Bioecological Study on the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Sari County, North of Iran
-
Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
,
Leila Ghavibazou
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
,
Ahmad Ali Enayati
,
Elham Jahanifard
,
Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
,
Jamshid Yazdani-Charati
,
Seyed Hasan Nikookar
,
Zahra Saeidi
,
Atie Shemshadian
Abstract
Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania species, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in the world. Present study aimed to evaluate the bioecological aspects of sand flies in different ecotopes in Sari County, north of Iran.
Methods: Sand flies were collected from four villages in mountainous, forest, plain and peri-urban areas monthly using sticky traps in May–October 2016. Mounted specimens were identified using valid identification keys under optical microscope. The Arc GIS 10.5 software was applied for showing the distribution of sand flies. Shannon-Weiner, Simpson and Evenness species diversity indices were calculated.
Results: Generally, 334 specimens were captured and identified, namelly Phlebotomus kandelakii, Ph. papatasi, Ph. major, Ph. sergenti, Ph. longiductus, Ph. halepensis, Ph. tobbi, Sergentomyia dentata, Se. theodori, Se. sintoni, Se. antennata and Se. sumbarica. The most common species was Ph. kandelakii (n= 128, 38.32 %). The highest Simpson index (0.81) and abundance (N= 141) were recorded in the mountaineous area. Shannon diversity index was higher in the forest (H'= 1.53) and the highest evenness index was in the plain area (J'= 0.93). The highest richness (S= 9) and Shannon indices (H'= 1.57) were observed in June.
Conclusions: Phlebotomus kandelakii, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, Ph. longiductus, Se. theodori, Se. antennata and Se. sumbarica were recorded for the first time in the study area. Since some species are incriminated for leishmaniasis transmission, further studies are required in the northern regions of Iran to timely control measures planning.
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3. Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Ku-maresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, Savioli L (2007) Control of neglected tropical dis¬eases. N Engl J Med. 357(10): 1018–1027.
4. Mohammadbeigi A, Khazaei S, Heidari H, Asgarian A, Arsangjang S, Saghafipour A, Mohammadsalehi N, Ansari H (2020) An investigation of the effects of envi-ron¬mental and ecologic factors on cu¬ta-neous leishmaniasis in the old world: a systematic review study. Rev Environ Health. 36(1): 117-128.
5. Bilgic-Temel A, Murrell DF, Uzun S (2019) Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a neglected dis¬figuring disease for women. Int J Wom¬ens Dermatol. 5(3): 158–165.
6. Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, Den Boer M, WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global es¬timates of its incidence. PloS One. 7(5): e35671.
7. World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) Leishmaniasis Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
8. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ram¬azani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Shirzadi MR, Akhavan AA (2017) Spa¬tial distribution of phlebotomine sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Qom Province, Central Iran. J Med Entomol. 54(1): 35–43.
9. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distri¬bu¬tions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
10. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Kumar D, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Naghian A, Jafari R, Shir¬zadi MR, Abdoli H, Soleimani H, Shareghi N, Ghanei M (2013) Sand flies of the subgenus Adlerius (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leish¬man¬iasis and introduction of Phlebotomus (Ad-lerius) comatus as a new record for Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 7(1): 1–7.
11. Chelbi I, Derbali M, Al-Ahmadi Z, Zaafou¬ri B, El Fahem A, Zhioua E (2007) Phe¬nology of Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) relative to the seasonal prev¬alence of zoonotic cutaneous leishman¬iasis in central Tunisia. J Med Entomol. 44(2): 385–388.
12. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Idali F, Khamesipour A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Edalatkhah H, Arandian MH, Mirhendi H, Emami S, Jafari R, Saeidi Z, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Akhavan AA (2016) Differential expres-sion profiles of the salivary proteins SP 15 and SP44 from Phlebotomus papatasi. Parasit vec¬tors. 9(1): 1–10.
13. Palaniyandi M (2012) The role of Remote Sensing and GIS for spatial prediction of vector-borne diseases transmission: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(4): 197–204.
14. Jahanifard E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nasiri H, Matinfar HR, Charrahy Z, Abai MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2019) Prone Regions of Zoonotic Cu-taneous Leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran: Combination of Hierarchical Deci-sion Model (AHP) and GIS. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 310–323.
