Dichlorvos Resistance in the House Fly Populations, Musca domestica, of Iranian Cattle Farms
Abstract
Background: Insecticide resistance is one of the most important problems associated with the control of Musca domestica, due to the potential of the rapid development of resistance to different chemical insecticides. The present study was carried out to evaluate dichlorvos resistance in the house fly populations collected from central regions of Iran, Isfahan Province and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, during 2017 to 2019.
Methods: Bioassays were carried out using a standard topical application method as well as a fumigation method. The Koohrang population (susceptible) with the lowest LD50 values to dichlorvos was chosen to calculate the resistance ratios (RR). Altered sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a target enzyme for dichlorvos, was investigated.
Results: According to the results, very high levels of dichlorvos resistance were observed in the Mobarake population (RR= 80.25-fold by topical application and 33-fold by fumigation bioassay), and Isfahan population (RR= 107.30-fold by topical application and 43-fold by fumigation bioassay) compared to the Koohrang population. Acetylcholinesterase of the Koohrang population was the most sensitive to inhibition by dichlorvos based on the determination of median inhibitory concentration (IC50), but AChE of Mobarake and Isfahan populations were 741.93- and 343.94- fold less sensitive to inhibition.
Conclusion: The insensitivity of AChE was possibly involved in dichlorvos resistance in the house fly populations.
1. Nayduch D, Burrus RG (2017) Flourishing in filth: house fly–microbe interactions across life history. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 110(1): 6–18.
2. Kaufman PE, Nunez SC, Mann RS, Geden CJ, Scharf ME (2010) Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house-flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Manag Sci. 66(3): 290–294.
3. Scott JG (2017) Evolution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Musca domes-tica. Pest Manag Sci. 73(4): 716–722.
4. Kristensen M, Jespersen JB (2008) Sus-ceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms. Pest Manag Sci. 64(2): 126–132.
5. Ahmadi E, Khajehali J, Rameshgar F (2020) Evaluation of resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in dif-ferent populations of Musca domestica (L.), collected from the Iranian dairy cat-tle farms. J Asia Pac Entomol. 23(2): 277–284.
6. Zheng Y, Liu Z, Jing Y, Li J, Zhan H (2015) An acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on ionic liquid functionalized gra-phene-gelatin-modified electrode for sen-sitive detection of pesticides. Sens Ac-tuators B Chem. 210: 389–397.
7. Matthysse JG, McClain D (1973) House fly control in climate-controlled caged-hen layer houses. J Econ Entomol. 66(4): 927–933.
8. Velmurugan G, Babu DV, Ramasamy S (2013) Prolonged monocrotophos intake induces cardiac oxidative stress and my-ocardial damage in rats. Toxicology. 307: 103–108.
9. Du L, Li S, Qi L, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Xu W, Wang H, Zhao X, Sun C (2014) Meta-bonomic analysis of the joint toxic ac-tion of long-term low-level exposure to a mixture of four organophosphate pes-ticides in rat plasma. Mol Biosyst. 10 (5): 1153–1161.
10. Srinivasan R, Jambulingam P, Gunasekaran K, Boopathidoss P (2008) Tolerance of house fly, Musca domestica L.(Diptera: Muscidae) to dichlorvos (76% EC) an in-secticide used for fly control in the tsunami-hit coastal villages of southern India. Acta Trop. 105(2): 187–190.
11. Kristensen M, Huang J, Qiao CL, Jes-persen JB (2006) Variation of Musca domestica L. acetylcholinesterase in Da-nish housefly populations. Pest Manag Sci. 62(8): 73 –745.
12. Vontas J, Hernández-Crespo P, Margarito-poulos JT, Ortego F, Feng HT, Mathio-poulos KD, Hsu JC. (2011) Insecticide resistance in Tephritid flies. Pestic Bio-chem Physiol. 100(3): 199–205.
13. Wang JJ, Cheng WX, Ding W, Zhao ZM (2004) The effect of the insecticide di-chlorvos on esterase activity extracted from the psocids, Liposcelis bostrycho-phila and L. entomophila. J Insect Sci. 4(1): 23–25.
14. Boyer S, Zhang H, Lempérière G (2012) A review of control methods and re-sistance mechanisms in stored-product in-sects. Bull Entomol Res. 102(2): 213–229.
15. Zhao M, Dong Y, Ran X, Wu Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Xing D, Yan T, Wang G, Zhu X, Zhang H (2014) Point mutations as-sociated with organophosphate and car-bamate resistance in Chinese strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). PloS One. 9(5): e95260.
