Spatial Distribution of Ticks (Arachniada: Argasidae and Ixodidae) and Their Infection Rate to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran
-
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Samin Jafari
,
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy
,
Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
,
Eslam Moradi-Asl
Abstract
Background: The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases with a mortality rate of about 30% among humans. The disease, caused by a Nairovirus, is transmitted to humans and animals by hard and soft ticks. This study aimed to determine the distribution of soft and hard ticks in the past three decades in Iran with an emphasis on the vectors of the CCHF virus.
Methods: In this review, all studies that were carried out in different regions of Iran from 1979 to 2018 and their results were published in prestigious journals were used to create a database. The distribution of ticks was mapped using ArcMap10.3.
Results: Based on the results, nine genera and 37 species of soft and hard ticks were recorded in Iran. So far, six genera and 16 species of hard and soft ticks were reported to be infected with the CCHF virus. The infection to this virus was reported from 18 out of 31 provinces, with a high rate in Sistan and Baluchistan as well as Khuzestan provinces. The highest levels of CCHF infection belonged to Hyalomma marginatum and H. anatolicum.
Conclusion: The main vectors of CCHF, H. marginatum and H. anatolicum, were reported in more than 38.7% of Iran's provinces, and these two species were identified as invasive species in Iran. Thus, control activities should be strengthened to avoid the outbreaks of CCHF.
1. Aghaee S (1988) Parasite of livestock, re-lated complications, ways to control. Teh¬ran: Eksir Publication.
2. Preston PM (2001) The encyclopedia of ar-thropod transmitted infections. Wall¬ing-ford: CABI Publishing. 5: 487–504.
3. Barker SC, Murrell A (2004) System¬atics and evolution of ticks with a list of val-id genus and species names. Parasitol J. 129(1): 15–36.
4. Gong HY, Zhou JL (2005) Progress on the tick modulation to host immunity. Prog Vet Med. 26: 34–38.
5. Ahmed J, Alp H, Aksin M, Seitzer U (2007) Current status of ticks in Asia. Parasi¬tol Res. 101(2): 159–162.
6. Janbakhsh B (1956) Report on studies of the tick vectors of relapsing fever in Iran. Rep Inst Par Mal. 5th Med. Congr, Iran.
7. Baltazard M (1952) Ornithodorus tar¬takov-skyi olenev 1931 et Borrblia (Spi¬ro¬chae-ta) Latychevi sofiev 1941-Note prélimi-naire. Annales de parasitologie humaine et compare. 27(1–2–3): 311–328.
8. Delpy L (1936) Notes sur les Ixodidés du genre Hyalomma (Koch). Annales de Par¬asitologie Humaine et Comparee. 14(3): 206–245.
9. Abbasian L (1961) Records of tick (Aca-rina: Ixodidae) occurring in Iran and their dis¬tributional data. Acarol. 3: 546–559.
10. Mazloum Z (1971) Ticks of domestic ani-mals in Iran: geographical distribu¬tion, host relation and seasonal activity. J Vet Res. pp. 1–32.
11. Ergonul O (2006) Crimean-Congo haem-or¬rhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 6(4): 203–214.
12. Whitehouse CA (2004) Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 64: 145–160.
13. Ergonul O (2005) The clinical and epide-miological characteristics of CCHF and the impact of ribavirin therapy. Clin Mi-cro¬biol Infect. 11: 58.
14. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE (2001) Fields virology, vol. 1. Phila¬del¬ph¬ia (EUA): Lippincott Wil-liams and Wil¬kins.
15. Champour M, Mohammadi G, Chini¬kar S, Razmi G, Shah-Hosseini N, Kha-kifirouz S, Mostafavi E, Jalali T (2014) Seroepidemiol¬ogy of Crimean-Congo hemorrhag¬ic fe¬ver virus in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) popula-tion in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 62–65.
16. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Naddaf S, Pia¬zak N, Moradi M, Razavi MR, Afzali N, Haeri A, Mostafavizadeh K, Ataei B, Khalilifard-Brojeni M, Husseini SM, Bouloy M (2012) Serological evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans with high-risk professions living in en¬zootic regions of Isfa¬han Province of Iran and genetic analysis of circulat-ing strains. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12(9): 733–738.
