Efficiency of Two Capture Methods Providing Live Sand flies and Assessment the Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Lorestan Province, Western Iran
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Abstract
Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of two capture methods for providing live sandflies used for determining the susceptibility level of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lorestan Province, west of Iran.
Methods: The sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor by hand-catch and baited traps during the peak of seasonal activity. The susceptibility level of sand flies was assessed using insecticide-impregnated papers against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and cyfluthrin 0.15%.
Results: A total of 2486 live sandflies were caught from both indoor and outdoor places. Totally 849 sand flies were caught from outdoors with a sex ratio(SR) 0.1 versus 1637 sand flies collected from indoor using the hand-catch method with SR= 0.6. The dominant species of sand flies was Ph. papatasi in the study area. Mortality rates of outdoor-collected sand flies were exposed to DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, and bendiocarb 0.1%, and mortality rate ranged from 92.0–97.9% and for indoor-collected sand flies were 87.7–96.8%. Both outdoor and indoor collected sand flies were susceptible to cyfluthrin 0.15% that caused 100% mortality.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, the most appropriate method for collecting the live female Ph. papatasi is the baited traps due to providing enough females is necessary for conducting the susceptibility tests. The finding indicated that Ph. papatasi was resistant to DDT, under ’verification required’ status to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, and susceptible to cyfluthrin.
1. Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2006) Phlebotom¬inae sand flies, vectors of Leishmaniases. Tehran: Noavaran Elm Publications. (Per¬sian).
2. Bounoua L, Kahime K, Houti L, Blakey T, Ebi KL, Zhang P, Imhoff ML, Thome KJ, Dudek C, Sahabi SA, Messouli M, Makhlouf B, El Laamrani A, Boumez-zough A (2013) Linking climate to incidence of zoon¬otic cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. ma¬jor) in pre-Saharan North Africa. Int J En¬viron Res. Public Health. 10(8): 3172–3191.
3. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zah-rai-Ramazani AR, Jalali Zand AR, Pia-zak N (2005) Bionomics of Phleboto-mus papatasi (Diptera: Py¬chodidae) in an en¬demic focus of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishamani¬asis in Central Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30(1): 115–118.
4. Seyedi Rashti MA (1994) The ecology of Phlebotomus (Ph.) papatasi (Scopoli) 1786 in Iran. 8th Inter Cong Para. Iz¬mir, Turkey. 1: 224.
5. Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1997) Studies on sand flies in a hyperen¬demic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Indian J Med Res. 105: 61–66.
6. Abai MR, Javadian E (1994) Study on re-lationship between outbreaks of cu¬tane-ous leishmaniasis and trend of housing development in urban and ru¬ral areas. Congress on Housing De¬velopment Pol-icies in Iran. 3 October 1994, Tehran, Iran (Persian).
7. Nadim A (1972) Seasonal changes in hour-ly activity of sand flies of Rhom¬bomys burrows in Isfahan, Iran. Trop Geog Med. 25: 382–384.
8. Yuval B, Schlein Y (1986) Leishmaniasis in the Jordan Valley. III. Nocturnal ac-tivity of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in relation to nutrition and ovarian development. J Med Entomol. 23(4): 411–415.
9. Javadian E (2008) Epidemiology of cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Iran. In: Nadim A, Javadian E, Momeni A (Eds), In: Leishmania and leishmaniasis. Iran Uni-versity Press 1295, IR, pp. 191–211.
10. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1968) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. 1. Leptomonad infection of sand flies. Bull Soc Path Exot. 67: 513–516.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Tah-vil¬dar-Bidruni (1995) Leishmania major Mon-16 isolated from naturally infected Ph. papatasi in Isfahan Province, Iran. Acta Trop. 59: 279–282.
12. Abai MR, Rassi Y, Imamian H, Fateh M, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S, Hajjaran H, Azizi K, Ismaili M (2007) PCR based on identification of zoonotic cutane¬ous leish¬maniasis vectors in Shahrood District, Central of Iran. Pakistan J Bi-olog Sci. 10(12): 2061–2065.
13. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2006) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran. A re-view article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10
(4): 429–444.
14. Pener H, Wilamovsky (1967) Baseline sus-ceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to in¬secticides. Med Vet Entomol. 1(2): 147–148.
15. Joshi GC, Kaul SM, Wattal BL (1979) Sus¬ceptibility of sand flies to organo-chlo¬rine insecticides in Bihar (India), Fur¬ther report. J Commun Dis. 11: 209–213.