16. Wang L, Zhang Y, Han Z, Liu Y, Fang J (2010) Cross‐resistance and possible me-chanisms of chlorpyrifos resistance in La-odelphax striatellus (Fallén). Pest Manag Sci. 66(10): 1096–1100.
17. Marcon PC, Thomas GD, Siegfried BD, Campbell JB, Skoda SR (2003) Re-sistance status of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from southeastern Nebraska beef cattle feedlots to selected insecti-
cides. J Econ Entomol. 96(3): 1016–1020.
18. Metcalf RL (1989) Insect resistance to in-secticides. Pestic Sci. 26(4): 333–358.
19. Kim CS, Kim WT, Boo KS, Kim SI (2003) Cloning, mutagenesis, and expre-ssion of the acetylcholinesterase gene from a strain of Musca domestica; the change from a drug-resistant to a sen-sitive enzyme. Mol Cells. 15(2): 208–215.
20. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
21. Walsh SB, Dolden TA, Moores GD, Kris-tensen M, Lewis T, Devonshire AL, Wi-lliamson MS (2001) Identification and characterization of mutations in house fly (Musca domestica) acetylcholines-terase involved in insecticide resistance. Biochem J. 359(1): 175–181.
22. Tripathi RK, O'Brien RD (1973) Insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase as a factor in re-sistance of house flies to the organophos-phate Rabon. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 3 (4): 495–498.
23. Kaufman PE, Scott JG, Rutz DA (2001) Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies. Pest Manag Sci. 57(6): 514–521.
24. Kasai S, Sun H, Scott J (2017) Diversity of knockdown resistance alleles in a single house fly population facilitates adaptation to pyrethroid insecticides. In-sect Mol Biol. 26(1): 13–24.
25. Rossi YE, Palacios SM (2015) Insecticidal toxicity of Eucalyptus cinerea essential oil and 1, 8-cineole against Musca domes-tica and possible uses according to the metabolic response of flies. Ind Crops Prod. 63: 133–137.
26. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres Jr V, Featherstone RM (1961) A new and ra-pid colorimetric determination of acetyl-cholinesterase activity. Biochem Phar-macol. 7(2): 88–95.
27. Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensi-tive method for the quantitation of mic-rogram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72(1–2): 248–254.
28. Seo SM, Jung CS, Kang J, Lee HR, Kim SW, Hyun J, Park IK (2015) Larvicidal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory acti-vities of Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against Aedes al-bopictus and formulation development. J Agric Food Chem. 63(45): 9977–9986.
29. Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
30. Robertson JL, Jones MM, Olguin E, Al-berts B (2017) Bioassays with Arthro-pods. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
31. Finney D (1971) Probit analysis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
32. Institute S (2017) Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical procedures (SAS Ins-titute).
33. Gerolt P (1974) Mechanism of resistance to dichlorvos in adult houseflies. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 4(3): 275–288.
34. Saito K, Motoyama N, Dauterman W (1992) Effect of synergists on the oral and to-pical toxicity of azamethiphos to orga-nophosphate-resistant houseflies (Dipte-ra: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol. 85(4): 1041–1045.
35. Wang Q, Li M, Pan J, Di M, Liu Q, Meng F, Scott JG, Qiu X (2012) Diversity and frequencies of genetic mutations in-volved in insecticide resistance in field populations of the house fly (Musca domestica L.) from China. Pestic Bio-chem Physiol. 102(2): 153–159.
36. Acevedo GR, Zapater M, Toloza AC (2009) Insecticide resistance of house fly, Musca domestica (L.) from Argen-tina. Parasitol Res. 105(2): 489–493.
37. Kristensen M, Knorr M, Spencer AG, Jes-persen JB (2000) Selection and reversion of azamethiphos-resistance in a field popu-lation of the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. J Econ Ento-mol. 93(6): 1788–1795.
38. Melo-Santos MA, Varjal-Melo JJ, Araújo AP, Gomes TC, Paiva MH, Regis LN, Furtado AF, Magalhães T, Macoris ML, Andrighetti MT, Ayres CF (2010) Re-sistance to the organophosphate teme-phos: mechanisms, evolution and rever-sion in an Aedes aegypti laboratory strain from Brazil. Acta Trop. 113(2): 180–189.
39. Soltani A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Raeisi A, Eshraghian MR, Soltan-Dallal MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Rafi F (2013) Baseline Sus-ceptibility of Different Geographical Strains of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to Temephos in Malarious Areas of Irana. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 7(1): 56.
40. Tong H, Su Q, Zhou X, Bai L (2013) Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidop-tera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. J Pest Sci. 86(3): 599–609.
