Comparing the Bacterial Flora of Insectary and Filed Strains of Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae) and their Antibiotic Resistant Pattern in Qom Province, Central Iran
-
Arshad Veysi
,
Majid Kababian
,
Mohammad Khalifeh Gholi
,
Kazem Godini
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Abedin Saghafipour
Abstract
Background: Cockroaches play a role in the mechanical transmission of microbial pathogens. This study was designed to determine the isolated bacteria and their susceptibility to conventional antibiotics from brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, in Qom province, central Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, brown-banded cockroaches were bred in an insectary and caught from hospitals of Qom. The samples were taken from the surface and alimentary canal and then cultured on microbial culture media; next, grown specimens were identified using differential culture media. Finally, after performing diagnostic tests and identifying the bacteria species, their susceptibility to various antibiotics was evaluated.
Results: A total of 120 adult cockroaches from the insectary and hospitals were included in the study. Ten bacterial genera were found; nine were Gram-negative and one was Gram-positive. The genus Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Hafnia were isolated only from the hospital strain. On the other hand, Pseudomonas and Escherichia from both groups and other species such as Salmonella, Proteus and Shigella were isolated only from laboratory strains. The highest antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli were 100.0% and 98.1% for ampicillin and Ceftazidime, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that various pathogenic bacteria harbored by brown-banded cockroaches. Moreover, it was found that most of these bacteria belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which can be pathogenic and thus threaten human health.
1. Cochran DG (1999) Cockroaches: Their Bi-ology, Distribution and Control. World Health Organization, Geneva.
2. Kalantari M, Vahedi M, Azizi K, Hosse-inpour A, Jamalidoust M, Rezanezhad H, Alipour H, Miri M, Abolhasanbeigi N, Ashraf H (2023) First molecular detec¬tion of SARS-CoV-2 virus in cock-roach¬es. Biologia (Bratisl). 78(4): 1153−1160.
3. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA (2015) A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blat-todea) with description of Polyphaga sp as a new species in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(2): 161−175.
4. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Rafie G, Akbari S, Oshaghi MA (2017) Utility of mtDNA-COI barcode region for phylogenetic re-lationship and diagnosis of five common pest cockroaches. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(2): 182−193.
5. Teifoori F, Postigo I, Martinez J (2017) Learn¬ing from the molecular profile of Blattella germanica allergens identified from allergic patients in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Allergy, Asthma Immunol. 2017: 169−170.
6. Nasirian H (2016) New aspects about Su-pella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(12): 1065−1075.
7. Dhang P (2018) Urban Pest Control: a prac-titioner's guide, CABI.
8. Elgderi RM, Ghenghesh KS, Berbash N (2006) Carriage by the German cock-roach (Blattella germanica) of multiple-antibi¬otic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospitals and households in Tripoli, Libya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 55−62.
9. Baumholtz MA, Parish LC, Witkowski JA, Nutting WB (1997) The medical im-portance of cockroaches. Int J Dermatol. 36(2): 90−96.
10. Akbari S, Oshaghi MA, Hashemi-Agh¬dam SS, Hajikhani S, Oshaghi G, Shirazi MH (2015) Aerobic bacterial community of American cockroach Periplaneta ameri-cana, a step toward finding suitable par-atransgenesis candidates. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 35−48.
11. Rivault C, Cloarec A, Le Guyader A (1993) Bacterial load of cockroaches in relation to urban environment. Epidemiol Infect. 110(2): 317−325.
12. Burgess NRH, McDermott SN, Whiting J (1973) Laboratory transmission of En¬ter-o¬bacteriaceae by the oriental cock¬roach, Blatta orientalis. Epidemiol In¬fect. 71(1): 9−14.
13. Le Guyader A, Rivault C, Chaperon J (1989) Microbial organisms carried by brown-banded cockroaches in relation to their spatial distribution in a hospital. Ep¬idemiol Infect. 102(3): 485−492.
14. Farhadloo R, Far JG, Azadeh MR, Shams S, Parvaresh-Masoud M (2018) Evalua-tion of bacterial contamination on pre-hospi¬tal ambulances before and after dis¬infection. Prehosp Disaster Med. 33(6): 602−606.
15. Derakhshan Sefidi M, Heidary L, Shams S (2021) Prevalence of Imipenem-Re-sistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Iran: A Meta-Analysis. Infect Epidemi¬ol Microbiol. 7(1): 77−99.
