The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Arthropod-Related Diseases
,
Abstract
Background: The Covid-19 pandemic that caused by the infection with the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has revealed individual and global vulnerabilities all over the world. Many countries that had been struggled with arthropod-borne diseases (VBDs) are now embroiled in another challenge caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The situation that poses major obstacles 1) by misdiagnosis 2) delay in early and appropriate treatment of VBDs 3) difficulties in applying regular strategy for vector control and prevention methods and finally 4) irregularity in financing supports. Given the possible scenario of syndemics, it is important to plan integrated and combined measurement with the maximum participation of the people and health authorities. Here, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on some major arthropod-related diseases will be discussed.
Methods: To access the collective data all related databases such as Science direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Google scholar, as well WHO web page were searched with key words “arthropoda-related diseases, COVID-19 with the name of each individual disease”.
Results: The results showed that the management, control, and treatment of most important arthropod-related diseases could be delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion: Dealing with COVID-19, it is crucial to consider the other main killers such as malaria, dengue fever, etc. more especially in vulnerable populations by greater political, financial and global commitment. Continued surveillance will be essential to monitor for any possible changes.
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7. WHO (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems. World Health Organ¬iza-tion; Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems.
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10. Chiodini J (2020) COVID-19 and the im-pact on malaria. Travel Med Infect Dis. 35: 101758.
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12. WHO (2020) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. World Health Organ¬iza¬tion, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
13. Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Laman M, Poespoprodjo JR, William T, Simpson JA, Price RN (2020) Identifying and com¬bating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria. BMC medicine. 18(1): 1–7.
14. Hussein MIH, Albashir AAD, Elawad OAMA, Homeida A (2020) Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties. Malar J. 19(1):1–10.
15. Hakizimana D NC, Mbituyumuremyi A, Hakizimana E, Mahmoud H, Birinda-baga¬bo P, Musanabaganwa C, Gashum-ba D (2022) The impact of Covid-19 on malaria services in three high endemic districts in Rwanda: a mixed-method study. Malar J. 21(1): 48.
16. Gutman JR, Lucchi NW, Cantey PT, Stein¬hardt LC, Samuels AM, Kamb ML, Kapel¬la BK, McElroy PD, Udha¬ya-kumar V, Lindblade KA (2020) Malaria and par¬asitic neglected tropical diseases: po¬tential syndemics with COVID-19? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 103(2): 572–577.
17. Lev D, Biber A, Lachish T, Leshem E, Schwartz E (2020) Malaria in travellers in the time of corona. J Travel Med. 27(6): 1–2.
18. WHO (2022) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/community-based-health-care-including-outreach-and-campaigns-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.
19. Mohanan P IZ, Hasan MM, Adedeji OJ, Dos Santos Costa AC, Aborode AT, Ahmad S, Essar MY (2022) Malaria and COVID-19: A double battle for Bu¬run¬di. Afr J Emerg Med. 12(1): 27–29.
20. WHO (2019) Leishmaniasis. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail¬able at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/leishmaniasis#tab=tab_1.
21. Andrade MC FBP, Hilan E, Marques NP, Guimarães-Carvalho SF, Martelli H Jun-ior (2021) COVID-19 Pandemic Causes Increased Clinic Visits with Diagnosis of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil in 2020. Int J Infect Dis. 113: 87–9.
22. Carvalho SFG, Vieira TM, Moura APV, Andrade MC (2020) Should an in¬ter¬sec-tion between visceral leishmaniasis en¬de-micity and the COVID-19 pandemic be considered? Med Hypotheses. 144: 110289.
23. Pikoulas A PE, Spanakos G, Kallianos A, Mparmparousi D, Rentziou G, Trakada G (2022) Visceral leishmaniasis and COVID-19 coinfection - A case report. IDCases. 27: e01358.
24. WHO (1967) Arboviruses and human dis¬
ease. World Health Organization; Avail-able at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/40664/WHO_TRS_369.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
25. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V (2020) COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82(5): e177.
26. Lorenz C, Azevedo TS, Chiaravalloti-Neto F (2020) COVID-19 and dengue fever: A dangerous combination for the health system in Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis. 35: 101659.
