Bionomics of Anopheles culicifacies Sensu Lato in two Malaria Endemic Districts of Central Gujarat, India
-
Rajendra kumar Baharia
,
Jaspreet Kaur
,
Ankita Sindhania
,
Gunjan Sharma
,
Harish C Srivastava
,
Chandra S Pant
,
Manju Rahi
,
Kamaraju Raghavendra
,
OM P SINGH
Abstract
Background: Gujarat State has been witnessing large scale urbanization, in last two decades, resulting changes in local environment and microclimate may have also influenced the resting, feeding habits and development of Anopheles culicifacies sensu 1ato. Therefore, a systematic longitudinal study was undertaken to know the bionomics of An. culicifacies s.l. in present study.
Methods: The study was conducted in four sentinel villages in Kheda and Panchmahal Districts. The mosquitoes resting indoors and outdoors were collected in early morning hours, using mouth aspirator, pyrethrum space spray and light traps. Mosquito landing collections on human volunteers was carried out from dusk to dawn. Species composition, abundance, seasonal prevalence, resting behavior (Endophily and Exophily), sibling species composition, vector potential and insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors was studied.
Results: Six Anopheles species were collected, An. subpictus s.l. was the predominant species followed by An. culicifacies s.l., a known malaria vector was resting indoor and zoophagic behaviour. Anopheles culicifacies, sibling species B (89%) was found. The sporozoite rate (%) and entomological inoculation rate in Kheda was 2.33%, 3.09 per bite/ person/annum and they were 1.05% and 0.475 bite/person/annum in Panchmahal, respectively. Anopheles culicifacies s.l. was found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin.
Conclusion: Anopheles culicifacies s.l. showed endophillic, zoophagic behaviour and found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin. Early biting behaviour of An. culicifacies s.l. in this area is a cause of concern. Therefore, there is need for frequent monitoring and evaluation of vector control measures in order to achieve the elimination target of malaria in this area.
1. Eleanore D Sternberg, Matthew B Thomas (2014) Local adaptation to Temperature and implications for vector-borne dis-eases. Trends Parasitol. 30(3): 115–122.
2. Thomas CJ, Davie G, Dunn CE (2004) Mixed picture for change in stable ma-laria dis¬tribution with future climate in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 20: 216–220.
3. Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW (2002) Climate change and the re-sur¬gence of malaria in East African highland. Na¬ture. 415: 905–909.
4. Beguin A, Hales S, Rocklo J, Astrom C, Lou¬is VR, Sauerborn R (2011) The op-pos¬ing effects of climate change and so-cio-economic development on the global dis¬tribution of malaria. Glob Environ Change. 21: 1209–1214.
5. Gething PW, Smith DL, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Snow RW, Hay SI (2010) Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 465: 342–346.
6. Nagpal BN, Sharma VP (1995) Indian Anophe¬lines. Oxford and IBH Publish-ing Co. Pvt. LTD, New Delhi.
7. Chandra G (2008) Age composition of in-criminated malaria vector in a rural foot-hills in West Bengal, India. Indian J Med Res. 127(6): 607–609.
8. Singh N, Mishra AK, Chand SK, Bharti PK, Singh MP, Nanda N, Singh OP, So-da¬giri K, Udhyakumar V (2015) Rela-tive Abundance and Plasmodium Infec-tion Rates of Malaria Vectors in and around Jabalpur, a Malaria Endemic Region in Madhya Pradesh State, Central India. PLoS One. 10(5): e0126932.
9. Nanda N, Yadav RS, Subbarao SK, Joshi H, Sharma VP (2000) Studies on Anophe¬les fluviatilis and Anopheles cu-licifacies sibling species in relation to malaria in forested hilly and deforested riverine eco¬systems in northern Orissa, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 16: 199–205.
10. Das M, Das B, Patra AP, Tripathy HK, Mo¬ha¬patra N, Kar SK, Hazra RK (2013) Anopheles culicifacie sibling species in Odisha, eastern India: First appearance of Anopheles culicifacies E and its vec-torial role in malaria transmission. Trop Med Int Health. 18: 810–821.
11. Bhuyan M, Das NG, Chakraborty BC, Ta-lukdar PK, Sarkar PK, Das SC, Santha-nam K (1997) Role of Anopheles culic-ifacies during an outbreak of malaria in Gorubandha P.H.C., Assam J Commun Dis. 29(3): 243–246.
12. Bhatt RM, Srivastava HC, Pujara PK (1994)
Biology of malaria vectors in Central Gu¬jarat. Indian J Malariol. 31: 65–75.