17. Moradi AR, Chinikar S, Oshaghi MA, Vatan¬doost H, Houlakoui-Naeini K, Za-hirnia AH, Telmadarraiy Z (2008) Mo-lecular detection of Cri¬mean-Congo hem¬or¬rhagic fever (CCHF) virus in ticks (Ix¬odidae, Argasidae) of Hamedan Prov¬ince, Iran. Biochem Cell Arch. 8(1): 119–123.
18. Morovvati A, Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi A, Soleimani M, Mousavi-Nasab SD, Maji-dzadeh AK (2014) Emergence of a new gen¬otype of Crimean-Congo hem-orrhag¬ic fever virus in Iran. Iran J Virol. 6: 24–29.
19. Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM, Clegg JC, Deubel V, Frolova TV, Gould EA, Gritsun TS, Heinz FX, M Labuda M, Lashkevich VA, Loktev V, Lundkvist A, Lvov DV, Mandl CW, Niedrig M, Papa A, Petrov VS, Plyusnin A, Randolph S, Süss J, Zlobin VI, de Lamballerie X (2004) Tick‐borne virus diseases of human interest in Eu-rope. Clin Micro¬biol Infect. 10(12): 1040–1055.
20. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zeinali M, Meshkat M, Bouloy M (2010) Geographical dis-tribu¬tion and surveillance of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Vec-tor Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10(7): 705–708.
21. Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Sajadi MM, An¬sari H, Mardani M, Holakouie-Naieni K (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fe-ver in Iran. Antiviral Res. 100(1): 20–28.
22. Watts DM, Ksiazek TG, Linthicum KJ, Hoogstraal H (1988) Crimean-Congo haem¬orrhagic fever. In: Monath TP (Ed.) The Arboviruses: epidemiology and ecol¬ogy. CRC Press, Florida USA.
23. Hoogstraal H (1979) The Epidemiol¬ogy of Tick-Borne Crimean-Congo Hemor-rhagic Fever in Asia, Europe, and Af-rica. J Med Entomol. 15(4): 307–417.
24. Maghami G (1968) External parasites of livestocks in Iran. Archs Insf Razi. 20: 81–83.
25. Rahbari S, Nabian S, Shayan P (2007) Pri¬mary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 175–177.
26. Sureau P, Klein JM, Casals J, Digoutte JP, Salaun JJ, Piazak N, Calvo MA (1980) Fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo en Iran à partir de tiques d'ani-maux do¬mestiques. Bul¬letin de l'Institut Pasteur. 131(2): 185–200.
27. Chumakov MP, Ismailova ST, Rubin SG, Smirnova SE, Zgurskaya GN, Khank-ishiev AS, Berezin VV, Solovei EA (1970) Detection of Crimean hemor-rhagic fever foci in Azerbaijan SSR from results from se¬rological investiga-tions of domestic animals. J Med Virol. 18: 120–122.
28. Pavlovskiĭ EN (1966) Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases: In Relation to Landscape, Epidemiology, of Zooan-thro-ponoses. Peace Publishers. Mos-cow.
29. Official Iranian Population clock (2012) Amar.org.ir. Archived from the origi¬nal on 06 May 2012. Retrieved 13 Feb 2012.
30. ESRI (2015) ArcGIS Desktop: Re¬lease (Version 10.3.1). Redlands, CA: Envi-ronmental Systems Research Institute.
31. Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, Shahiduzzaman MD, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS (2007) Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pa¬kistan. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 207–216.
32. Aydin L, Bakirci S (2007) Geograph¬ical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 163–166.
33. Rasulov I (2007) Ticks status in Cen¬tral Asia with a special emphasis on Uzbeki-stan. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 183–186.
34. Chen Z, Yang X, Bu F, Yang X, Yang X, Liu J (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ar¬gasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Exp Appl Aca¬rol. 51(4): 393–404.
35. Tahmasebi F, Ghiasi SM, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Piazak N, Mozafari A, Haeri A, Fooks AR, Chinikar S (2010) Molec-ular epidemiology of Cri¬mean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus genome iso¬lated from ticks of Hamadan Province of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(4): 211–216.