27. Mascarenhas MDM, Batista FMdA, Ro-drigues MTP, Barbosa OdAA, Barros VC (2020) Simultaneous occurrence of COVID-19 and dengue: what do the da¬ta show? Cad Saude Publica. 36: e00126520.
28. Spinicci M, Bartoloni A, Mantella A, Zam¬marchi L, Rossolini GM, Antonelli A (2020) Low risk of serological cross-reactivity between dengue and COVID-19. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 115: 1–4.
29. Yan G, Lee CK, Lam LT, Yan B, Chua YX, Lim AY, Phang KF, Kew GS, Teng H, Ngai CH (2020) Covert COVID-19 and false-positive dengue serology in Sin¬gapore. Lancet Infect Dis. 20(5): 536–536.
30. Saavedra-Velasco M, Chiara-Chilet C, Pichardo-Rodriguez R, Grandez-Urbina A, Inga-Berrospi F (2020) Coinfection between dengue and covid-19: need for approach in endemic zones. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 77(1): 52–54.
31. Ridwan R (2020) COVID-19 and dengue: a deadly duo. Trop Doct. 50(3): 270–272.
32. Navarro J-C, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, Sal-a¬zar-Loor J, Rodriguez-Morales AJ (2020) COVID-19 and dengue, co-epidemics in Ecuador and other countries in Latin Amer¬ica: pushing strained health care systems over the edge. Travel Med In¬fect Dis. 37: 101656.
33. Cardona‐Ospina JA, Arteaga‐Livias K, Villamil‐Gómez WE, Pérez‐Díaz CE, Katterine Bonilla‐Aldana D, Mondrag-on‐Cardona Á, Solarte‐Portilla M, Mar-tinez E, Millan‐Oñate J, López‐Medina E (2021) Dengue and COVID‐19, over-lapping epidemics? An analysis from Colombia. J Med Virol. 93(1): 522–527.
34. Ulrich H, Pillat MM, Tárnok A (2020) Dengue fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and antibody-dependent enhance-ment (ADE): a perspective. Cytometry Part A. 97(7): 662–667.
35. Wu D, Lu J, Liu Q, Ma X, He W (2020) To alert coinfection of COVID-19 and dengue virus in developing countries in the dengue-endemic area. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41(12): 1482.
36. Harapan H, Ryan M, Yohan B, Abidin RS, Nainu F, Rakib A, Jahan I, Emran TB, Ullah I, Panta K (2021) Covid‐19 and dengue: Double punches for den-gue‐endemic countries in Asia. Rev Med Virol. 31(2): e2161.
37. Cruz J, Tovilla-Zárate CA, González-Morales DL, González-Castro TB (2020) Risk of a syndemic between COVID-19 and dengue fever in southern Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 156(5): 460–464.
38. Surendran SN NR, Sivabalakrishnan K, Arthiyan S, Tharsan A, Jayadas TTP, Raveendran S, Kumanan T, Ramasamy R (2022) Reduced dengue incidence dur¬ing the COVID-19 movement re-strictions in Sri Lanka from March 2020 to April 2021. BMC Public Health. 22 (1): 1–10.
39. Vanderslott S MT (2020) Health diplo-macy across borders: the case of yellow fever and COVID-19. J Travel Med. 27 (5): 1–3.
40. WHO (2019) Yellow fever. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [up¬dated 7 May 2019]; Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever.
41. Vasconcelos PFdC, Alcantara LCJ, Araujo WNd (2020) The obscurance of the greatest sylvatic yellow fever epidemic and the cooperation of the Pan Amer¬ican Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 53: 1–5.
42. Gaythorpe KA AK, Huber J, Karachaliou A, Thakkar N, Woodruff K, Li X, Ech-everria-Londono S; VIMC Working Group on COVID-19 Impact on Vaccine Pre¬ventable Disease, Ferrari M, Jackson ML, McCarthy K, Perkins TA, Trotter C, Jit M (2021) Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, menin-gococcal A, and yellow fever vaccina-tion in 10 countries. Elife. 10: e67023.
43. Dantés HG, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Morales FC, Siqueira Jun¬ior JB, Pimenta F, Coelho G, Bezerra H (2020) Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pan-demic scenario of COVID-19: chal¬leng-es and opportunities for the region of the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 115: 1–5.