41. Khajehali J, Van Leeuwen T, Grispou M, Morou E, Alout H, Weill M, Tirry L, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A (2010) Acetyl-cholinesterase point mutations in Euro-pean strains of Tetranychus urticae (Aca-ri: Tetranychidae) resistant to organophos-phates. Pest Manag Sci. 66(2): 220–228.
42. Charpentier A, Fournier D (2001) Levels of total acetylcholinesterase in Drosophila melanogaster in relation to insecticide resistance. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 70 (2): 100–107.
43. Soltani A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Enayati AA, Asgarian F (2015) Resistance mechanisms of Ano-pheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to temephos. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 71.
44. Gao JR, Kambhampati S, Zhu K (2002) Mo-
lecular cloning and characterization of a greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase possibly evolved from a duplicate gene lineage. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 32(7): 765–775.
45. Mutero A, Pralavorio M, Bride JM, Fournier D (1994) Resistance-associated point mutations in insecticide-insensitive acetyl-cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91(13): 5922–5926.
46. Kozaki T, Shono T, Tomita T, Kono Y (2001) Fenitroxon insensitive acetyl-cholinesterases of the housefly, Musca domestica associated with point muta-tions. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 31 (10): 991–997.
47. Kozaki T, Brady SG, Scott JG (2009) Frequencies and evolution of organo-phosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase alleles in laboratory and field popula-tions of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 95(1): 6–11.
48. Lokeshwari D, Krishna Kumar N, Man-junatha H (2016) Multiple mutations on the second acetylcholinesterase gene associated with dimethoate resistance in the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemip-tera: Aphididae). J Econ Entomol. 109 (2): 887–897.
49. Fournier D, Bride JM, Poirie M, Berge JB, Plapp F (1992) Insect glutathione S-transferases. Biochemical characteristics of the major forms from houseflies sus-ceptible and resistant to insecticides. J Biol Chem. 267(3): 1840–1845.
50. Liu N, Yue X (2000) Insecticide re-sistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Ento-mol. 93(4): 1269–1275.
51. Carino F, Koener J, Plapp Jr F, Feyereisen R (1994) Constitutive overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6A1 in a house fly strain with metabolic re-sistance to insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 24(4): 411–418.
52. Zhang Y, Li J, Ma Z, Shan C, Gao X (2018) Multiple mutations and overexpression of the MdaE7 carboxylesterase gene associated with male-linked malathion resistance in housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Sci Rep. 8(1): 1–11.
53. Feng X, Li M, Liu N (2018) Carboxy-lesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 92:30–39.
54. Khan HAA, Akram W, Iqbal J, Naeem-Ullah U (2015) Thiamethoxam resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica L.: current status, resistance selection, cross-resistance potential and possible bio-chemical mechanisms. PLoS One. 10 (5).
55. Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S (2014) Biocontrol potential of essential oil monoterpenes against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Ecoto-xicol Environ Saf. 100: 1–6.
2. Kaufman PE, Nunez SC, Mann RS, Geden CJ, Scharf ME (2010) Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house-flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Manag Sci. 66(3): 290–294.
3. Scott JG (2017) Evolution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Musca domes-tica. Pest Manag Sci. 73(4): 716–722.
4. Kristensen M, Jespersen JB (2008) Sus-ceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms. Pest Manag Sci. 64(2): 126–132.
5. Ahmadi E, Khajehali J, Rameshgar F (2020) Evaluation of resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in dif-ferent populations of Musca domestica (L.), collected from the Iranian dairy cat-tle farms. J Asia Pac Entomol. 23(2): 277–284.
6. Zheng Y, Liu Z, Jing Y, Li J, Zhan H (2015) An acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on ionic liquid functionalized gra-phene-gelatin-modified electrode for sen-sitive detection of pesticides. Sens Ac-tuators B Chem. 210: 389–397.
7. Matthysse JG, McClain D (1973) House fly control in climate-controlled caged-hen layer houses. J Econ Entomol. 66(4): 927–933.
8. Velmurugan G, Babu DV, Ramasamy S (2013) Prolonged monocrotophos intake induces cardiac oxidative stress and my-ocardial damage in rats. Toxicology. 307: 103–108.
9. Du L, Li S, Qi L, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Xu W, Wang H, Zhao X, Sun C (2014) Meta-bonomic analysis of the joint toxic ac-tion of long-term low-level exposure to a mixture of four organophosphate pes-ticides in rat plasma. Mol Biosyst. 10 (5): 1153–1161.
10. Srinivasan R, Jambulingam P, Gunasekaran K, Boopathidoss P (2008) Tolerance of house fly, Musca domestica L.(Diptera: Muscidae) to dichlorvos (76% EC) an in-secticide used for fly control in the tsunami-hit coastal villages of southern India. Acta Trop. 105(2): 187–190.