13. Rao TR (1984) The Anophelines of India
(Rev. edn.). Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi.
14. Bhatt RM, Srivastava HC, Srivastava R, Yadav RS (2008) Dynamics of Anophe-les culicifacies transmitted malaria in the absence of effective zooprophylaxis in a riverine settlement in Gujarat, India. Curr Sci. 95: 82–87.
15. Roy A, Ansari MA, Sharma VP (1991) Feed¬ing behavior patterns of anophe-lines from Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat states of India. J Am Mosq Control As-soc. 7(1): 11–15.
16. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Kohli VK (1989) Interspecific associations among Anoph-eles in different breeding habitats of Kheda District, Gujarat. Part I: Canal irrigated area. Indian J Malariol. 27: 75–81.
17. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Yadav RS, Shar-ma VP (1989) Resting of mosquitoes in outdoor pit shelters in Kheda District, Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 26: 75–81.
18. Bhatt RM, Kohali VK (1996) Biting rhythms of some Anopheline in central Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 33: 180–190.
19. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Gautam AS, Gau-tam DK, Srivastava HC (1991) A quan-titative survey of anopheline in six vil-lages of Kheda District, Gujarat. J Com-mun Dis. 23(2): 109–117.
20. Reisen WK, Aslamkhan M, Naqvi ZH (1976) Observations on diel activity pat-terns of some Punjab mosquitoes (Dip-tera: Culicidae). Biologia (Lahore). 22: 67–77.
21. Yadav RS, Sharma RC, Bhatt RM, Shar-ma VP (1989) Studies on the anopheline fauna of Kheda District and species spe-cific breeding habitats. Indian J Malari-ol. 26: 65–74.
22. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Gautam AS, Gup-ta DK (1991) Seasonal prevalence of anophe¬line in Kheda district, Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 28: 9–18.
23. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Sharma VP (1988) Cytotaxonomy of Malaria Vec-tors in India. In: Service MW (Ed) Biosystem¬atics of Haematopha-gous Insects. Ox¬ford
University Press, New York, pp. 25–37.
24. Subbarao SK (1984) Biological species in malaria of India. In Proceedings of the Indo-UK Workshop on Malaria (ed. Shar¬ma, V.P.), Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi. pp. 77–84.
25. Subbarao SK, Sharma VP (1997) Anophe-line species complexes and malaria con-trol. Indian J Med Res. 106: 164–173.
26. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Joshi H, Raghaven¬dra K, Usha Devi C, Sathy-anarayan TS, Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS, Sharma VP (1992) Role of Anophe¬les culicifacies sibling species in malaria transmission in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 86 (6): 613–614.
27. Sharma SN, Subbarao SK, Choudhury DS, Pandey KC (1993) Role of An. cu-lic¬ifa¬cies and An. stephensi in malaria trans¬mission in urban Delhi. Indian J Malari¬ol. 30(3): 155–168.
28. Raghavendra K, Verma V, Srivastava HC, Gunasekaran K, Sreehari U, Dash AP (2010) Persistence of DDT, malathion and deltamethrin resistance in Anophe¬les cu¬licifacies after their sequential withdraw¬al from indoor residual spray-ing in Surat District, India. Indian J Med Res. 132: 260–264.
29. Gujarat Health Department (2018) Malar¬ia report.
30. Methods in Anopheles research (2014) Insecticide Resistance. CDC, USA.
31. Christopher SR (1933) The fauna of Brit-ish India including Ceylon and Burma, Diptera, Family Culicidae, Tribe Anophe¬line. Vol. 4. Taylor and Francis, London.
32. Puri IM (1954) Synoptic table for the iden¬tification of the anopheline mosqui-toes of India. Health Bulletin No. 10, 1954, Man¬ager of Publications, Delhi.
33. Nagpal BN, Sharma VP (1995) Indian Anophelines. Oxford and IBH Publish-ing, Vol. 416, New Delhi.
34. Nagpal BN, Srivastava A, Saxena R, An-sari
MA, Dash AP, Das SC (2005) Pic¬torial Identification Key for Indian Anophe-lines. Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Vol. 40, Delhi.
35. Knight KL, Stone A (1977) A Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Diptera: Cu¬licidae). The Thomas Say Founda¬tion, En¬tomological Society of America, Mary¬land.
36. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosqui-toes (2016) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
37. Abbott, WS (1925) A method of compu-ting the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18: 265–267.
38. Singh OP, Goswami G, Nanda N, Raghavendra K, Chandra D, Subbarao SK (2004) An allele specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the differentia-tion of members of the Anopheles cu¬lic-ifacies complex. J Biosci. 29(3): 275–280.
39. Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Camp-bell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG (1987) Compara¬tive testing of monoclonal an-tibodies against Plasmdium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Org. 65: 39–45.
40. Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Andre RG, Rosen-berg R, Collins WE, Roberts DR (1985) Identifica¬tion of Plasmodium vivax spo-rozoite in mosqui¬toes using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 34(6): 1048–1054.
41. Akhtar N, Nagpal BN, Kapoor N, Srivastava A, Valecha N (2016) Role of An. culic¬ifacies as a vector of malaria in chang¬ing ecological scenario of northeastern states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 53(3): 264–271.
42. Shallaby AM (1971) Sampling of outdoor resting populations of Anopheles culic-ifacies and An. fluviatilis in Gujarat state, India. Mosq News. 31: 68–73.
43. Kareemi TI, Nirankar JK, Mishra AK, Chand SK, Chand G, Vishwakarma AK, Tiwari A, Bharti PK (2021) Population Dynam¬ics and Insecticide Susceptibility of Anopheles culicifacies in Malaria En¬dem¬ic Districts of Chhattisgarh, In¬dia. In¬sects. 12(4): 284.
44. Sahu SS, Gunasekaran K, Krishnamoor¬thy N, Vanamail P, Mathivanan A, Manon-mani A, Jambulingam P (2017) Bionom-ics of Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in rela¬tion to malaria transmis-sion in east-cen¬tral India. J Med Ento-mol. 54(4): 821–830.
45. Nanda N, Yadav RS, Subbarao SK, Joshi H, Sharma VP (2000) Studies on Anoph-eles fluviatilis and Anopheles cu¬lic¬ifa¬cies sibling species in relation to malaria in forested hilly and deforested riverine eco¬systems in northern Orissa, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 16(3): 199–205.
46. Sharma SK, Tyagi PK, Padhan K, Upadh-yay AK, Haque MA, Nanda N, Joshi H, Biswas S, Adak T, Das BS, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE, Subbarao SK (2006) Epide¬miology of malaria transmission in forest and plain ecotype villages in Sundargarh District, Orissa, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 100(10): 917–925.
47. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Joshi H, Raghaven¬dra K, Usha Devi C, Sathy-ana¬rayan TS Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS, Sharma VP (1992) Role of Anopheles cu¬licifacies sibling species in malaria trans¬mission in Madhya Pradesh state, In¬dia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 86: 613–614.
48. Garrett-Jones G (1964) The human blood index of malaria vectors in rela¬tion to epi¬demiological assessment. Bull World Health Org. 30: 241–261.
49. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Raghavendra K, Sharma VP, Sharma GK (1988) Anoph¬eles culicifacies: siblings species compo¬sition and its relationship to ma-laria in¬cidence. J Am Mosq Control As-soc. 4(1): 29–33.
50. World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) Re¬gional Office for South-East Asia. Anophe¬line species complexes in South and South-East Asia. WHO Regional Of¬fice for South-East Asia.
51. Joshi H, Vasantha K, Subbarao SK, Shar-ma VP (1988) Host feeding patterns of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 4(3): 248–251.
52. Srivastava HC, Chandrashekar P, Kurien G, Sreehari U, Yadav RS (2011) Malar¬ia in seasonal migrant population in South-ern Gujarat, India. Trop Biomed. 28(3): 638–645.
53. Shallaby, AM (1969) Host preference ob-servation on Anopheles culicifacies (Dip-tera: Culicidae) In Gujarat state, In¬dia. Ann Entomol Soc Amer. 62: 1270–1273.
54. Silva AP, Santos JM, Martins AJ (2014) Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their as¬sociation with resistance to pyre-throids - a review. Parasit Vectors. 7: 450.
55. Singh OP, Dykes CL, Das MK, Pradhan S, Bhatt RM, Agrawal OP, Adak T (2010) Presence of two alternative kdr-like mu¬tations, L1014F and L1014S, and a nov¬el mutation, V1010L, in the voltage gat¬ed Na+ channel of Anopheles culicifacies from Orissa, India. Malar J. 9: 146.
56. Singh OP, Dykes CL, Lather M, Agrawal OP, Adak T (2011) Knockdown re-sistance (kdr)-like mutations in the volt-age-gated sodium channel of a malaria vector Anoph¬eles stephensi and PCR as-says for their detection. Malar J. 10: 59.
