Employing Different Traps for Collection of Mosquitoes and Detection of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Vector, Aedes albopictus, in Borderline of Iran and Pakistan
-
Jalil Nejati
,
Morteza Zaim
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
,
Rubén Bueno-Marí
,
Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
,
Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
,
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Hassan Okati-Aliabad
,
Francisco Collantes
,
Ary A. Hoffmann
Abstract
Background: Southeastern Iran has been established as an area with the potential to harbor Asian tiger mosquito populations. In 2013, a few numbers of Aedes albopictus were detected in three sampling sites of this region. This field study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various traps on monitoring mosquitoes and status of this dengue vector, in five urban and 15 suburban/rural areas.
Methods: For this purpose, four adult mosquito traps (BG-sentinel 2, bednet, Malaise, and resting box trap) were used and their efficacy compared. In addition, large numbers of CDC ovitraps were employed, within 12 months.
Results: A total of 4878 adult samples including 22 species covering five genera were collected and identified from traps. It was not revealed any collection of Ae. albopictus. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in meteorological variables between the two periods, the previous report and the current study. There were significant differences in the total number of mosquitoes collected by various traps in the region across different months.
Conclusion: The resulting data collected here on the efficiency of the various trap types can be useful for monitoring the densities of mosquito populations, which is an important component of a vector surveillance system. While the presence of Ae. albopictus was determined in this potential risk area, there is no evidence for its establishment and further monitoring needs to be carried out.
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3. Mukhtar M, Tahir Z, Baloch TM, Mansoor F, Kamran J (2011) Entomological in-vestigations of dengue vectors in ep-idemic-prone districts of Pakistan dur-ing 2006–2010. Dengue Bull. 35: 99–115.
4. Suleman M, Faryal R, Aamir UB, Alam MM, Nisar N, Sharif S, Shaukat S, Khurshid A, Angez M, Umair M (2016) Dengue outbreak in Swat and Mansehra, Pa¬kistan 2013: an epidemiological and diagnostic perspective. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 9(4): 380–384.
5. Bueno-Marí R, Jiménez-Peydró R (2015) First observations of homodynamic populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Southwest Europe. J Vector Borne Dis. 52(2): 175–181.
6. Roiz D, Neteler M, Castellani C, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A (2011) Climatic factors driving invasion of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into new areas of Trentino, northern Italy. PloS One. 6(4): e14800.
7. Talbalaghi A, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Failloux AB (2010) Are Aedes al-bopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks?. Med Vet Ento¬mol. 24(1): 83–87.
8. Ardalan M, Chinikar S, Shoja MM (2014) Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syn-drome and its history in Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis. 8(6): 438–441
9. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi A, Madihi SR (2010) Laboratory detection facil-ity of dengue fever (df) in iran: the first imported case. Int J Infect Dis. 8(1): 1–2.
10. Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK (2014) Frequency of dengue virus in-fection in blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran. Transfus Apher Sci. 50(1): 59–62.
11. Nejati J, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Motevalli Haghi A, Sanei-Dehkordi A (2018) Bionom-ics of Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area, southeastern Iran. J Med Entomol. 55 (5): 1182–1187.
12. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R, Collantes F, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Charrahy Z, Tabatabaei SM, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasanzehi A, Shirzadi MR (2017) Po¬tential risk areas of Aedes albopictus in south-eastern Iran: a vector of den¬gue Fever, Zika and chikungunya. Front Microbiol. 8: 1–12.
13. Urbanelli S, Bellini R, Carrieri M, Sal-licandro P, Celli G (2000) Population structure of Aedes albopictus (Skuse): the mosquito which is colonizing Med-iterranean countries. Heredity. 84(3): 331–337.
14. Pezzin A, Sy V, Puggioli A, Veronesi R, Carrieri M, Maccagnani B, Bellini R (2016) Comparative study on the ef-fectiveness of different mosquito traps in arbovirus surveillance with a focus on WNV detection. Acta Trop. 153: 93–100.