16. World Health Organization (2019) Ten threats to global health in 2019. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
17. Nasirian H (2019) Recent cockroach bac-terial contamination trend in the human dwelling environments: a systematic re-view and meta-analysis. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 18(3): 540−545.
18. Sabree ZL, Kambhampati S, Moran NA (2009) Nitrogen recycling and nutrition-al provisioning by Blattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 106(46): 19521−19526.
19. Brownlie JC, Johnson KN (2009) Symbi-ont-mediated protection in insect hosts. Trends Microbiol. 17(8): 348−354.
20. Maleki-Ravasan N, Ahmadi N, Soroushza-deh Z, Raz AA, Zakeri S, Dinparast Dja¬did N (2020) New insights into cultura¬ble and unculturable bacteria across the life history of medicinal maggots Lu¬cilia sericata (Meigen)(Diptera: Calli¬phor¬idae). Front Microbiol. 11: 505.
21. Morrison M, Pope PB, Denman SE, McSweeney CS (2009) Plant biomass deg¬radation by gut microbiomes: more of the same or something new? Curr Opin Biotechnol. 20(3): 358−363.
22. Brucker RM, Bordenstein SR (2012) Spe-ciation by symbiosis. Trends Ecol Evol. 27(8): 443−451.
24. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Shabani Kordshouli R, Azarm A, Oshaghi MA (2023) Wolbachia in-fection in native populations of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. PLoS One. 18(4): E0284704.
25. Maleki-Ravasan N, Oshaghi MA, Afshar D, Arandian MH, Hajikhani S, Akhavan AA, Yakhchali B, Shirazi MH, Rassi Y, Jafari R, Aminian K, Fazeli-Varzaneh RA, Durvasula R (2015) Aerobic bacterial flo¬ra of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic Zoonotic Cutaneous Leish¬maniasis (ZCL) focus. Parasit Vectors. 8: 63.
26. Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB (2022) Overview of par-atransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors. 15(1): 1−31.
27. Nasirian H, Ladoni H, Shayeghi M, Vatan¬doust H, Yaghoubi MR, Rassi Y, Abou alhasani M, Abaei MR (2006) Compari¬son of permethrin and fipronil toxicity against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strains. Iran J Public Health. 35(1): 63−67.
28. Ifeanyi VO, Nwosu SC, Okafor JO, On-negbu CP, Nwabunnia E (2014) Com-par¬ative studies on five culture media for bacterial isolation. African J Microbiol Res. 8(36): 3330−3334.
29. Coico R (2006) Gram staining. Curr Pro-toc Microbiol. (1): A-3C.
30. Lewis JS, Melvin Weinstein FP, Bobenchik AM, Shelley Campeau MT, Sharon Cul¬len DK, Marcelo Galas RF, Gold H, Rom¬ney Humphries FM, Thomas Kirn FJ, Limbago B, Mathers AJ, Tony Maz¬zulli D, Sandra Richter FS, Michael Sat¬lin F, Audrey Schuetz MSN, Susan Sharp D, Patricia Simner FJ (1986) M100-Ed32 February 2022 Replaces M100-Ed31 Per¬formance Standards for Antimicrobial Sus-ceptibility Testing Suggested Citation.; Avaliabe at: www.clsi.org.p:+1.610.688.0100.
31. Keyhani A, Zahirnia AH, Nejati J, Mozaf-fari E, Saghafipour A, Oskouei AO (2018) The bacterial infection of German cock¬roach (Blatella germanica) in hospitals of western Iran. J Entomol Soc Iran. 37(4): 507−514.
32. Sayyad S, Vahabi A, Vahabi B, Sayyadi M, Sahne SH (2016) Investigation of bac¬terio¬logical infections of the American cockroaches in Paveh City, Kermanshah Province. Mater Sociomed. 28(1): 17−20.
33. Fakoorziba MR, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard MD (2010) Cock-roaches (Periplaneta americana and Blat¬tella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in noso¬com¬ial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104(6): 521−528.
34. Vazirianzadeh B, Dehghani R, Me-hdinejad M, Sharififard M, Nasirabadi N (2014) The first report of drug resistant bacteria isolated from the brown-banded cock¬roach, Supella longipalpa, in Ahvaz, south- western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 53−59.
35. Donkor ES (2020) Cockroaches and Food-borne Pathogens. Environ Health In¬sights. 14: 1178630220913365.
36. Donkor ES (2019) Nosocomial pathogens: an in-depth analysis of the vectorial po-tential of cockroaches. Trop Med Infect Dis. 4(1): 14.