11. Kristensen M, Huang J, Qiao CL, Jes-persen JB (2006) Variation of Musca domestica L. acetylcholinesterase in Da-nish housefly populations. Pest Manag Sci. 62(8): 73 –745.
12. Vontas J, Hernández-Crespo P, Margarito-poulos JT, Ortego F, Feng HT, Mathio-poulos KD, Hsu JC. (2011) Insecticide resistance in Tephritid flies. Pestic Bio-chem Physiol. 100(3): 199–205.
13. Wang JJ, Cheng WX, Ding W, Zhao ZM (2004) The effect of the insecticide di-chlorvos on esterase activity extracted from the psocids, Liposcelis bostrycho-phila and L. entomophila. J Insect Sci. 4(1): 23–25.
14. Boyer S, Zhang H, Lempérière G (2012) A review of control methods and re-sistance mechanisms in stored-product in-sects. Bull Entomol Res. 102(2): 213–229.
15. Zhao M, Dong Y, Ran X, Wu Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Xing D, Yan T, Wang G, Zhu X, Zhang H (2014) Point mutations as-sociated with organophosphate and car-bamate resistance in Chinese strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). PloS One. 9(5): e95260.
16. Wang L, Zhang Y, Han Z, Liu Y, Fang J (2010) Cross‐resistance and possible me-chanisms of chlorpyrifos resistance in La-odelphax striatellus (Fallén). Pest Manag Sci. 66(10): 1096–1100.
17. Marcon PC, Thomas GD, Siegfried BD, Campbell JB, Skoda SR (2003) Re-sistance status of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from southeastern Nebraska beef cattle feedlots to selected insecti-
cides. J Econ Entomol. 96(3): 1016–1020.
18. Metcalf RL (1989) Insect resistance to in-secticides. Pestic Sci. 26(4): 333–358.
19. Kim CS, Kim WT, Boo KS, Kim SI (2003) Cloning, mutagenesis, and expre-ssion of the acetylcholinesterase gene from a strain of Musca domestica; the change from a drug-resistant to a sen-sitive enzyme. Mol Cells. 15(2): 208–215.
20. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
21. Walsh SB, Dolden TA, Moores GD, Kris-tensen M, Lewis T, Devonshire AL, Wi-lliamson MS (2001) Identification and characterization of mutations in house fly (Musca domestica) acetylcholines-terase involved in insecticide resistance. Biochem J. 359(1): 175–181.
22. Tripathi RK, O'Brien RD (1973) Insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase as a factor in re-sistance of house flies to the organophos-phate Rabon. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 3 (4): 495–498.
23. Kaufman PE, Scott JG, Rutz DA (2001) Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies. Pest Manag Sci. 57(6): 514–521.
24. Kasai S, Sun H, Scott J (2017) Diversity of knockdown resistance alleles in a single house fly population facilitates adaptation to pyrethroid insecticides. In-sect Mol Biol. 26(1): 13–24.
25. Rossi YE, Palacios SM (2015) Insecticidal toxicity of Eucalyptus cinerea essential oil and 1, 8-cineole against Musca domes-tica and possible uses according to the metabolic response of flies. Ind Crops Prod. 63: 133–137.
26. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres Jr V, Featherstone RM (1961) A new and ra-pid colorimetric determination of acetyl-cholinesterase activity. Biochem Phar-macol. 7(2): 88–95.
27. Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensi-tive method for the quantitation of mic-rogram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72(1–2): 248–254.
28. Seo SM, Jung CS, Kang J, Lee HR, Kim SW, Hyun J, Park IK (2015) Larvicidal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory acti-vities of Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against Aedes al-bopictus and formulation development. J Agric Food Chem. 63(45): 9977–9986.
29. Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
30. Robertson JL, Jones MM, Olguin E, Al-berts B (2017) Bioassays with Arthro-pods. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
31. Finney D (1971) Probit analysis, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
32. Institute S (2017) Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical procedures (SAS Ins-titute).
33. Gerolt P (1974) Mechanism of resistance to dichlorvos in adult houseflies. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 4(3): 275–288.
34. Saito K, Motoyama N, Dauterman W (1992) Effect of synergists on the oral and to-pical toxicity of azamethiphos to orga-nophosphate-resistant houseflies (Dipte-ra: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol. 85(4): 1041–1045.
35. Wang Q, Li M, Pan J, Di M, Liu Q, Meng F, Scott JG, Qiu X (2012) Diversity and frequencies of genetic mutations in-volved in insecticide resistance in field populations of the house fly (Musca domestica L.) from China. Pestic Bio-chem Physiol. 102(2): 153–159.