44. WHO (2018) Zika virus. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [cited 2018 20 July 2018]; Available at: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
45. Pannu J BM (2021) Global health security as it pertains to Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 34(5): 401–408.
46. Galassi F O-II, Adjemian V, Gonzalez-Audino P, Picollo MI, Toloza AC (2021) Head lice were also affected by COVID-19: a decrease on Pediculosis infestation during lockdown in Buenos Aires. Parasitol Res. 120(2): 443–450.
47. Arlian LG, Morgan MS (2017) A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future. Parasit Vectors. 10(1): 1–22.
48. Thomas C, Coates SJ, Engelman D, Cho-sidow O, Chang AY (2020) Ectopar-asites: scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82 (3): 533–548.
49. Dubray CL, Sircar AD, de Rochars VMB, Bogus J, Direny AN, Ernest JR, Fayette CR, Goss CW, Hast M, O’brian K (2020) Safety and efficacy of co-admin-is¬tered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin during mass drug ad¬min-istration for lymphatic filariasis in Haiti: Results from a two-armed, open-label, cluster-randomized, community study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 14(6): e0008298.
50. Pigliacelli F, Donà MG, Giglio A, Cameli N, Morrone A, Zaccarelli M, Latini A (2020) Did the coronavirus pandemic re-veal old neglected infections? Int J Dermatol. 59(11): 1391–1392.
51. Kutlu Ö, Güneş R, Coerdt K, Metin A, Khachemoune A (2020) The effect of the “stay-at- home” policy on requests for dermatology outpatient clinic visits after the COVID-19 outbreak. Dermatol Ther. 33(4): e13581.
2. Pollack RJ, Marcus LC (2005) A travel medicine guide to arthropods of medical importance. Infect Dis Clin. 19(1):169–83.
3. WHO (2022) Malaria. World Health Or-ganization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail-able at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria.
4. WHO (20 May 2021) Leishmaniasis. World Health Organization, Geneva, Swit¬zer-land. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
5. WHO (2022) Dengue fever. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail¬able at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue, 2022
6. Semenza JC, Suk JE (2018) Vector-borne diseases and climate change: a European perspective. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 365 (2): fnx244.
7. WHO (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems. World Health Organ¬iza-tion; Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems.
8. WHO (2021) Malaria. World Health Or¬gan-ization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail¬a¬ble at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria.
9. WHO (2021) Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030. World Health Or-ganization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail-able at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria.
10. Chiodini J (2020) COVID-19 and the im-pact on malaria. Travel Med Infect Dis. 35: 101758.
11. Hogan AB JB, Sherrard-Smith E, Vesga JF, Watson OJ, Whittaker C, Hamlet A, Smith JA, Winskill P, Verity R, Baguelin M, Lees JA, Whittles LK, Ainslie KEC, Bhatt S, Boonyasiri A, Brazeau NF, Cat¬tarino L, Cooper LV, Coupland H, Cuo¬mo-Dannenburg G, Dighe A, Djaafara BA, Donnelly CA, Eaton JW, van Elsland SL, FitzJohn RG, Fu H, Gaythorpe KAM, Green W, Haw DJ, Hayes S, Hinsley W, Imai N, Laydon DJ, Mangal TD, Mellan TA, Mishra S, Nedjati-Gilani G, Parag KV, Thompson HA, Unwin HJT, Vollmer MAC, Walters CE, Wang H, Wang Y, Xi X, Ferguson NM, Okell LC, Church-er TS, Arinaminpathy N, Ghani AC, Walk¬er PGT, Hallett TB (2021) Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a model¬ling study. Lancet Glob Health. 8(9): e1132–e1141.
12. WHO (2020) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. World Health Organ¬iza¬tion, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
13. Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Laman M, Poespoprodjo JR, William T, Simpson JA, Price RN (2020) Identifying and com¬bating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria. BMC medicine. 18(1): 1–7.
14. Hussein MIH, Albashir AAD, Elawad OAMA, Homeida A (2020) Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties. Malar J. 19(1):1–10.