37. Memona H, Manzoor F, Anjum AA (2017) Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae): a res¬ervoir of pathogenic microbes in human-dwelling localities in Lahore. J Med En¬tomol. 54(2): 435−440.
38. othuman P, Jeffery J, Aziz AHA, Bakar EA, Jegathesan M (1989) Bacterial path-ogens isolated from cockroaches trapped from paediatric wards in peninsular Ma-laysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 83 (1): 133−135.
39. Fotedar R, Nayar E, Samantray JC, Banerjee U, Dogra V, Kumar A (1989) Cock¬roach¬es as vectors of pathogenic bacteria. J Commun Dis. 21(4): 318−322.
40. Tachbele E, Erku W, Gebre-Michael T, Ashenafi M (2006) Cockroach-associat-ed food-borne bacterial pathogens from some hospitals and restaurants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Distribution and anti-biograms. J Rural Trop Public Heal. 5 (1): 34−41.
41. Kababian M, Mozaffari E, Akbarzadeh K, Kordshouli RS, Saghafipour A, Shams S (2020) Identification of bacteria contam-i¬nating Musca domestica (Diptera: Mus-cidae) collected from animal husband-ries. Shiraz E-Medical J. 21(4): e92018.
42. Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Salehzadeh A, Alikhani MY, Hosseini SM (2023) Bac-terial Contamination of Collected Cock-roaches and Determination their Antibi-otic Susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 17(1): 63−71.
43. Guzman J, Vilcinskas A (2020) Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity? Appl Mi¬crobiol Biotechnol. 104(24): 10369− 10387.
44. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B (2012) Update on bacterial nosocomial infec¬tions. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 16 (8): 1039-44.
45. Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK (2021) Insects, rodents, and pets as reservoirs, vectors, and sentinels of an¬ti¬microbial resistance. Antibiotics. 10(1): 1−42.
46. Chehelgerdi M, Ranjbar R (2021) Viru-lence factors and antibiotic resistance prop¬erties of Streptococcus species iso-lated from hospital cockroaches. 3 Bio-tech. 11(7): 321.
47. Prado MA, Gir E, Pereira MS, Reis C, Pi-menta FC (2006) Profile of antimicro¬bial resistance of bacteria isolated from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in a Brazilian health care institution. Brazil-ian J Infect Dis. 10(1): 26−32.
48. Salehzadeh A, Tavacol P, Mahjub H (2007) Bacterial, fungal and parasitic contam¬i¬nation of cockroaches in public hospi¬tals of Hamadan, Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 44(2): 105−110.
49. Abdolmaleki Z, Mashak Z, Dehkordi FS (2019) Phenotypic and genotypic char-ac¬terization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus strains isolated from hospital cock-roaches. Antimicrob Resist Infect Con-trol. 8(1): 1−14.
2. Kalantari M, Vahedi M, Azizi K, Hosse-inpour A, Jamalidoust M, Rezanezhad H, Alipour H, Miri M, Abolhasanbeigi N, Ashraf H (2023) First molecular detec¬tion of SARS-CoV-2 virus in cock-roach¬es. Biologia (Bratisl). 78(4): 1153−1160.
3. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA (2015) A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blat-todea) with description of Polyphaga sp as a new species in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(2): 161−175.
4. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Rafie G, Akbari S, Oshaghi MA (2017) Utility of mtDNA-COI barcode region for phylogenetic re-lationship and diagnosis of five common pest cockroaches. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(2): 182−193.
5. Teifoori F, Postigo I, Martinez J (2017) Learn¬ing from the molecular profile of Blattella germanica allergens identified from allergic patients in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Allergy, Asthma Immunol. 2017: 169−170.
6. Nasirian H (2016) New aspects about Su-pella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(12): 1065−1075.
7. Dhang P (2018) Urban Pest Control: a prac-titioner's guide, CABI.
8. Elgderi RM, Ghenghesh KS, Berbash N (2006) Carriage by the German cock-roach (Blattella germanica) of multiple-antibi¬otic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospitals and households in Tripoli, Libya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 55−62.
9. Baumholtz MA, Parish LC, Witkowski JA, Nutting WB (1997) The medical im-portance of cockroaches. Int J Dermatol. 36(2): 90−96.
10. Akbari S, Oshaghi MA, Hashemi-Agh¬dam SS, Hajikhani S, Oshaghi G, Shirazi MH (2015) Aerobic bacterial community of American cockroach Periplaneta ameri-cana, a step toward finding suitable par-atransgenesis candidates. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 35−48.