16. WHO (1986) Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of disease to pesticides. Tenth report of the WHO Expert Committee Vector Biology and Con¬trol. Tech Rep Ser. p. 739.
17. Seyedi Rashti MA, Yazdanpanah H, Mo-hamdi HS, Jedari M (1990) Suscepti-bility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Pychodidae) to DDT in some foci of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Am Moq Control Assoc. 8(1): 99–100.
18. Rassi Y, Jalali M, Vatandoost H (2000) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus pa-patasi to DDT in Arsanjan County (the new focus of cutaneous leish¬maniasis) in Fars Province. Iran J Public Health. 29(1–4): 21–25.
19. Aghaei-Afshar A, Rassi Y, Sharifi MR, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Vatandoost H (2011) Sus-cep¬tibility status of Phlebotomus pa¬pa-tasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psy¬chodi-dae) to DDT and deltamethrin in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis af¬ter earth¬quake strike in Bam, Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 5(2): 32–41.
20. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Sheikh Z, Arandian MH, Jafari R, Sanei Dehkor¬di AR (2012) Baseline suscepti-bility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutane¬ous leishmaniasis in Iran. Pest Manag Sci. 68(5): 669–675.
21. Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1995) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus pa-patasi to DDT in the most im¬portant fo-cus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Isfahan Province, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 24(3–4): 11–26.
22. WHO (1990) Control of the Leishmania-sis. Report of WHO Expert Commit¬tee, Technical Report Series, p. 793.
23. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Pychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
24. Karakus M, Gocmen B, Özbel Y (2017) Insecticide susceptibility status of wild-caught sand fly populations col¬lected from two leishmaniasis en¬demic areas in western Turkey. J Ar¬thropod Borne Dis. 11(1): 86–94.
25. Hawkins NJ, Bass C, Dixon A, Neve P (2018) The evolutionary origins of pes-ticide resistance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 94(1): 135–55.
26. Matiya DJ, Philbert AB, Kidima W, Ma-towo JJ (2019) Dynamics and moni¬tor-ing of insecticide resistance in ma¬laria vectors across mainland Tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic re¬view. Ma-lar J. 18(1): 102.
27. Soltani AA (1977) Determination of Sus-ceptibility Level of Isfahan Sand Flies. [MSc thesis]. Tehran University, School of Public Health, No. 990, Tehran, Iran (Persian).
28. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Jafari R (2006) Susceptibility status of Anoph-eles dthali and An. fluviatilis to com-monly used larvicides in an endemic fo-cus of malaria, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(1): 34–38.
29. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(2): 91–100.
30. Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Zarenejad F, Terenius O (2015) Malpighian tubules are im-portant determinants of Pseudomonas transstadial transmission and longtime persistence in Anopheles stephensi. Parasit Vec¬tors. 8: 36.
31. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Ba-bamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infection in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
2. Bounoua L, Kahime K, Houti L, Blakey T, Ebi KL, Zhang P, Imhoff ML, Thome KJ, Dudek C, Sahabi SA, Messouli M, Makhlouf B, El Laamrani A, Boumez-zough A (2013) Linking climate to incidence of zoon¬otic cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. ma¬jor) in pre-Saharan North Africa. Int J En¬viron Res. Public Health. 10(8): 3172–3191.
3. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zah-rai-Ramazani AR, Jalali Zand AR, Pia-zak N (2005) Bionomics of Phleboto-mus papatasi (Diptera: Py¬chodidae) in an en¬demic focus of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishamani¬asis in Central Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30(1): 115–118.
4. Seyedi Rashti MA (1994) The ecology of Phlebotomus (Ph.) papatasi (Scopoli) 1786 in Iran. 8th Inter Cong Para. Iz¬mir, Turkey. 1: 224.
5. Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1997) Studies on sand flies in a hyperen¬demic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Indian J Med Res. 105: 61–66.
6. Abai MR, Javadian E (1994) Study on re-lationship between outbreaks of cu¬tane-ous leishmaniasis and trend of housing development in urban and ru¬ral areas. Congress on Housing De¬velopment Pol-icies in Iran. 3 October 1994, Tehran, Iran (Persian).
7. Nadim A (1972) Seasonal changes in hour-ly activity of sand flies of Rhom¬bomys burrows in Isfahan, Iran. Trop Geog Med. 25: 382–384.
8. Yuval B, Schlein Y (1986) Leishmaniasis in the Jordan Valley. III. Nocturnal ac-tivity of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in relation to nutrition and ovarian development. J Med Entomol. 23(4): 411–415.