15. Hakizimana D NC, Mbituyumuremyi A, Hakizimana E, Mahmoud H, Birinda-baga¬bo P, Musanabaganwa C, Gashum-ba D (2022) The impact of Covid-19 on malaria services in three high endemic districts in Rwanda: a mixed-method study. Malar J. 21(1): 48.
16. Gutman JR, Lucchi NW, Cantey PT, Stein¬hardt LC, Samuels AM, Kamb ML, Kapel¬la BK, McElroy PD, Udha¬ya-kumar V, Lindblade KA (2020) Malaria and par¬asitic neglected tropical diseases: po¬tential syndemics with COVID-19? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 103(2): 572–577.
17. Lev D, Biber A, Lachish T, Leshem E, Schwartz E (2020) Malaria in travellers in the time of corona. J Travel Med. 27(6): 1–2.
18. WHO (2022) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/community-based-health-care-including-outreach-and-campaigns-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.
19. Mohanan P IZ, Hasan MM, Adedeji OJ, Dos Santos Costa AC, Aborode AT, Ahmad S, Essar MY (2022) Malaria and COVID-19: A double battle for Bu¬run¬di. Afr J Emerg Med. 12(1): 27–29.
20. WHO (2019) Leishmaniasis. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Avail¬able at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/leishmaniasis#tab=tab_1.
21. Andrade MC FBP, Hilan E, Marques NP, Guimarães-Carvalho SF, Martelli H Jun-ior (2021) COVID-19 Pandemic Causes Increased Clinic Visits with Diagnosis of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil in 2020. Int J Infect Dis. 113: 87–9.
22. Carvalho SFG, Vieira TM, Moura APV, Andrade MC (2020) Should an in¬ter¬sec-tion between visceral leishmaniasis en¬de-micity and the COVID-19 pandemic be considered? Med Hypotheses. 144: 110289.
23. Pikoulas A PE, Spanakos G, Kallianos A, Mparmparousi D, Rentziou G, Trakada G (2022) Visceral leishmaniasis and COVID-19 coinfection - A case report. IDCases. 27: e01358.
24. WHO (1967) Arboviruses and human dis¬
ease. World Health Organization; Avail-able at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/40664/WHO_TRS_369.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
25. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V (2020) COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82(5): e177.
26. Lorenz C, Azevedo TS, Chiaravalloti-Neto F (2020) COVID-19 and dengue fever: A dangerous combination for the health system in Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis. 35: 101659.
27. Mascarenhas MDM, Batista FMdA, Ro-drigues MTP, Barbosa OdAA, Barros VC (2020) Simultaneous occurrence of COVID-19 and dengue: what do the da¬ta show? Cad Saude Publica. 36: e00126520.
28. Spinicci M, Bartoloni A, Mantella A, Zam¬marchi L, Rossolini GM, Antonelli A (2020) Low risk of serological cross-reactivity between dengue and COVID-19. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 115: 1–4.
29. Yan G, Lee CK, Lam LT, Yan B, Chua YX, Lim AY, Phang KF, Kew GS, Teng H, Ngai CH (2020) Covert COVID-19 and false-positive dengue serology in Sin¬gapore. Lancet Infect Dis. 20(5): 536–536.
30. Saavedra-Velasco M, Chiara-Chilet C, Pichardo-Rodriguez R, Grandez-Urbina A, Inga-Berrospi F (2020) Coinfection between dengue and covid-19: need for approach in endemic zones. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 77(1): 52–54.
31. Ridwan R (2020) COVID-19 and dengue: a deadly duo. Trop Doct. 50(3): 270–272.
32. Navarro J-C, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, Sal-a¬zar-Loor J, Rodriguez-Morales AJ (2020) COVID-19 and dengue, co-epidemics in Ecuador and other countries in Latin Amer¬ica: pushing strained health care systems over the edge. Travel Med In¬fect Dis. 37: 101656.
33. Cardona‐Ospina JA, Arteaga‐Livias K, Villamil‐Gómez WE, Pérez‐Díaz CE, Katterine Bonilla‐Aldana D, Mondrag-on‐Cardona Á, Solarte‐Portilla M, Mar-tinez E, Millan‐Oñate J, López‐Medina E (2021) Dengue and COVID‐19, over-lapping epidemics? An analysis from Colombia. J Med Virol. 93(1): 522–527.