36. Acevedo GR, Zapater M, Toloza AC (2009) Insecticide resistance of house fly, Musca domestica (L.) from Argen-tina. Parasitol Res. 105(2): 489–493.
37. Kristensen M, Knorr M, Spencer AG, Jes-persen JB (2000) Selection and reversion of azamethiphos-resistance in a field popu-lation of the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. J Econ Ento-mol. 93(6): 1788–1795.
38. Melo-Santos MA, Varjal-Melo JJ, Araújo AP, Gomes TC, Paiva MH, Regis LN, Furtado AF, Magalhães T, Macoris ML, Andrighetti MT, Ayres CF (2010) Re-sistance to the organophosphate teme-phos: mechanisms, evolution and rever-sion in an Aedes aegypti laboratory strain from Brazil. Acta Trop. 113(2): 180–189.
39. Soltani A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Raeisi A, Eshraghian MR, Soltan-Dallal MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Rafi F (2013) Baseline Sus-ceptibility of Different Geographical Strains of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to Temephos in Malarious Areas of Irana. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 7(1): 56.
40. Tong H, Su Q, Zhou X, Bai L (2013) Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidop-tera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. J Pest Sci. 86(3): 599–609.
41. Khajehali J, Van Leeuwen T, Grispou M, Morou E, Alout H, Weill M, Tirry L, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A (2010) Acetyl-cholinesterase point mutations in Euro-pean strains of Tetranychus urticae (Aca-ri: Tetranychidae) resistant to organophos-phates. Pest Manag Sci. 66(2): 220–228.
42. Charpentier A, Fournier D (2001) Levels of total acetylcholinesterase in Drosophila melanogaster in relation to insecticide resistance. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 70 (2): 100–107.
43. Soltani A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Enayati AA, Asgarian F (2015) Resistance mechanisms of Ano-pheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to temephos. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 71.
44. Gao JR, Kambhampati S, Zhu K (2002) Mo-
lecular cloning and characterization of a greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase possibly evolved from a duplicate gene lineage. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 32(7): 765–775.
45. Mutero A, Pralavorio M, Bride JM, Fournier D (1994) Resistance-associated point mutations in insecticide-insensitive acetyl-cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91(13): 5922–5926.
46. Kozaki T, Shono T, Tomita T, Kono Y (2001) Fenitroxon insensitive acetyl-cholinesterases of the housefly, Musca domestica associated with point muta-tions. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 31 (10): 991–997.
47. Kozaki T, Brady SG, Scott JG (2009) Frequencies and evolution of organo-phosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase alleles in laboratory and field popula-tions of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 95(1): 6–11.
48. Lokeshwari D, Krishna Kumar N, Man-junatha H (2016) Multiple mutations on the second acetylcholinesterase gene associated with dimethoate resistance in the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemip-tera: Aphididae). J Econ Entomol. 109 (2): 887–897.
49. Fournier D, Bride JM, Poirie M, Berge JB, Plapp F (1992) Insect glutathione S-transferases. Biochemical characteristics of the major forms from houseflies sus-ceptible and resistant to insecticides. J Biol Chem. 267(3): 1840–1845.
50. Liu N, Yue X (2000) Insecticide re-sistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Ento-mol. 93(4): 1269–1275.
51. Carino F, Koener J, Plapp Jr F, Feyereisen R (1994) Constitutive overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6A1 in a house fly strain with metabolic re-sistance to insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 24(4): 411–418.
52. Zhang Y, Li J, Ma Z, Shan C, Gao X (2018) Multiple mutations and overexpression of the MdaE7 carboxylesterase gene associated with male-linked malathion resistance in housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Sci Rep. 8(1): 1–11.
53. Feng X, Li M, Liu N (2018) Carboxy-lesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 92:30–39.
54. Khan HAA, Akram W, Iqbal J, Naeem-Ullah U (2015) Thiamethoxam resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica L.: current status, resistance selection, cross-resistance potential and possible bio-chemical mechanisms. PLoS One. 10 (5).
55. Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S (2014) Biocontrol potential of essential oil monoterpenes against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Ecoto-xicol Environ Saf. 100: 1–6.
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| Issue | Vol 14 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i4.5271 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Organophosphorus insecticides; Target site resistance; Acetylcholinesterase; Median inhibitory concentra¬tion | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ahmadi E, Khajehali J. Dichlorvos Resistance in the House Fly Populations, Musca domestica, of Iranian Cattle Farms. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021;14(4):344–352.