11. Rivault C, Cloarec A, Le Guyader A (1993) Bacterial load of cockroaches in relation to urban environment. Epidemiol Infect. 110(2): 317−325.
12. Burgess NRH, McDermott SN, Whiting J (1973) Laboratory transmission of En¬ter-o¬bacteriaceae by the oriental cock¬roach, Blatta orientalis. Epidemiol In¬fect. 71(1): 9−14.
13. Le Guyader A, Rivault C, Chaperon J (1989) Microbial organisms carried by brown-banded cockroaches in relation to their spatial distribution in a hospital. Ep¬idemiol Infect. 102(3): 485−492.
14. Farhadloo R, Far JG, Azadeh MR, Shams S, Parvaresh-Masoud M (2018) Evalua-tion of bacterial contamination on pre-hospi¬tal ambulances before and after dis¬infection. Prehosp Disaster Med. 33(6): 602−606.
15. Derakhshan Sefidi M, Heidary L, Shams S (2021) Prevalence of Imipenem-Re-sistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Iran: A Meta-Analysis. Infect Epidemi¬ol Microbiol. 7(1): 77−99.
16. World Health Organization (2019) Ten threats to global health in 2019. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
17. Nasirian H (2019) Recent cockroach bac-terial contamination trend in the human dwelling environments: a systematic re-view and meta-analysis. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 18(3): 540−545.
18. Sabree ZL, Kambhampati S, Moran NA (2009) Nitrogen recycling and nutrition-al provisioning by Blattabacterium, the cockroach endosymbiont. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 106(46): 19521−19526.
19. Brownlie JC, Johnson KN (2009) Symbi-ont-mediated protection in insect hosts. Trends Microbiol. 17(8): 348−354.
20. Maleki-Ravasan N, Ahmadi N, Soroushza-deh Z, Raz AA, Zakeri S, Dinparast Dja¬did N (2020) New insights into cultura¬ble and unculturable bacteria across the life history of medicinal maggots Lu¬cilia sericata (Meigen)(Diptera: Calli¬phor¬idae). Front Microbiol. 11: 505.
21. Morrison M, Pope PB, Denman SE, McSweeney CS (2009) Plant biomass deg¬radation by gut microbiomes: more of the same or something new? Curr Opin Biotechnol. 20(3): 358−363.
22. Brucker RM, Bordenstein SR (2012) Spe-ciation by symbiosis. Trends Ecol Evol. 27(8): 443−451.
24. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Shabani Kordshouli R, Azarm A, Oshaghi MA (2023) Wolbachia in-fection in native populations of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. PLoS One. 18(4): E0284704.
25. Maleki-Ravasan N, Oshaghi MA, Afshar D, Arandian MH, Hajikhani S, Akhavan AA, Yakhchali B, Shirazi MH, Rassi Y, Jafari R, Aminian K, Fazeli-Varzaneh RA, Durvasula R (2015) Aerobic bacterial flo¬ra of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic Zoonotic Cutaneous Leish¬maniasis (ZCL) focus. Parasit Vectors. 8: 63.
26. Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB (2022) Overview of par-atransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors. 15(1): 1−31.
27. Nasirian H, Ladoni H, Shayeghi M, Vatan¬doust H, Yaghoubi MR, Rassi Y, Abou alhasani M, Abaei MR (2006) Compari¬son of permethrin and fipronil toxicity against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strains. Iran J Public Health. 35(1): 63−67.
28. Ifeanyi VO, Nwosu SC, Okafor JO, On-negbu CP, Nwabunnia E (2014) Com-par¬ative studies on five culture media for bacterial isolation. African J Microbiol Res. 8(36): 3330−3334.
29. Coico R (2006) Gram staining. Curr Pro-toc Microbiol. (1): A-3C.
30. Lewis JS, Melvin Weinstein FP, Bobenchik AM, Shelley Campeau MT, Sharon Cul¬len DK, Marcelo Galas RF, Gold H, Rom¬ney Humphries FM, Thomas Kirn FJ, Limbago B, Mathers AJ, Tony Maz¬zulli D, Sandra Richter FS, Michael Sat¬lin F, Audrey Schuetz MSN, Susan Sharp D, Patricia Simner FJ (1986) M100-Ed32 February 2022 Replaces M100-Ed31 Per¬formance Standards for Antimicrobial Sus-ceptibility Testing Suggested Citation.; Avaliabe at: www.clsi.org.p:+1.610.688.0100.