15. Nejati J, Tabatabaei SM, Salehi M, Sa-ghafipour A, Mozafari E (2017) Some probable factors affecting the malaria situation before and at the beginning of a pre-elimination program in south-eastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 41(2): 503–509.
16. Vatandoost H, Emami S, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Raeisi A, Piazzak N, Mahmoodi M, Akbarzadeh K, Sartipi M (2011) Ecol¬ogy of malaria vector Anopheles cu¬licifacies in a malarious area of Sistan va Baluchestan Province, south-east Is¬lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 17(5): 439–445.
17. Hemami MR, Sari AA, Raeisi A, Vatan-doost H, Majdzadeh R (2013) Malaria elimination in Iran, importance and chal¬lenges. Int J Prev Med. 4(1): 894.
18. Biogents. BG-Sentinel 2, Instruction Man-ual (2017) Available at: https://www.bg-sentinel.com/downloads/BG_Sentinel_2_Manual_EN_web.pdf. p. 12.
19. Smallegange RC, Schmied WH, van Roey KJ, Verhulst NO, Spitzen J, Mukaba¬na WR, Takken W (2010) Sugar-fer-menting yeast as an organic source of carbon dioxide to attract the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Malar J. 9(1): 292.
20. Reiter P, Colon M (1991) Enhancement of the CDC ovitrap with hay infusions for daily monitoring of Aedes aegypti populations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 7(1): 52–55.
21. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
22. Madon MB, Hazelrigg JE, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Mulla MS (2003) Has Aedes albopictus established in California?. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 19(4): 297–300.
23. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W (2015) The global dis-tribution of the arbovirus vectors Ae-des aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife. 4: e08347.
24. Medlock JM, Avenell D, Barrass I, Leach S )2006 (Analysis of the potential for survival and seasonal activity of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United Kingdom. J Vector Ecol. 31 (2): 292–304.
25. Mitchell C (1995) Geographic spread of Aedes albopictus and potential for in-volvement in arbovirus cycles in the Mediterranean basin. J Vector Ecol. 20(1): 44–58.
26. Benedict MQ, Levine RS, Hawley WA, Lounibos LP (2007) Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mos¬quito Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7(1): 76–85.
27. Severini F, Di ML, Toma L, Romi R (2008) Aedes albopictus in Rome: results and perspectives after 10 years of monitor¬ing. Parassitologia. 50(1–2): 121–123.
28. Waldock J, Chandra NL, Lelieveld J, Pro-
¬estos Y, Michael E, Christophides G, Parham PE (2013) The role of en¬vi-ronmental variables on Aedes al¬bopic-tus biology and chikungunya epide-miol¬o¬gy. Pathog Glob Health. 107(5): 224–241.
29. Sarfraz MS, Tripathi NK, Faruque FS, Ba-jwa UI, Kitamoto A, Souris M (2014) Map¬ping urban and peri-urban breed-ing habitats of Aedes mosquitoes using a fuzzy analytical hierarchical process based on climatic and physical param-eters. Geospat Health. 8(3): 685–697.
30. Huang YM, Rueda LM (2014) A pictorial key to the species of Aedes (Ochlero-tatus and Coetzeemyia) in the Afrotrop¬ical Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 3754(5): 592–600.
31. Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauff-man EB, Ebel G, Dupuis A, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi P-Y (2001) West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 7(4): 679–684.
32. Chapman H, Kay B, Ritchie S, Van den Hurk A, Hughes J (2000) Definition of species in the Culex sitiens subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea and Australia. J Med Entomol. 37(5): 736–742.
33. Glaser RL, Meola MA (2010) The native Wolbachia endosymbionts of Dro-soph¬ila melanogaster and Culex quin-que¬fasciatus increase host resistance to West Nile virus infection. PloS One. 5(8): e11977.
34. Hubalek Z, Halouzka J (1999) West Nile fever, a reemerging mosquito-borne vi-ral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5(5): 643–650.
35. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah M, Low-enski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosur-vey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
36. Dehghan H, Sadraei J, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2011) The morphological variations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4(3): 215–219.
37. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Doosti S, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi S, Akbarzadeh K, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N (2017) Morpho-logical studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 110(2): 116–121.
38. Hagemoen RIM, Reimers E (2002) Rein-deer summer activity pattern in rela-tion to weather and insect harassment. J Anim Ecol. 71(5): 883–892.
39. Pombi M, Guelbeogo WM, Kreppel K, Calzetta M, Traoré A, Sanou A, Ran-son H, Ferguson HM, Sagnon NF, Della Torre A (2014) The Sticky Rest-ing Box, a new tool for studying rest-ing behaviour of Afrotropical malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 7(1): 247.
40. Azari Hamidian S, MR YE, Javadian E, Abai M, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Har-bach R (2009) Distribution and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes in a focus of diro-filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in natu-rally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 23(2): 111–121.
41. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Firoozfar F (2016) Bi-onomic studies of the mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in Kermanshah Prov¬ince, Western Iran. Life Sci J. 13(10): 50–55.
42. Gillies M (1980) The role of carbon diox-ide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae): a review. Bull Ento¬mol Res. 70(4): 525–532.
43. Lühken R, Pfitzner WP, Börstler J, Garms R, Huber K, Schork N, Steinke S, Kiel E, Becker N, Tannich E (2014) Field evaluation of four widely used mos-quito traps in central Europe. Parasit Vectors. 7(1): 268.
44. Farajollahi A, Kesavaraju B, Price DC, Williams GM, Healy SP, Gaugler R, Nelder MP (2009) Field efficacy of BG-sentinel and industry-standard traps for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) and West Nile virus surveil-lance. J Med Entomol. 46(4): 919–925.
45. Ritchie SA, Moore P, Carruthers M, Wil-liams C, Montgomery B, Foley P, Ahboo S, Van Den Hurk AF, Lindsay MD, Cooper B (2006) Discovery of a widespread infestation of Aedes al-bopictus in the Torres Strait, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 22(3): 358–365.
46. Hoffmann A, Montgomery B, Popovici J, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Johnson P, Muzzi F, Greenfield M, Durkan M, Leong Y, Dong Y (2011) Successful establish-ment of Wolbachia in Aedes popula-tions to suppress dengue transmission. Nature. 476(7361): 454–461.
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2. Khan J, Munir W, Khan B, Ahmad Z, Shams W, Khan A (2015) Dengue outbreak 2013: Clinical profile of patients pre¬senting at DHQ Burner and THQ Shangla, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paki¬stan. Immu Dis. 3: 1–4.
3. Mukhtar M, Tahir Z, Baloch TM, Mansoor F, Kamran J (2011) Entomological in-vestigations of dengue vectors in ep-idemic-prone districts of Pakistan dur-ing 2006–2010. Dengue Bull. 35: 99–115.
4. Suleman M, Faryal R, Aamir UB, Alam MM, Nisar N, Sharif S, Shaukat S, Khurshid A, Angez M, Umair M (2016) Dengue outbreak in Swat and Mansehra, Pa¬kistan 2013: an epidemiological and diagnostic perspective. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 9(4): 380–384.
5. Bueno-Marí R, Jiménez-Peydró R (2015) First observations of homodynamic populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Southwest Europe. J Vector Borne Dis. 52(2): 175–181.
6. Roiz D, Neteler M, Castellani C, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A (2011) Climatic factors driving invasion of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into new areas of Trentino, northern Italy. PloS One. 6(4): e14800.
7. Talbalaghi A, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Failloux AB (2010) Are Aedes al-bopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks?. Med Vet Ento¬mol. 24(1): 83–87.
8. Ardalan M, Chinikar S, Shoja MM (2014) Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syn-drome and its history in Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis. 8(6): 438–441
9. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi A, Madihi SR (2010) Laboratory detection facil-ity of dengue fever (df) in iran: the first imported case. Int J Infect Dis. 8(1): 1–2.
10. Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK (2014) Frequency of dengue virus in-fection in blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran. Transfus Apher Sci. 50(1): 59–62.
11. Nejati J, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Motevalli Haghi A, Sanei-Dehkordi A (2018) Bionom-ics of Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area, southeastern Iran. J Med Entomol. 55 (5): 1182–1187.
12. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R, Collantes F, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Charrahy Z, Tabatabaei SM, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasanzehi A, Shirzadi MR (2017) Po¬tential risk areas of Aedes albopictus in south-eastern Iran: a vector of den¬gue Fever, Zika and chikungunya. Front Microbiol. 8: 1–12.
13. Urbanelli S, Bellini R, Carrieri M, Sal-licandro P, Celli G (2000) Population structure of Aedes albopictus (Skuse): the mosquito which is colonizing Med-iterranean countries. Heredity. 84(3): 331–337.
14. Pezzin A, Sy V, Puggioli A, Veronesi R, Carrieri M, Maccagnani B, Bellini R (2016) Comparative study on the ef-fectiveness of different mosquito traps in arbovirus surveillance with a focus on WNV detection. Acta Trop. 153: 93–100.
15. Nejati J, Tabatabaei SM, Salehi M, Sa-ghafipour A, Mozafari E (2017) Some probable factors affecting the malaria situation before and at the beginning of a pre-elimination program in south-eastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 41(2): 503–509.
16. Vatandoost H, Emami S, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Raeisi A, Piazzak N, Mahmoodi M, Akbarzadeh K, Sartipi M (2011) Ecol¬ogy of malaria vector Anopheles cu¬licifacies in a malarious area of Sistan va Baluchestan Province, south-east Is¬lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 17(5): 439–445.
17. Hemami MR, Sari AA, Raeisi A, Vatan-doost H, Majdzadeh R (2013) Malaria elimination in Iran, importance and chal¬lenges. Int J Prev Med. 4(1): 894.
18. Biogents. BG-Sentinel 2, Instruction Man-ual (2017) Available at: https://www.bg-sentinel.com/downloads/BG_Sentinel_2_Manual_EN_web.pdf. p. 12.
19. Smallegange RC, Schmied WH, van Roey KJ, Verhulst NO, Spitzen J, Mukaba¬na WR, Takken W (2010) Sugar-fer-menting yeast as an organic source of carbon dioxide to attract the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Malar J. 9(1): 292.
20. Reiter P, Colon M (1991) Enhancement of the CDC ovitrap with hay infusions for daily monitoring of Aedes aegypti populations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 7(1): 52–55.
21. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
22. Madon MB, Hazelrigg JE, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Mulla MS (2003) Has Aedes albopictus established in California?. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 19(4): 297–300.
23. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W (2015) The global dis-tribution of the arbovirus vectors Ae-des aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife. 4: e08347.
24. Medlock JM, Avenell D, Barrass I, Leach S )2006 (Analysis of the potential for survival and seasonal activity of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United Kingdom. J Vector Ecol. 31 (2): 292–304.
25. Mitchell C (1995) Geographic spread of Aedes albopictus and potential for in-volvement in arbovirus cycles in the Mediterranean basin. J Vector Ecol. 20(1): 44–58.
26. Benedict MQ, Levine RS, Hawley WA, Lounibos LP (2007) Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mos¬quito Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7(1): 76–85.
27. Severini F, Di ML, Toma L, Romi R (2008) Aedes albopictus in Rome: results and perspectives after 10 years of monitor¬ing. Parassitologia. 50(1–2): 121–123.
28. Waldock J, Chandra NL, Lelieveld J, Pro-
¬estos Y, Michael E, Christophides G, Parham PE (2013) The role of en¬vi-ronmental variables on Aedes al¬bopic-tus biology and chikungunya epide-miol¬o¬gy. Pathog Glob Health. 107(5): 224–241.