36. Ghashgai O, Yakhchali M, Sohrabi S (2015) PCR-RELP for detecting of Theileria an¬nulata infection in cattle and Hyalomma species in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Ar¬chives of Razi Insti-tute. 70(1): 7–12.
37. Telmadarraiy Z, Chinikar S, Vatan¬doost H, Faghihi F, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2015) Vectors of Crimean Congo hem-or¬rhagic fever virus in Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 9(2): 137–147.
38. Williams RJ, Al‐Busaidy S, Mehta FR, Maupin GO, Wagoner KD, Al‐Awaidy S, Suleiman AJ, Khan AS, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG (2000) Crimean‐Congo haem¬or¬rhagic fever: a seroepidemiologi-cal and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman. Trop Med Int Health. 5(2): 99–106.
39. Sherifi K, Cadar D, Muji S, Robaj A, Ah-meti S, Jakupi X, Emmerich P, Krüger A (2014) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus clades V and VI (Europe 1 and 2) in ticks in Kosovo, 2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8(9): e3168.
40. Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Raf¬inejad J, Mohebali M, Tavakoli M, Abdigou-darzi M, Faghihi F, Aboulhasani M, Za-rei Z, Jedari M, Mohtarami F, Azam-soulki A, Salari lak Sh, Entezarmahdi R (2009) Distribution of ticks (Ix¬odidae and Argasidae) family and suscepti¬bility lev¬el to cypermethrin in Meshkinshahr Dis¬trict, Ardabil Prov¬ince, Iran. Ardabil Uni Med Sci J. 9(2): 127–133.
41. Telmadarraiy Z, Moradi AR, Vatan¬doost H, Mostafavi E, Oshaghi MA, Zahirnia AH, Haeri A, Chinikar S (2008) Cri-mean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever: a seroep¬i¬de¬miological and molecular sur-vey in Ba¬har, Hama¬dan Province of Iran. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 3: 321–327.
42. Faghihi F, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Bakhshi H, Khakifirooz S, Jalali T, God¬win Nutifafa G (2015) Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fe¬ver: A seroepide-miological and molec¬ular survey in north of Iran. J Entomol Zool Stud. 3(1): 156–159.
43. Yesilbag K, Aydin L, Dincer E, Alpay G, Girisgin AO, Tuncer P, Ozkul A (2013) Tick survey and detection of Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus in tick species from a non-endemic area, South Marmara region, Turkey. Exp Appl Ac-arol. 60(2): 253–261.
44. Biglari P, Chinikar S, Belqeiszadeh H, Tel¬madarraiy Z, Mostafavi E, Ghaffari M, Javaherizadeh S, Nowotny N, Fooks AR, Nariman Shahhosseini N (2016) Phy¬log¬eny of tick-de¬rived Crimean-Con¬go hem¬orrhagic fe¬ver virus strains in Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 7(6): 1216–1221.
45. Mehravaran A, Moradi M, Telmadar¬raiy Z, Mostafavi E, Moradi AR, Kha-kifirouz S, Shah-Hosseini N, Rasi Varaie FS, Jalali T, Hekmat S, Ghiasi SM, Chinikar S (2013) Molecular de-tection of Cri¬mean-Congo haemor¬rhagic fever (CCHF) vi¬rus in ticks from south-eastern Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 4(1–2): 35–38.
46. Kayedi MH, Chinikar S, Mostafavi E, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Naghizadeh A, Niedrig M, Fooks AR, Shahhosseini N (2015) Cri-mean-Congo hemorrhagic fe¬ver virus clade iv (Asia 1) in ticks of western Iran. J Med Ento¬mol. 52(5): 1144–1149.
47. Telmadarraiy Z, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Vatandoost H, Eshraghian MR, Faghihi F, Zarei Z, Haeri A, Chinikar S (2010) A survey of Crimean-Congo haemor-rhagic fever in livestock and ticks in Ardabil Province, Iran dur¬ing 2004–2005. Scand J Infect Dis 42(2): 137–141.
48. Sarani M, Telmadarraiy Z, Salahi Moghad¬dam A, Azam K, Sedaghat MM (2014) Distribution of ticks (Acari: Ix¬odidae) infesting domestic ruminants in mountainous areas of Golestan Prov-ince, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4: S246–S251.