57. Dykes CL, Kushwah RB, Das MK, Shar-ma SN, Bhatt RM, Veer V, Agrawal OP, Adak T, Singh OP (2015) Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations in Indi-an Anoph¬eles culicifacies populations. Parasit Vec¬tors. 8: 333.
58. Raghavendra K, Velamuri PS, Verma V, Elamathi N, Barik TK, Bhatt RM, Dash AP (2017) Temporo-spatial distribution of insecticide-resistance in Indian malar-ia vectors in the last quarter-century: Need for regular resistance monitoring and man¬agement. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(2): 111–130.
59. Pal R (1945) On the bionomics of Anoph-eles culicifacies (Giles) Part III. The be-haviour adults. J Mal Inst Ind. 6: 217–238.
2. Thomas CJ, Davie G, Dunn CE (2004) Mixed picture for change in stable ma-laria dis¬tribution with future climate in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 20: 216–220.
3. Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW (2002) Climate change and the re-sur¬gence of malaria in East African highland. Na¬ture. 415: 905–909.
4. Beguin A, Hales S, Rocklo J, Astrom C, Lou¬is VR, Sauerborn R (2011) The op-pos¬ing effects of climate change and so-cio-economic development on the global dis¬tribution of malaria. Glob Environ Change. 21: 1209–1214.
5. Gething PW, Smith DL, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Snow RW, Hay SI (2010) Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 465: 342–346.
6. Nagpal BN, Sharma VP (1995) Indian Anophe¬lines. Oxford and IBH Publish-ing Co. Pvt. LTD, New Delhi.
7. Chandra G (2008) Age composition of in-criminated malaria vector in a rural foot-hills in West Bengal, India. Indian J Med Res. 127(6): 607–609.
8. Singh N, Mishra AK, Chand SK, Bharti PK, Singh MP, Nanda N, Singh OP, So-da¬giri K, Udhyakumar V (2015) Rela-tive Abundance and Plasmodium Infec-tion Rates of Malaria Vectors in and around Jabalpur, a Malaria Endemic Region in Madhya Pradesh State, Central India. PLoS One. 10(5): e0126932.
9. Nanda N, Yadav RS, Subbarao SK, Joshi H, Sharma VP (2000) Studies on Anophe¬les fluviatilis and Anopheles cu-licifacies sibling species in relation to malaria in forested hilly and deforested riverine eco¬systems in northern Orissa, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 16: 199–205.
10. Das M, Das B, Patra AP, Tripathy HK, Mo¬ha¬patra N, Kar SK, Hazra RK (2013) Anopheles culicifacie sibling species in Odisha, eastern India: First appearance of Anopheles culicifacies E and its vec-torial role in malaria transmission. Trop Med Int Health. 18: 810–821.
11. Bhuyan M, Das NG, Chakraborty BC, Ta-lukdar PK, Sarkar PK, Das SC, Santha-nam K (1997) Role of Anopheles culic-ifacies during an outbreak of malaria in Gorubandha P.H.C., Assam J Commun Dis. 29(3): 243–246.
12. Bhatt RM, Srivastava HC, Pujara PK (1994)
Biology of malaria vectors in Central Gu¬jarat. Indian J Malariol. 31: 65–75.
13. Rao TR (1984) The Anophelines of India
(Rev. edn.). Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi.
14. Bhatt RM, Srivastava HC, Srivastava R, Yadav RS (2008) Dynamics of Anophe-les culicifacies transmitted malaria in the absence of effective zooprophylaxis in a riverine settlement in Gujarat, India. Curr Sci. 95: 82–87.
15. Roy A, Ansari MA, Sharma VP (1991) Feed¬ing behavior patterns of anophe-lines from Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat states of India. J Am Mosq Control As-soc. 7(1): 11–15.
16. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Kohli VK (1989) Interspecific associations among Anoph-eles in different breeding habitats of Kheda District, Gujarat. Part I: Canal irrigated area. Indian J Malariol. 27: 75–81.
17. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Yadav RS, Shar-ma VP (1989) Resting of mosquitoes in outdoor pit shelters in Kheda District, Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 26: 75–81.
18. Bhatt RM, Kohali VK (1996) Biting rhythms of some Anopheline in central Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 33: 180–190.
19. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Gautam AS, Gau-tam DK, Srivastava HC (1991) A quan-titative survey of anopheline in six vil-lages of Kheda District, Gujarat. J Com-mun Dis. 23(2): 109–117.