34. Ulrich H, Pillat MM, Tárnok A (2020) Dengue fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and antibody-dependent enhance-ment (ADE): a perspective. Cytometry Part A. 97(7): 662–667.
35. Wu D, Lu J, Liu Q, Ma X, He W (2020) To alert coinfection of COVID-19 and dengue virus in developing countries in the dengue-endemic area. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41(12): 1482.
36. Harapan H, Ryan M, Yohan B, Abidin RS, Nainu F, Rakib A, Jahan I, Emran TB, Ullah I, Panta K (2021) Covid‐19 and dengue: Double punches for den-gue‐endemic countries in Asia. Rev Med Virol. 31(2): e2161.
37. Cruz J, Tovilla-Zárate CA, González-Morales DL, González-Castro TB (2020) Risk of a syndemic between COVID-19 and dengue fever in southern Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 156(5): 460–464.
38. Surendran SN NR, Sivabalakrishnan K, Arthiyan S, Tharsan A, Jayadas TTP, Raveendran S, Kumanan T, Ramasamy R (2022) Reduced dengue incidence dur¬ing the COVID-19 movement re-strictions in Sri Lanka from March 2020 to April 2021. BMC Public Health. 22 (1): 1–10.
39. Vanderslott S MT (2020) Health diplo-macy across borders: the case of yellow fever and COVID-19. J Travel Med. 27 (5): 1–3.
40. WHO (2019) Yellow fever. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [up¬dated 7 May 2019]; Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever.
41. Vasconcelos PFdC, Alcantara LCJ, Araujo WNd (2020) The obscurance of the greatest sylvatic yellow fever epidemic and the cooperation of the Pan Amer¬ican Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 53: 1–5.
42. Gaythorpe KA AK, Huber J, Karachaliou A, Thakkar N, Woodruff K, Li X, Ech-everria-Londono S; VIMC Working Group on COVID-19 Impact on Vaccine Pre¬ventable Disease, Ferrari M, Jackson ML, McCarthy K, Perkins TA, Trotter C, Jit M (2021) Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, menin-gococcal A, and yellow fever vaccina-tion in 10 countries. Elife. 10: e67023.
43. Dantés HG, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Morales FC, Siqueira Jun¬ior JB, Pimenta F, Coelho G, Bezerra H (2020) Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pan-demic scenario of COVID-19: chal¬leng-es and opportunities for the region of the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 115: 1–5.
44. WHO (2018) Zika virus. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [cited 2018 20 July 2018]; Available at: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
45. Pannu J BM (2021) Global health security as it pertains to Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 34(5): 401–408.
46. Galassi F O-II, Adjemian V, Gonzalez-Audino P, Picollo MI, Toloza AC (2021) Head lice were also affected by COVID-19: a decrease on Pediculosis infestation during lockdown in Buenos Aires. Parasitol Res. 120(2): 443–450.
47. Arlian LG, Morgan MS (2017) A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future. Parasit Vectors. 10(1): 1–22.
48. Thomas C, Coates SJ, Engelman D, Cho-sidow O, Chang AY (2020) Ectopar-asites: scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82 (3): 533–548.
49. Dubray CL, Sircar AD, de Rochars VMB, Bogus J, Direny AN, Ernest JR, Fayette CR, Goss CW, Hast M, O’brian K (2020) Safety and efficacy of co-admin-is¬tered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin during mass drug ad¬min-istration for lymphatic filariasis in Haiti: Results from a two-armed, open-label, cluster-randomized, community study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 14(6): e0008298.
50. Pigliacelli F, Donà MG, Giglio A, Cameli N, Morrone A, Zaccarelli M, Latini A (2020) Did the coronavirus pandemic re-veal old neglected infections? Int J Dermatol. 59(11): 1391–1392.
51. Kutlu Ö, Güneş R, Coerdt K, Metin A, Khachemoune A (2020) The effect of the “stay-at- home” policy on requests for dermatology outpatient clinic visits after the COVID-19 outbreak. Dermatol Ther. 33(4): e13581.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13199 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Arthropoda-related diseases; COVID-19; Syndemics | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Moin-Vaziri V, Badakhshan M. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Arthropod-Related Diseases. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(1):28–35.
