Study on Hard and Soft Ticks of Domestic and Wild Animals in Western Iran
-
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy
,
Habibollah Kooshki
,
Hamideh Edalat
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Hassan Bakhshi
,
Faezeh Faghihi
,
Asadollah Hosseini-Chegeni
,
Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
Abstract
Background: Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of many vertebrates and act as vectors of a wide range of vector-borne diseases. Alongside pathogens transmission, ticks also cause economic losses in animal industry such as production loss, physical damage, anemia, and poisoning. This study aimed to determine the fauna, geographical distribution and seasonal activity of ticks collected from animals in Lorestan Province, west of Iran.
Methods: Ticks were collected from domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, as well as wild animals such as jackals in 2017–2018. Then, they were identified based on morphological characteristics using valid identification keys.
Results: Out of a total of 706 ticks, 433 (61.33%), 104 (14.73%), 33 (4.67%) and 136 (19.26%) ticks were collected in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. In terms of hard ticks, 4 genera and 6 species were identified: Hyalomma asiaticum (22.80%), Hyalomma anatolicum (3.68%), Hyalomma marginatum (2.40%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.84%), Dermacentor marginatus (1.13%), and Haemaphysalis sulcata (0.64%). Additionally, two genera and four species fell into soft ticks: Argas persicus (60.48%), Argas reflexus (6.65%), Ornithodoros canstrini (0.70%) and Ornithodoros erraticus (0.42%). There was significant variation in the seasonal activity and abundance of ticks in different seasons but in the tick abundancy among different regions.
Conclusions: The present study provides a perspective of the distribution status of ticks in Lorestan Province, their seasonal activity and the likelihood of emergence of related diseases.
1. Telmadarraiy Z, Chinikar S, Vatandoost H, Faghihi F, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2015) Vectors of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(2): 137–147.
2. Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Choubdar N, Piazak N, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F, Ravasan NM (2011) Discrimination of relapsing fever Borrelia persica and Borrelia microtti by diagnostic species-specific primers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(3): 201–207.
3. Barmaki A, Rafinejad J, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F, Leghaei Sh, Oshaghi M. (2010) Study on presence of Borrelia persica in soft ticks in western Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 19–25.
4. Rafinejad J, Choubdar N, Oshaghi M, Piazak N, Satvat T, Mohtarami F, Barmaki A (2011) Detection of Borrelia persica infection in Ornithodoros tholozani using PCR targeting rrs gene and xenodiagnosis. Iran J Public Health. 40(4): 138–145.
5. Mohammadian M, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Noroozi M, Faghihi F, Jalali T, Khakifirouz S, Shahhosseini N, Farhadpour F (2016) Molecular assay on Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks (Ixodidae) collected from Kermanshah Province, western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(3): 381–391.
6. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Shayan P, Vatandoost H, Babamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infection in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
7. Fatemian Z, Salehzadeh A, Sedaghat MM, Telmadarraiy Z, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Zahirnia AH. (2018) Hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) species of livestock and their seasonal activity in Boyer-Ahmad and Dena cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest of Iran. Vet World. 11(9): 1357–1363.
8. Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA (2008) Biology of ticks. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 22(2): 195–215.
9. Nava S, Venzal JM, González-Acuña D, Martins TF, Guglielmone AA (2017) Tick classification, external tick anatomy with a glossary, and biological cycles. In: Nava S, Venzal JM, González-Acuña D, Martins TF, Guglielmone AA (Eds): Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Academic Press. p. 1–23.
10. Földvári G, Farkas R (2005) Ixodid tick species attaching to dogs in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 129(1): 125–31.
11. Bouchard C, Dibernardo A, Koffi J, Wood H, Leighton PA, Lindsay LRN (2019) Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes. Can Commun Dis Rep. 45(4): 83–89.
12. Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Pourmand MR, Maleki-Ravasan N, Salehi-Vaziri M, Telmadarraiy Z, Karimian F, Koosha M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Masoomi S, Arzamani K, Nejati J, Karami M, Mozaffari E, Salim-Abadi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Taghilou B, Shirani M (2019) Effect of meteorological factors on Hyalomma species composition and their host preference, seasonal prevalence and infection status to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 268-283.
13. Abbassianlintzen R (1960) A Preliminary List of Ticks (Acariña: Ixodoidea) occurring in Iran and their distributional data. Acarologia. 2(1): 43–61.
14. Mazlum Z (1971) Ticks of domestic animals in Iran: geographic distribution, host relation, and seasonal activity. J Vet Res. 27: 1–32.
15. Jafarbekloo A, Vatandoost H, Davari A, Faghihi F, Bakhshi H, Ramzgouyan MR, Nasrabadi M, Telmadarraiy Z (2014) Distribution of tick species infesting domestic ruminants in borderline of Iran-Afghanistan. J Biomed Sci Eng. 7(12): 982–987.
16. Banafshi O, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Karimi M, Faghihi F, Beik-Mohammadi M, Gholami S, Javaherizadeh S, Edalat H, Vatan-doost H, Telmadarraiy Z (2018) Tick ectoparasites of animals in borderline of Iran-Iraq and their role on disease transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(3): 252–261.