20. Reisen WK, Aslamkhan M, Naqvi ZH (1976) Observations on diel activity pat-terns of some Punjab mosquitoes (Dip-tera: Culicidae). Biologia (Lahore). 22: 67–77.
21. Yadav RS, Sharma RC, Bhatt RM, Shar-ma VP (1989) Studies on the anopheline fauna of Kheda District and species spe-cific breeding habitats. Indian J Malari-ol. 26: 65–74.
22. Bhatt RM, Sharma RC, Gautam AS, Gup-ta DK (1991) Seasonal prevalence of anophe¬line in Kheda district, Gujarat. Indian J Malariol. 28: 9–18.
23. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Sharma VP (1988) Cytotaxonomy of Malaria Vec-tors in India. In: Service MW (Ed) Biosystem¬atics of Haematopha-gous Insects. Ox¬ford
University Press, New York, pp. 25–37.
24. Subbarao SK (1984) Biological species in malaria of India. In Proceedings of the Indo-UK Workshop on Malaria (ed. Shar¬ma, V.P.), Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi. pp. 77–84.
25. Subbarao SK, Sharma VP (1997) Anophe-line species complexes and malaria con-trol. Indian J Med Res. 106: 164–173.
26. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Joshi H, Raghaven¬dra K, Usha Devi C, Sathy-anarayan TS, Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS, Sharma VP (1992) Role of Anophe¬les culicifacies sibling species in malaria transmission in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 86 (6): 613–614.
27. Sharma SN, Subbarao SK, Choudhury DS, Pandey KC (1993) Role of An. cu-lic¬ifa¬cies and An. stephensi in malaria trans¬mission in urban Delhi. Indian J Malari¬ol. 30(3): 155–168.
28. Raghavendra K, Verma V, Srivastava HC, Gunasekaran K, Sreehari U, Dash AP (2010) Persistence of DDT, malathion and deltamethrin resistance in Anophe¬les cu¬licifacies after their sequential withdraw¬al from indoor residual spray-ing in Surat District, India. Indian J Med Res. 132: 260–264.
29. Gujarat Health Department (2018) Malar¬ia report.
30. Methods in Anopheles research (2014) Insecticide Resistance. CDC, USA.
31. Christopher SR (1933) The fauna of Brit-ish India including Ceylon and Burma, Diptera, Family Culicidae, Tribe Anophe¬line. Vol. 4. Taylor and Francis, London.
32. Puri IM (1954) Synoptic table for the iden¬tification of the anopheline mosqui-toes of India. Health Bulletin No. 10, 1954, Man¬ager of Publications, Delhi.
33. Nagpal BN, Sharma VP (1995) Indian Anophelines. Oxford and IBH Publish-ing, Vol. 416, New Delhi.
34. Nagpal BN, Srivastava A, Saxena R, An-sari
MA, Dash AP, Das SC (2005) Pic¬torial Identification Key for Indian Anophe-lines. Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Vol. 40, Delhi.
35. Knight KL, Stone A (1977) A Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Diptera: Cu¬licidae). The Thomas Say Founda¬tion, En¬tomological Society of America, Mary¬land.
36. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosqui-toes (2016) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
37. Abbott, WS (1925) A method of compu-ting the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18: 265–267.
38. Singh OP, Goswami G, Nanda N, Raghavendra K, Chandra D, Subbarao SK (2004) An allele specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the differentia-tion of members of the Anopheles cu¬lic-ifacies complex. J Biosci. 29(3): 275–280.
39. Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Camp-bell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, Andre RG (1987) Compara¬tive testing of monoclonal an-tibodies against Plasmdium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Org. 65: 39–45.
40. Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Andre RG, Rosen-berg R, Collins WE, Roberts DR (1985) Identifica¬tion of Plasmodium vivax spo-rozoite in mosqui¬toes using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 34(6): 1048–1054.
41. Akhtar N, Nagpal BN, Kapoor N, Srivastava A, Valecha N (2016) Role of An. culic¬ifacies as a vector of malaria in chang¬ing ecological scenario of northeastern states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 53(3): 264–271.
42. Shallaby AM (1971) Sampling of outdoor resting populations of Anopheles culic-ifacies and An. fluviatilis in Gujarat state, India. Mosq News. 31: 68–73.
43. Kareemi TI, Nirankar JK, Mishra AK, Chand SK, Chand G, Vishwakarma AK, Tiwari A, Bharti PK (2021) Population Dynam¬ics and Insecticide Susceptibility of Anopheles culicifacies in Malaria En¬dem¬ic Districts of Chhattisgarh, In¬dia. In¬sects. 12(4): 284.