15. Abedi-Astaneh F, Hajjaran H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Mohe-bali M, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Mahmoudi B (2016) Risk mapping and situational analysis of cutaneous leish¬maniasis in an endemic area of central Iran: a GIS-based survey. PLoS One. 11 (8): e0161317.
16. Dminic I, Kozina A, Bazok R, Barcic JI (2010) Geographic information systems (GIS) and entomological research: a re-view. J Food Agric Environ. 8: 1193–1198.
17. Magurran AE (2013) Measuring biolog¬i¬cal diversity. John Wiley and Sons, Ho-boken, New Jersey.
18. Ghavibazou L, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Akha¬van AA, Jahanifard E, Yazdani-Cha¬rati J, Fazeli-Dinan M (2018) Dispersal Status of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ma¬zandaran Province, 2009–2017. J Maz
Univ Med Sci. 28(167): 58–70.
19. Ghavibazou L, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Enayati AA, Akhavan AA, Motevalli Haghi F, Arabi M, Fazeli-Dinan M, Shemshad¬ian A (2019) Epidemiological Survey of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ma¬zandaran Province, Northern Iran. Arch Hyg Sci. 8(3): 178–187.
20. Asfaram S, Pagheh A, Fakhar M, Gheraghali F, Rezai MS (2017) Case Series of Vis¬ceral Leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Ma¬zanda¬ran and Golestan Provinces, North of Iran. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 26(144): 373–381.
21. Smart J, Jordan K, Whittick RJ (1965) In-sect of medical importance.4th ed British Museum Natural History, Adlen Press, Oxford.
22. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992) The genus of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psycho-didae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Iran J Public Health. 21: 11–50.
23. Nikookar S, Moosa-Kazemi S, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Enayati A, Motevali-Haghi F, Ziapour SP, Fazeli-Dinan M (2015) Biodiversity of culicid mosquitoes in rural Neka town¬ship of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 52(1): 63–72.
24. Hammer O, Harper DA, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics soft-ware package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electronica. 4(1): 9.
25. Rahbarian N, Javadian EA, RasiY (2000) A study of the sand fly fauna and its re-lation to the visceral leishmaniasis in Prov¬ince of Mazandaran. Resercher Bulletin of Medical Science (Pejouhandeh). 5(1): 121–125.
26. Norouzi B, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Moin-Vaziri V, Noorallahi A, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Ecology of sand flies (Diptera: Psycho¬di¬dae, Phlebotominae) in a new focus of leishmaniasis in northern Iran. Acta Trop. 212: 105649.
27. Norouzi B, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Moin-Vaziri V, Noorallahi A, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) An Inventory of the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Rudbar County, a New Focus of Leishmaniasis in Northern Iran, with a Taxonomic Note on the Subgenus Larroussius. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14 (3): 302–316.
28. Jaturas N, Vitta A, Samung Y, Apiwath-na¬sorn C, Polseela R (2018) Species com¬po¬sition and nocturnal activity of phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in¬habiting a limestone cave in Thailand. J Vector Ecol. 43(1): 52–58.
29. El-Badry A, Al-Juhani A, Ibrahim EK, Al-Zubiany S (2008) Distribution of sand flies in El-Nekheil province, in Al-Madi-nah Al-Munawwarah Region, western of Saudi Arabia. Parasitol Res. 103(1): 151–156.
30. Emami MM, Yazdi M (2008) Entomo¬log-ical survey of phlebotomine sand flies (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) in a focus of vis-ceral leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Vec-tor Borne Dis. 45(1): 38–43.
31. Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Adham D, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Saghafipour A, Rafizadeh S (2018) Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Bi¬omed. 8(9): 425–430
32. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mis¬sion. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
33. Killick-Kendrick R (2002) Phlebotomine sand flies: biology and control. In: Farrell JP (Eds): Leishmania. World Class Par¬a¬-
sites, Vol. 4. Springer, Boston, pp. 33–43.
34. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Tahvildar-Bidruni G (1997) Natural promastigote infection of sand-flies and its first occur-rence in Sergentomyia dentata in Arda¬bil Province, North West of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 26(1–2): 7–12.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11806 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sand Fly Ecology Biodiversity Northern Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Ghavibazou L, Akhavan AA, Enayati AA, Jahanifard E, Fazeli-Dinan M, Yazdani-Charati J, Nikookar SH, Saeidi Z, Shemshadian A. Bioecological Study on the Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Sari County, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(2):159–172.
