJ, Lane RP (1976) A taxonomic review of Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus)(Psychodidae). Syst Entomol. 1(1): 53-60.
25. Noyes HA, Reyburn H, Bailey JW, Smith D (1998) A nested-PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol. 36(10): 2877-2881.
26. Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Otranto D (2010) Phlebotomine sand fly population dynamics in a leishmaniasis endemic peri-urban area in southern Italy. Acta Trop. 116(3): 227-234.
27. Chelbi I, Derbali M, Al-Ahmadi Z, Zaafouri B, El Fahem A, Zhioua E (2007) Phenology of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) relative to the seasonal prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia. J Med Entomol. 44(2): 385-388.
28. Hamarsheh O (2011) Distribution of Leishmania major zymodemes in relation to populations of Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies. Parasites Vectors.4(1):1-6.
29. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Moemenbellah-Fard MD (2010) PCR-based detection of Leishmania major kDNA within naturally infected Phlebotomus papatasi in southern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 104(6): 440-442.
30. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Zahrai-Ramazani AR, Mohebali M (2001) Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania major in Ardestan town, central Iran. Acta Trop. 79(2): 115-121.
31. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jooshin MK, Rassi Y, Shirzadi MR, Akhavan AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2017) Epidemiological study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area, of Qom province, central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(3): 403-413.
32. Parvizi P, Baghban N, Novin EA, Absavaran A (2010) Detection, identification and molecular typing of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi from a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 124(2): 232- 237.
33. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Rafizadeh S, Mohebail M, Mohtarami F, Salahi R (2008) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in the vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2(2): 21-27.
34. Rafizadeh S, Saraei M, Abaei MR, Oshaghi MA, Mohebali M, Peymani A, Naserpour-Farivar T, Bakhshi H, Rassi Y (2016) Molecular Detection of Leishmania major and L. turanica in Phlebotomus papatasi and First Natural Infection of P. salehi to L. major in North-east of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(2): 141-147.
35. Mesghali A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1976) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran B. Khorassan area. Part II. Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Meshed and Lotfabad areas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 60(6): 514-518.
36. Nadim A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Mesghali A (1968) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkemen Sahara, Iran. J Trop Med Hygiene. 71(9).
37. Oshaghi MA, Rasolian M, Shirzadi MR, Mohtarami F, Doosti S (2010) First report on isolation of Leishmania tropica from sand flies of a classical urban Cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 126(4): 445-450.
38. Pazarbasi A, Alptekin D, Luleyap HU, Kasap M, Kasap H (2014) Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of natural leishmania infections in phlebotomine sand flies from Southeastern Turkey. J Med Entomol. 43(2): 248-251.
39. Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Ali A, Ludovisi A, Gramiccia M (2004) The isolation of Leishmania tropica and L. aethiopica from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Awash Valley, northeastern Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 98(1): 64-70.
40. Bakhshi H, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Sheikh Z, Mohtarami F, Saidi Z, Mirzajani H, Anjomruz M (2013) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran-Turkmenistan: restricted and permissive vectors. Exp Parasitol. 135(2): 382-7.
41. Javadian E, Mesghali A, Nadim A (1997) Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies with its first occurrence in P. alexandri in Khuzistan Province, Iran. Ecologie de Leishmaniasis Coll Int CNRS. 239: 203-205.
42. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Jalali-Zand AR, Piazak N (2005) Bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30(1): 115-118.
43. Parvizi P, Ready PD (2008) Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS‐rDNA fragments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health. 13(9): 1159-1571.
44. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140:173-180.
45. Li-Ren G, Yong-Xiang X, Bao-Shan L, Jiang D (1986) The role of Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar. Bull World Health Organ. 64(1): 107-112.
46. Baharshahi A, Behravan M, Keikhosravi A (2018) Morphological Identification of Sand flies and Their Species’ Diversity. Arch Adv Biosci. 9(4): 35-41.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12040 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Molecular survey; Leishmania major; Sand fly; Nested PCR; Damghan | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadi–Azni S, Kalantari M, Pourmohammadi B. Molecular Detection of Leishmania Infection in Phlebotomine Sand Flies from an Endemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(3):233–242.