9. Javadian E (2008) Epidemiology of cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Iran. In: Nadim A, Javadian E, Momeni A (Eds), In: Leishmania and leishmaniasis. Iran Uni-versity Press 1295, IR, pp. 191–211.
10. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1968) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. 1. Leptomonad infection of sand flies. Bull Soc Path Exot. 67: 513–516.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Tah-vil¬dar-Bidruni (1995) Leishmania major Mon-16 isolated from naturally infected Ph. papatasi in Isfahan Province, Iran. Acta Trop. 59: 279–282.
12. Abai MR, Rassi Y, Imamian H, Fateh M, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S, Hajjaran H, Azizi K, Ismaili M (2007) PCR based on identification of zoonotic cutane¬ous leish¬maniasis vectors in Shahrood District, Central of Iran. Pakistan J Bi-olog Sci. 10(12): 2061–2065.
13. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2006) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran. A re-view article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10
(4): 429–444.
14. Pener H, Wilamovsky (1967) Baseline sus-ceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to in¬secticides. Med Vet Entomol. 1(2): 147–148.
15. Joshi GC, Kaul SM, Wattal BL (1979) Sus¬ceptibility of sand flies to organo-chlo¬rine insecticides in Bihar (India), Fur¬ther report. J Commun Dis. 11: 209–213.
16. WHO (1986) Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of disease to pesticides. Tenth report of the WHO Expert Committee Vector Biology and Con¬trol. Tech Rep Ser. p. 739.
17. Seyedi Rashti MA, Yazdanpanah H, Mo-hamdi HS, Jedari M (1990) Suscepti-bility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Pychodidae) to DDT in some foci of cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Am Moq Control Assoc. 8(1): 99–100.
18. Rassi Y, Jalali M, Vatandoost H (2000) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus pa-patasi to DDT in Arsanjan County (the new focus of cutaneous leish¬maniasis) in Fars Province. Iran J Public Health. 29(1–4): 21–25.
19. Aghaei-Afshar A, Rassi Y, Sharifi MR, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Vatandoost H (2011) Sus-cep¬tibility status of Phlebotomus pa¬pa-tasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psy¬chodi-dae) to DDT and deltamethrin in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis af¬ter earth¬quake strike in Bam, Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 5(2): 32–41.
20. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Sheikh Z, Arandian MH, Jafari R, Sanei Dehkor¬di AR (2012) Baseline suscepti-bility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutane¬ous leishmaniasis in Iran. Pest Manag Sci. 68(5): 669–675.
21. Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1995) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus pa-patasi to DDT in the most im¬portant fo-cus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Isfahan Province, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 24(3–4): 11–26.
22. WHO (1990) Control of the Leishmania-sis. Report of WHO Expert Commit¬tee, Technical Report Series, p. 793.
23. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Pychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
24. Karakus M, Gocmen B, Özbel Y (2017) Insecticide susceptibility status of wild-caught sand fly populations col¬lected from two leishmaniasis en¬demic areas in western Turkey. J Ar¬thropod Borne Dis. 11(1): 86–94.
25. Hawkins NJ, Bass C, Dixon A, Neve P (2018) The evolutionary origins of pes-ticide resistance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 94(1): 135–55.
26. Matiya DJ, Philbert AB, Kidima W, Ma-towo JJ (2019) Dynamics and moni¬tor-ing of insecticide resistance in ma¬laria vectors across mainland Tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic re¬view. Ma-lar J. 18(1): 102.
27. Soltani AA (1977) Determination of Sus-ceptibility Level of Isfahan Sand Flies. [MSc thesis]. Tehran University, School of Public Health, No. 990, Tehran, Iran (Persian).
28. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Jafari R (2006) Susceptibility status of Anoph-eles dthali and An. fluviatilis to com-monly used larvicides in an endemic fo-cus of malaria, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(1): 34–38.
29. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(2): 91–100.
30. Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Zarenejad F, Terenius O (2015) Malpighian tubules are im-portant determinants of Pseudomonas transstadial transmission and longtime persistence in Anopheles stephensi. Parasit Vec¬tors. 8: 36.
31. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Ba-bamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infection in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
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| Issue | Vol 14 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i4.5278 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomus papatasi; Insecticides; Resistance; Baited traps; Hand-catch | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rassi Y, Asadollahi H, Abai MR, Kayedi MH, Vatandoost H. Efficiency of Two Capture Methods Providing Live Sand flies and Assessment the Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Lorestan Province, Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021;14(4):408–415.