31. Keyhani A, Zahirnia AH, Nejati J, Mozaf-fari E, Saghafipour A, Oskouei AO (2018) The bacterial infection of German cock¬roach (Blatella germanica) in hospitals of western Iran. J Entomol Soc Iran. 37(4): 507−514.
32. Sayyad S, Vahabi A, Vahabi B, Sayyadi M, Sahne SH (2016) Investigation of bac¬terio¬logical infections of the American cockroaches in Paveh City, Kermanshah Province. Mater Sociomed. 28(1): 17−20.
33. Fakoorziba MR, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard MD (2010) Cock-roaches (Periplaneta americana and Blat¬tella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in noso¬com¬ial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104(6): 521−528.
34. Vazirianzadeh B, Dehghani R, Me-hdinejad M, Sharififard M, Nasirabadi N (2014) The first report of drug resistant bacteria isolated from the brown-banded cock¬roach, Supella longipalpa, in Ahvaz, south- western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 53−59.
35. Donkor ES (2020) Cockroaches and Food-borne Pathogens. Environ Health In¬sights. 14: 1178630220913365.
36. Donkor ES (2019) Nosocomial pathogens: an in-depth analysis of the vectorial po-tential of cockroaches. Trop Med Infect Dis. 4(1): 14.
37. Memona H, Manzoor F, Anjum AA (2017) Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae): a res¬ervoir of pathogenic microbes in human-dwelling localities in Lahore. J Med En¬tomol. 54(2): 435−440.
38. othuman P, Jeffery J, Aziz AHA, Bakar EA, Jegathesan M (1989) Bacterial path-ogens isolated from cockroaches trapped from paediatric wards in peninsular Ma-laysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 83 (1): 133−135.
39. Fotedar R, Nayar E, Samantray JC, Banerjee U, Dogra V, Kumar A (1989) Cock¬roach¬es as vectors of pathogenic bacteria. J Commun Dis. 21(4): 318−322.
40. Tachbele E, Erku W, Gebre-Michael T, Ashenafi M (2006) Cockroach-associat-ed food-borne bacterial pathogens from some hospitals and restaurants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Distribution and anti-biograms. J Rural Trop Public Heal. 5 (1): 34−41.
41. Kababian M, Mozaffari E, Akbarzadeh K, Kordshouli RS, Saghafipour A, Shams S (2020) Identification of bacteria contam-i¬nating Musca domestica (Diptera: Mus-cidae) collected from animal husband-ries. Shiraz E-Medical J. 21(4): e92018.
42. Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Salehzadeh A, Alikhani MY, Hosseini SM (2023) Bac-terial Contamination of Collected Cock-roaches and Determination their Antibi-otic Susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 17(1): 63−71.
43. Guzman J, Vilcinskas A (2020) Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity? Appl Mi¬crobiol Biotechnol. 104(24): 10369− 10387.
44. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B (2012) Update on bacterial nosocomial infec¬tions. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 16 (8): 1039-44.
45. Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK (2021) Insects, rodents, and pets as reservoirs, vectors, and sentinels of an¬ti¬microbial resistance. Antibiotics. 10(1): 1−42.
46. Chehelgerdi M, Ranjbar R (2021) Viru-lence factors and antibiotic resistance prop¬erties of Streptococcus species iso-lated from hospital cockroaches. 3 Bio-tech. 11(7): 321.
47. Prado MA, Gir E, Pereira MS, Reis C, Pi-menta FC (2006) Profile of antimicro¬bial resistance of bacteria isolated from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in a Brazilian health care institution. Brazil-ian J Infect Dis. 10(1): 26−32.
48. Salehzadeh A, Tavacol P, Mahjub H (2007) Bacterial, fungal and parasitic contam¬i¬nation of cockroaches in public hospi¬tals of Hamadan, Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 44(2): 105−110.
49. Abdolmaleki Z, Mashak Z, Dehkordi FS (2019) Phenotypic and genotypic char-ac¬terization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus strains isolated from hospital cock-roaches. Antimicrob Resist Infect Con-trol. 8(1): 1−14.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i3.14981 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Brown-Banded cockroaches; Microbiome Alimentary canal Body surface Pathogens | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Veysi A, Kababian M, Khalifeh Gholi M, Godini K, Vatandoost H, Saghafipour A. Comparing the Bacterial Flora of Insectary and Filed Strains of Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae) and their Antibiotic Resistant Pattern in Qom Province, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;17(3):197–205.