44. Sahu SS, Gunasekaran K, Krishnamoor¬thy N, Vanamail P, Mathivanan A, Manon-mani A, Jambulingam P (2017) Bionom-ics of Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in rela¬tion to malaria transmis-sion in east-cen¬tral India. J Med Ento-mol. 54(4): 821–830.
45. Nanda N, Yadav RS, Subbarao SK, Joshi H, Sharma VP (2000) Studies on Anoph-eles fluviatilis and Anopheles cu¬lic¬ifa¬cies sibling species in relation to malaria in forested hilly and deforested riverine eco¬systems in northern Orissa, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 16(3): 199–205.
46. Sharma SK, Tyagi PK, Padhan K, Upadh-yay AK, Haque MA, Nanda N, Joshi H, Biswas S, Adak T, Das BS, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE, Subbarao SK (2006) Epide¬miology of malaria transmission in forest and plain ecotype villages in Sundargarh District, Orissa, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 100(10): 917–925.
47. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Joshi H, Raghaven¬dra K, Usha Devi C, Sathy-ana¬rayan TS Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS, Sharma VP (1992) Role of Anopheles cu¬licifacies sibling species in malaria trans¬mission in Madhya Pradesh state, In¬dia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 86: 613–614.
48. Garrett-Jones G (1964) The human blood index of malaria vectors in rela¬tion to epi¬demiological assessment. Bull World Health Org. 30: 241–261.
49. Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Raghavendra K, Sharma VP, Sharma GK (1988) Anoph¬eles culicifacies: siblings species compo¬sition and its relationship to ma-laria in¬cidence. J Am Mosq Control As-soc. 4(1): 29–33.
50. World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) Re¬gional Office for South-East Asia. Anophe¬line species complexes in South and South-East Asia. WHO Regional Of¬fice for South-East Asia.
51. Joshi H, Vasantha K, Subbarao SK, Shar-ma VP (1988) Host feeding patterns of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 4(3): 248–251.
52. Srivastava HC, Chandrashekar P, Kurien G, Sreehari U, Yadav RS (2011) Malar¬ia in seasonal migrant population in South-ern Gujarat, India. Trop Biomed. 28(3): 638–645.
53. Shallaby, AM (1969) Host preference ob-servation on Anopheles culicifacies (Dip-tera: Culicidae) In Gujarat state, In¬dia. Ann Entomol Soc Amer. 62: 1270–1273.
54. Silva AP, Santos JM, Martins AJ (2014) Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their as¬sociation with resistance to pyre-throids - a review. Parasit Vectors. 7: 450.
55. Singh OP, Dykes CL, Das MK, Pradhan S, Bhatt RM, Agrawal OP, Adak T (2010) Presence of two alternative kdr-like mu¬tations, L1014F and L1014S, and a nov¬el mutation, V1010L, in the voltage gat¬ed Na+ channel of Anopheles culicifacies from Orissa, India. Malar J. 9: 146.
56. Singh OP, Dykes CL, Lather M, Agrawal OP, Adak T (2011) Knockdown re-sistance (kdr)-like mutations in the volt-age-gated sodium channel of a malaria vector Anoph¬eles stephensi and PCR as-says for their detection. Malar J. 10: 59.
57. Dykes CL, Kushwah RB, Das MK, Shar-ma SN, Bhatt RM, Veer V, Agrawal OP, Adak T, Singh OP (2015) Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations in Indi-an Anoph¬eles culicifacies populations. Parasit Vec¬tors. 8: 333.
58. Raghavendra K, Velamuri PS, Verma V, Elamathi N, Barik TK, Bhatt RM, Dash AP (2017) Temporo-spatial distribution of insecticide-resistance in Indian malar-ia vectors in the last quarter-century: Need for regular resistance monitoring and man¬agement. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(2): 111–130.
59. Pal R (1945) On the bionomics of Anoph-eles culicifacies (Giles) Part III. The be-haviour adults. J Mal Inst Ind. 6: 217–238.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11802 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Endophilic Zoophagic Alpha-cypermethrin Susceptibility Sibling species | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Baharia R, Kaur J, Sindhania A, Sharma G, Srivastava HC, Pant CS, Rahi M, Raghavendra K, SINGH OP. Bionomics of Anopheles culicifacies Sensu Lato in two Malaria Endemic Districts of Central Gujarat, India. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(2):108–123.