29. Sarfraz MS, Tripathi NK, Faruque FS, Ba-jwa UI, Kitamoto A, Souris M (2014) Map¬ping urban and peri-urban breed-ing habitats of Aedes mosquitoes using a fuzzy analytical hierarchical process based on climatic and physical param-eters. Geospat Health. 8(3): 685–697.
30. Huang YM, Rueda LM (2014) A pictorial key to the species of Aedes (Ochlero-tatus and Coetzeemyia) in the Afrotrop¬ical Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 3754(5): 592–600.
31. Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauff-man EB, Ebel G, Dupuis A, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi P-Y (2001) West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 7(4): 679–684.
32. Chapman H, Kay B, Ritchie S, Van den Hurk A, Hughes J (2000) Definition of species in the Culex sitiens subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea and Australia. J Med Entomol. 37(5): 736–742.
33. Glaser RL, Meola MA (2010) The native Wolbachia endosymbionts of Dro-soph¬ila melanogaster and Culex quin-que¬fasciatus increase host resistance to West Nile virus infection. PloS One. 5(8): e11977.
34. Hubalek Z, Halouzka J (1999) West Nile fever, a reemerging mosquito-borne vi-ral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 5(5): 643–650.
35. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah M, Low-enski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosur-vey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
36. Dehghan H, Sadraei J, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2011) The morphological variations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4(3): 215–219.
37. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Doosti S, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi S, Akbarzadeh K, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N (2017) Morpho-logical studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 110(2): 116–121.
38. Hagemoen RIM, Reimers E (2002) Rein-deer summer activity pattern in rela-tion to weather and insect harassment. J Anim Ecol. 71(5): 883–892.
39. Pombi M, Guelbeogo WM, Kreppel K, Calzetta M, Traoré A, Sanou A, Ran-son H, Ferguson HM, Sagnon NF, Della Torre A (2014) The Sticky Rest-ing Box, a new tool for studying rest-ing behaviour of Afrotropical malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 7(1): 247.
40. Azari Hamidian S, MR YE, Javadian E, Abai M, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Har-bach R (2009) Distribution and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes in a focus of diro-filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in natu-rally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 23(2): 111–121.
41. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Firoozfar F (2016) Bi-onomic studies of the mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in Kermanshah Prov¬ince, Western Iran. Life Sci J. 13(10): 50–55.
42. Gillies M (1980) The role of carbon diox-ide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae): a review. Bull Ento¬mol Res. 70(4): 525–532.
43. Lühken R, Pfitzner WP, Börstler J, Garms R, Huber K, Schork N, Steinke S, Kiel E, Becker N, Tannich E (2014) Field evaluation of four widely used mos-quito traps in central Europe. Parasit Vectors. 7(1): 268.
44. Farajollahi A, Kesavaraju B, Price DC, Williams GM, Healy SP, Gaugler R, Nelder MP (2009) Field efficacy of BG-sentinel and industry-standard traps for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) and West Nile virus surveil-lance. J Med Entomol. 46(4): 919–925.
45. Ritchie SA, Moore P, Carruthers M, Wil-liams C, Montgomery B, Foley P, Ahboo S, Van Den Hurk AF, Lindsay MD, Cooper B (2006) Discovery of a widespread infestation of Aedes al-bopictus in the Torres Strait, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 22(3): 358–365.
46. Hoffmann A, Montgomery B, Popovici J, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Johnson P, Muzzi F, Greenfield M, Durkan M, Leong Y, Dong Y (2011) Successful establish-ment of Wolbachia in Aedes popula-tions to suppress dengue transmission. Nature. 476(7361): 454–461.
47. Malaise R (1937) A new insect-trap. Ento-mol Tidskr. 58: 148–160.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i4.5275 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Stegomyia albopicta; Ovitrap; Sistan and Baluchistan | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nejati J, Zaim M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bueno-Marí R, Azari-Hamidian S, Sedaghat MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Okati-Aliabad H, Collantes F, Hoffmann AA. Employing Different Traps for Collection of Mosquitoes and Detection of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Vector, Aedes albopictus, in Borderline of Iran and Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021;14(4):376–390.
