Evaluation of Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi, the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Different WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Focus, Central Iran
-
Zahra Saeidi
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Morteza Zaim
,
Reza Ahmadkhaniha
,
Yavar Rassi
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
,
Mohammad Hossein Arandian
,
Reza Jafari
,
Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galan
,
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
Abstract
Background: Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by Leishmania parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO’s global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO.
Methods: Sand flies were collected by mouth aspirator in Matin Abad desert Eco-resort and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Malathion 5% and Propoxur 0.1%. The number of knockdown sand flies were recorded during exposure time in ten minutes interval for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Knockdown Time50 (KD50) and KD90 were generated for them using Probit software. They were mounted and identified by valid keys.
Results: Among the tested insecticides against female Phlebotomus papatasi, DDT, Deltamethrin, and Malathion recorded the highest mortality rate of 100%, followed by Propoxur with 92.2% mortality for a one-hour exposure. For DDT, KD50 and KD90 were calculated 21.87 and 42.93 and for Deltamethrin, they were 23.74 and 56.50 minutes respectively. Total sand flies exposed with DDT and Deltamethrin shed their leg(s).
Conclusion: It is concluded that Ph. papatasi from central Iran is susceptible to DDT, Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Propoxur.
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21. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Khamesipour A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H (2019) Conducting international diploma course on leishmaniasis and its control in the Islamic Republic of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 234–242.
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31. Wood RJ (1962) The effectiveness of insecticideimpregnated papers of different ages in the WHO adult mosquito test Kit. Bull World Health Org. Geneva 27: 306.
32. Pener H, Wilamovsky A (1987) Base‐line susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to insecticides. Med Vet Entomol. 1(2):147–149.
33. El-Sayed S, Hemingway J, Lane RP ) 1989( Susceptibility baselines for DDT metabolism and related enzyme systems in the sandflyPhlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae), Bull Entomol Res. 79(4) 679– 684.
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36. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992 (The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Iran J Public Health. 21(1-4): 11–50.
37. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the Phlebotomine of Iran. J Med Entomol. 1:285–300.
38. Finney DJ)1971( Probit Analysis, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. Denlinger DS, Lozano-Fuentes S, Lawyer PHG, Black IV, WC, Bernhardt SA (2015) Assessing insecticide susceptibility of laboratory Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). J Med Entomol. 52(5): 1003–1012.
40. Davies TGE, Field LM, Usherwood PNR, Williamson MS (2007) DDT, pyrethrin, pyrethroids, and insect sodium channels. IUBMB Life. 59: 151–162.
41. Mukhopadhyay AK, Sexena NBLK, Narasimhan MVVL (1992) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in some Kalaazar endemic districts of Bihar, India. Geneva, World Health Organization, (unpublished document WHO/CTD/VBC/ 92.995).
42. Singh R, Das RK, Sharma SK )2001( Resistance of sand flies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India. Bull World Health Organ. 79(8): 793.
43. Gary ET, Abd el-baset BZ, Hanafi AH, Gregory MB, Brian CZ (2001( Susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in North Africa and the Middle East. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 17 (l): 23–27.
44. Maroli M, Cianchi T, Bianchi R, Khoury C (2002( Testing insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanità. 38 (4): 419–423.
45. Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP 2010 Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4(10): e859.
46. Singh RK, Mittal PK, Dhiman RC) 2012( Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in different foci in three states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 49: 254–257.
47. Faraj C, Ouahabi S, Adlaoui EB, El Elkohli M, Lakraa L, El Rhazi M, Ameur B (2012)Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti and Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi in endemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco. Parasit Vectors. 5: 51–57.
48. Hassan MM, Widaa SO, Osman OM, Numiary MS, Ibrahim MA, Abushama HM (2012( Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 5: 46–55.
49. Kumar V, Shankar L, Kesari S, Shankar Bhunia G, Singh D, Mandal R, Das P (2015) Insecticide susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes & assessment of vector control in two districts of West Bengal, India. Indian J Med Res. 142: 211–215.
50. Selvakumar M, Srinivasan R (2015) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT and deltamentrin in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in kani tribes settlement of the Western Ghats in Kerala, India. IntJ Curr Res. 7(08): 19564–19566.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i4.10501 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomus papatasi Insecticide Susceptibility Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Zaim M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Rassi Y, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Arandian MH, Jafari R, Hubert Galan YJ, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA. Evaluation of Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi, the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Different WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Focus, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2022;15(4):366-379.