49. Vatandoost H, Moradi-Asl E, Telma¬dar-reiy Z, Mohebali M, Masoumi Asl H, Abai MR, Zarei Z (2012) Field efficacy of flumethrin pour-on against livestock ticks in Iran. Int J Acarology. 38(6): 457–464.
50. Moradi-Asl E, Vatandoost H, Telma¬dar-reiy Z, Mohebali M, Abai MR (2018) Re¬pellency effect of flumethrin pour-on formu¬lation against vectors of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. East Medi-terr Health J. 24(11): 1082–1087.
2. Preston PM (2001) The encyclopedia of ar-thropod transmitted infections. Wall¬ing-ford: CABI Publishing. 5: 487–504.
3. Barker SC, Murrell A (2004) System¬atics and evolution of ticks with a list of val-id genus and species names. Parasitol J. 129(1): 15–36.
4. Gong HY, Zhou JL (2005) Progress on the tick modulation to host immunity. Prog Vet Med. 26: 34–38.
5. Ahmed J, Alp H, Aksin M, Seitzer U (2007) Current status of ticks in Asia. Parasi¬tol Res. 101(2): 159–162.
6. Janbakhsh B (1956) Report on studies of the tick vectors of relapsing fever in Iran. Rep Inst Par Mal. 5th Med. Congr, Iran.
7. Baltazard M (1952) Ornithodorus tar¬takov-skyi olenev 1931 et Borrblia (Spi¬ro¬chae-ta) Latychevi sofiev 1941-Note prélimi-naire. Annales de parasitologie humaine et compare. 27(1–2–3): 311–328.
8. Delpy L (1936) Notes sur les Ixodidés du genre Hyalomma (Koch). Annales de Par¬asitologie Humaine et Comparee. 14(3): 206–245.
9. Abbasian L (1961) Records of tick (Aca-rina: Ixodidae) occurring in Iran and their dis¬tributional data. Acarol. 3: 546–559.
10. Mazloum Z (1971) Ticks of domestic ani-mals in Iran: geographical distribu¬tion, host relation and seasonal activity. J Vet Res. pp. 1–32.
11. Ergonul O (2006) Crimean-Congo haem-or¬rhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 6(4): 203–214.
12. Whitehouse CA (2004) Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 64: 145–160.
13. Ergonul O (2005) The clinical and epide-miological characteristics of CCHF and the impact of ribavirin therapy. Clin Mi-cro¬biol Infect. 11: 58.
14. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE (2001) Fields virology, vol. 1. Phila¬del¬ph¬ia (EUA): Lippincott Wil-liams and Wil¬kins.
15. Champour M, Mohammadi G, Chini¬kar S, Razmi G, Shah-Hosseini N, Kha-kifirouz S, Mostafavi E, Jalali T (2014) Seroepidemiol¬ogy of Crimean-Congo hemorrhag¬ic fe¬ver virus in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) popula-tion in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 62–65.
16. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Naddaf S, Pia¬zak N, Moradi M, Razavi MR, Afzali N, Haeri A, Mostafavizadeh K, Ataei B, Khalilifard-Brojeni M, Husseini SM, Bouloy M (2012) Serological evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans with high-risk professions living in en¬zootic regions of Isfa¬han Province of Iran and genetic analysis of circulat-ing strains. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12(9): 733–738.
17. Moradi AR, Chinikar S, Oshaghi MA, Vatan¬doost H, Houlakoui-Naeini K, Za-hirnia AH, Telmadarraiy Z (2008) Mo-lecular detection of Cri¬mean-Congo hem¬or¬rhagic fever (CCHF) virus in ticks (Ix¬odidae, Argasidae) of Hamedan Prov¬ince, Iran. Biochem Cell Arch. 8(1): 119–123.
18. Morovvati A, Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi A, Soleimani M, Mousavi-Nasab SD, Maji-dzadeh AK (2014) Emergence of a new gen¬otype of Crimean-Congo hem-orrhag¬ic fever virus in Iran. Iran J Virol. 6: 24–29.
19. Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM, Clegg JC, Deubel V, Frolova TV, Gould EA, Gritsun TS, Heinz FX, M Labuda M, Lashkevich VA, Loktev V, Lundkvist A, Lvov DV, Mandl CW, Niedrig M, Papa A, Petrov VS, Plyusnin A, Randolph S, Süss J, Zlobin VI, de Lamballerie X (2004) Tick‐borne virus diseases of human interest in Eu-rope. Clin Micro¬biol Infect. 10(12): 1040–1055.
20. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zeinali M, Meshkat M, Bouloy M (2010) Geographical dis-tribu¬tion and surveillance of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Vec-tor Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10(7): 705–708.
21. Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Sajadi MM, An¬sari H, Mardani M, Holakouie-Naieni K (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fe-ver in Iran. Antiviral Res. 100(1): 20–28.
22. Watts DM, Ksiazek TG, Linthicum KJ, Hoogstraal H (1988) Crimean-Congo haem¬orrhagic fever. In: Monath TP (Ed.) The Arboviruses: epidemiology and ecol¬ogy. CRC Press, Florida USA.
23. Hoogstraal H (1979) The Epidemiol¬ogy of Tick-Borne Crimean-Congo Hemor-rhagic Fever in Asia, Europe, and Af-rica. J Med Entomol. 15(4): 307–417.
24. Maghami G (1968) External parasites of livestocks in Iran. Archs Insf Razi. 20: 81–83.
25. Rahbari S, Nabian S, Shayan P (2007) Pri¬mary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 175–177.
26. Sureau P, Klein JM, Casals J, Digoutte JP, Salaun JJ, Piazak N, Calvo MA (1980) Fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo en Iran à partir de tiques d'ani-maux do¬mestiques. Bul¬letin de l'Institut Pasteur. 131(2): 185–200.
27. Chumakov MP, Ismailova ST, Rubin SG, Smirnova SE, Zgurskaya GN, Khank-ishiev AS, Berezin VV, Solovei EA (1970) Detection of Crimean hemor-rhagic fever foci in Azerbaijan SSR from results from se¬rological investiga-tions of domestic animals. J Med Virol. 18: 120–122.
28. Pavlovskiĭ EN (1966) Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases: In Relation to Landscape, Epidemiology, of Zooan-thro-ponoses. Peace Publishers. Mos-cow.
29. Official Iranian Population clock (2012) Amar.org.ir. Archived from the origi¬nal on 06 May 2012. Retrieved 13 Feb 2012.
30. ESRI (2015) ArcGIS Desktop: Re¬lease (Version 10.3.1). Redlands, CA: Envi-ronmental Systems Research Institute.
31. Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, Shahiduzzaman MD, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS (2007) Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pa¬kistan. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 207–216.
32. Aydin L, Bakirci S (2007) Geograph¬ical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 163–166.
33. Rasulov I (2007) Ticks status in Cen¬tral Asia with a special emphasis on Uzbeki-stan. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 183–186.
34. Chen Z, Yang X, Bu F, Yang X, Yang X, Liu J (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ar¬gasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Exp Appl Aca¬rol. 51(4): 393–404.
35. Tahmasebi F, Ghiasi SM, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Piazak N, Mozafari A, Haeri A, Fooks AR, Chinikar S (2010) Molec-ular epidemiology of Cri¬mean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus genome iso¬lated from ticks of Hamadan Province of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(4): 211–216.
36. Ghashgai O, Yakhchali M, Sohrabi S (2015) PCR-RELP for detecting of Theileria an¬nulata infection in cattle and Hyalomma species in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Ar¬chives of Razi Insti-tute. 70(1): 7–12.
37. Telmadarraiy Z, Chinikar S, Vatan¬doost H, Faghihi F, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2015) Vectors of Crimean Congo hem-or¬rhagic fever virus in Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 9(2): 137–147.
38. Williams RJ, Al‐Busaidy S, Mehta FR, Maupin GO, Wagoner KD, Al‐Awaidy S, Suleiman AJ, Khan AS, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG (2000) Crimean‐Congo haem¬or¬rhagic fever: a seroepidemiologi-cal and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman. Trop Med Int Health. 5(2): 99–106.
39. Sherifi K, Cadar D, Muji S, Robaj A, Ah-meti S, Jakupi X, Emmerich P, Krüger A (2014) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus clades V and VI (Europe 1 and 2) in ticks in Kosovo, 2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8(9): e3168.
40. Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Raf¬inejad J, Mohebali M, Tavakoli M, Abdigou-darzi M, Faghihi F, Aboulhasani M, Za-rei Z, Jedari M, Mohtarami F, Azam-soulki A, Salari lak Sh, Entezarmahdi R (2009) Distribution of ticks (Ix¬odidae and Argasidae) family and suscepti¬bility lev¬el to cypermethrin in Meshkinshahr Dis¬trict, Ardabil Prov¬ince, Iran. Ardabil Uni Med Sci J. 9(2): 127–133.
41. Telmadarraiy Z, Moradi AR, Vatan¬doost H, Mostafavi E, Oshaghi MA, Zahirnia AH, Haeri A, Chinikar S (2008) Cri-mean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever: a seroep¬i¬de¬miological and molecular sur-vey in Ba¬har, Hama¬dan Province of Iran. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 3: 321–327.
42. Faghihi F, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Bakhshi H, Khakifirooz S, Jalali T, God¬win Nutifafa G (2015) Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fe¬ver: A seroepide-miological and molec¬ular survey in north of Iran. J Entomol Zool Stud. 3(1): 156–159.
43. Yesilbag K, Aydin L, Dincer E, Alpay G, Girisgin AO, Tuncer P, Ozkul A (2013) Tick survey and detection of Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus in tick species from a non-endemic area, South Marmara region, Turkey. Exp Appl Ac-arol. 60(2): 253–261.
44. Biglari P, Chinikar S, Belqeiszadeh H, Tel¬madarraiy Z, Mostafavi E, Ghaffari M, Javaherizadeh S, Nowotny N, Fooks AR, Nariman Shahhosseini N (2016) Phy¬log¬eny of tick-de¬rived Crimean-Con¬go hem¬orrhagic fe¬ver virus strains in Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 7(6): 1216–1221.
45. Mehravaran A, Moradi M, Telmadar¬raiy Z, Mostafavi E, Moradi AR, Kha-kifirouz S, Shah-Hosseini N, Rasi Varaie FS, Jalali T, Hekmat S, Ghiasi SM, Chinikar S (2013) Molecular de-tection of Cri¬mean-Congo haemor¬rhagic fever (CCHF) vi¬rus in ticks from south-eastern Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 4(1–2): 35–38.
46. Kayedi MH, Chinikar S, Mostafavi E, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Naghizadeh A, Niedrig M, Fooks AR, Shahhosseini N (2015) Cri-mean-Congo hemorrhagic fe¬ver virus clade iv (Asia 1) in ticks of western Iran. J Med Ento¬mol. 52(5): 1144–1149.
47. Telmadarraiy Z, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Vatandoost H, Eshraghian MR, Faghihi F, Zarei Z, Haeri A, Chinikar S (2010) A survey of Crimean-Congo haemor-rhagic fever in livestock and ticks in Ardabil Province, Iran dur¬ing 2004–2005. Scand J Infect Dis 42(2): 137–141.
48. Sarani M, Telmadarraiy Z, Salahi Moghad¬dam A, Azam K, Sedaghat MM (2014) Distribution of ticks (Acari: Ix¬odidae) infesting domestic ruminants in mountainous areas of Golestan Prov-ince, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4: S246–S251.
49. Vatandoost H, Moradi-Asl E, Telma¬dar-reiy Z, Mohebali M, Masoumi Asl H, Abai MR, Zarei Z (2012) Field efficacy of flumethrin pour-on against livestock ticks in Iran. Int J Acarology. 38(6): 457–464.
50. Moradi-Asl E, Vatandoost H, Telma¬dar-reiy Z, Mohebali M, Abai MR (2018) Re¬pellency effect of flumethrin pour-on formu¬lation against vectors of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. East Medi-terr Health J. 24(11): 1082–1087.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 1 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i1.6485 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Argasidae; Ixodidae; Distribution; CCHF; GIS | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hanafi-Bojd AA, Jafari S, Telmadarraiy Z, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Moradi-Asl E. Spatial Distribution of Ticks (Arachniada: Argasidae and Ixodidae) and Their Infection Rate to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021;15(1):41–59.