17. Hoogstraal H (1980) Ticks (Ixodoidea) from wild sheep and goats in Iran and medical and veterinary implications. Fieldiana Zool. 6: 1–16.
18. Nabian S, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Hadadzadeh HR (2007) Current status of tick fauna in north of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2(1): 12–17.
19. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Oshaghi MA (2021) An integrated over-view of the bacterial flora composition of Hyalomma anatolicum, the main vector of CCHF. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15 (6): e0009480.
20. Nasiri A, Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Chinikar S, Moradi M, Oshaghi M, Salim Abadi Y, Sheikh Z (2007) Tick infestation rate of sheep and their distribution in Abdanan county, Ilam Province, Iran, 2007–2008. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 56–60.
21. Davari B, Alam FN, Nasirian H, Nazari M, Abdigoudarzi M, Salehzadeh A (2017) Seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the Alashtar County (Lorestan Province), Iran. Pan Afr Med J. 27: 284.
22. Kayedi MH, Taherian MR, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Chegeni-Sharafi A, Mokhayeri H, Khorramabad I (2016) The identification of genus, species and distribution of hard and soft ticks collected from livestock and fowl bodies in Aleshtar and Aligodarz Counties, Lorestan Province, Iran. Life Sci J. 13(1s): 1–6.
23. Ramezani Z, Chavshin AR, Telmadarraiy Z, Edalat H, Dabiri F, Vatandoost H, Zarei Z, Beik-Mohammadi M (2014) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of livestock and their seasonal activities, northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(2): S754–S757.
24. Rahbari S (1995) Studies on some ecological aspects of tick west Azarbidjan, Iran. J Appl Anim Res. 7(2): 189–194.
25. Daniel M, Malý M, Danielová V, Kříž B, Nuttall P (2015) Abiotic predictors and annual seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus, the major disease vector of Central Europe. Parasit Vectors. 8: 478.
26. Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS (2002) Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol. 16: 235–244.
27. Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Ogden NH, Beard CB (2016) Linkages of weather and climate with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae), enzootic transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease in North America. J Med Entomol. 53: 250–261.
28. Razmi GR, Ramoon M (2012) A study of tick fauna in Tandoureh National Park, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Acarina. 20(1): 62–65.
29. Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Chinikar S, Oshaghi MA, Moradi M, Ardakan EM, Hekmat S, Nasiri A (2010) Hard ticks on domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics in Yazd Province, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(1): 66–71.
30. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14: 469.
31. Sofizadeh A, Telmadarraiy Z, Rahnama A, Gorganli-Davaji A, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2013) Hard tick species of livestock and their bioecology in Golestan Province, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 108–116.
32. Jafari A, Rasekh M, Saadati D, Faghihi F, Fazlalipour M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Ahmadi Z (2021) Molecular detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in tick vectors in rural areas of eastern Iran. New Find Vet Microbiol. 3(2): 1–9.
33. Ganjali M, Dabirzadeh M, Sargolzaie M (2014) Species diversity and distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zabol County, eastern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 219–223.
34. Jafari A, Asadolahizoj S, Rasekh M, Saadati D, Faghihi F, Fazlalipour M, Lotfi A, Beik Mohammadi M, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2021) Hard ticks circulate Anaplasma spp. in South-Khorasan Province, Iran. Iran J Vet Sci Technol. 13(1): 98–102.
35. Chegeni AH, Telmadarraiy Z, Tavakoli M, Faghihi F (2017) Molecular detection of Borrelia anserina in Argas persicus (Acari: Argasidae) ticks collected from Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Persian J Acarol. 6(4): 287–297.
36. de la Fuente J, Estrada-Pena A, Venzal JM, Kocan KM, Sonenshine DE (2008) Overview: ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Front Biosci. 13(13): 6938–6946.
37. Miller BR, Loomis R, Dejean A, Hoogstraal H (1985) Experimental studies on the replication and dissemination of Qalyub virus (Bunyaviridae: Nairovirus) in the putative tick vector, Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 34(1): 180–187.
2. Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Choubdar N, Piazak N, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F, Ravasan NM (2011) Discrimination of relapsing fever Borrelia persica and Borrelia microtti by diagnostic species-specific primers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(3): 201–207.
3. Barmaki A, Rafinejad J, Vatandoost H, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F, Leghaei Sh, Oshaghi M. (2010) Study on presence of Borrelia persica in soft ticks in western Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 19–25.
4. Rafinejad J, Choubdar N, Oshaghi M, Piazak N, Satvat T, Mohtarami F, Barmaki A (2011) Detection of Borrelia persica infection in Ornithodoros tholozani using PCR targeting rrs gene and xenodiagnosis. Iran J Public Health. 40(4): 138–145.
5. Mohammadian M, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Noroozi M, Faghihi F, Jalali T, Khakifirouz S, Shahhosseini N, Farhadpour F (2016) Molecular assay on Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks (Ixodidae) collected from Kermanshah Province, western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(3): 381–391.
6. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Shayan P, Vatandoost H, Babamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infection in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
7. Fatemian Z, Salehzadeh A, Sedaghat MM, Telmadarraiy Z, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Zahirnia AH. (2018) Hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) species of livestock and their seasonal activity in Boyer-Ahmad and Dena cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest of Iran. Vet World. 11(9): 1357–1363.
8. Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA (2008) Biology of ticks. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 22(2): 195–215.
9. Nava S, Venzal JM, González-Acuña D, Martins TF, Guglielmone AA (2017) Tick classification, external tick anatomy with a glossary, and biological cycles. In: Nava S, Venzal JM, González-Acuña D, Martins TF, Guglielmone AA (Eds): Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Academic Press. p. 1–23.
10. Földvári G, Farkas R (2005) Ixodid tick species attaching to dogs in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 129(1): 125–31.
11. Bouchard C, Dibernardo A, Koffi J, Wood H, Leighton PA, Lindsay LRN (2019) Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes. Can Commun Dis Rep. 45(4): 83–89.
12. Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Pourmand MR, Maleki-Ravasan N, Salehi-Vaziri M, Telmadarraiy Z, Karimian F, Koosha M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Masoomi S, Arzamani K, Nejati J, Karami M, Mozaffari E, Salim-Abadi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Taghilou B, Shirani M (2019) Effect of meteorological factors on Hyalomma species composition and their host preference, seasonal prevalence and infection status to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 268-283.
13. Abbassianlintzen R (1960) A Preliminary List of Ticks (Acariña: Ixodoidea) occurring in Iran and their distributional data. Acarologia. 2(1): 43–61.
14. Mazlum Z (1971) Ticks of domestic animals in Iran: geographic distribution, host relation, and seasonal activity. J Vet Res. 27: 1–32.
15. Jafarbekloo A, Vatandoost H, Davari A, Faghihi F, Bakhshi H, Ramzgouyan MR, Nasrabadi M, Telmadarraiy Z (2014) Distribution of tick species infesting domestic ruminants in borderline of Iran-Afghanistan. J Biomed Sci Eng. 7(12): 982–987.
16. Banafshi O, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Karimi M, Faghihi F, Beik-Mohammadi M, Gholami S, Javaherizadeh S, Edalat H, Vatan-doost H, Telmadarraiy Z (2018) Tick ectoparasites of animals in borderline of Iran-Iraq and their role on disease transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(3): 252–261.
17. Hoogstraal H (1980) Ticks (Ixodoidea) from wild sheep and goats in Iran and medical and veterinary implications. Fieldiana Zool. 6: 1–16.
18. Nabian S, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Hadadzadeh HR (2007) Current status of tick fauna in north of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2(1): 12–17.
19. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Oshaghi MA (2021) An integrated over-view of the bacterial flora composition of Hyalomma anatolicum, the main vector of CCHF. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15 (6): e0009480.
20. Nasiri A, Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Chinikar S, Moradi M, Oshaghi M, Salim Abadi Y, Sheikh Z (2007) Tick infestation rate of sheep and their distribution in Abdanan county, Ilam Province, Iran, 2007–2008. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 56–60.
21. Davari B, Alam FN, Nasirian H, Nazari M, Abdigoudarzi M, Salehzadeh A (2017) Seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the Alashtar County (Lorestan Province), Iran. Pan Afr Med J. 27: 284.
22. Kayedi MH, Taherian MR, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Chegeni-Sharafi A, Mokhayeri H, Khorramabad I (2016) The identification of genus, species and distribution of hard and soft ticks collected from livestock and fowl bodies in Aleshtar and Aligodarz Counties, Lorestan Province, Iran. Life Sci J. 13(1s): 1–6.
23. Ramezani Z, Chavshin AR, Telmadarraiy Z, Edalat H, Dabiri F, Vatandoost H, Zarei Z, Beik-Mohammadi M (2014) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of livestock and their seasonal activities, northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(2): S754–S757.
24. Rahbari S (1995) Studies on some ecological aspects of tick west Azarbidjan, Iran. J Appl Anim Res. 7(2): 189–194.
25. Daniel M, Malý M, Danielová V, Kříž B, Nuttall P (2015) Abiotic predictors and annual seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus, the major disease vector of Central Europe. Parasit Vectors. 8: 478.
26. Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS (2002) Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol. 16: 235–244.
27. Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Ogden NH, Beard CB (2016) Linkages of weather and climate with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae), enzootic transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease in North America. J Med Entomol. 53: 250–261.
28. Razmi GR, Ramoon M (2012) A study of tick fauna in Tandoureh National Park, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Acarina. 20(1): 62–65.
29. Telmadarraiy Z, Vatandoost H, Chinikar S, Oshaghi MA, Moradi M, Ardakan EM, Hekmat S, Nasiri A (2010) Hard ticks on domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics in Yazd Province, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(1): 66–71.
30. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14: 469.
31. Sofizadeh A, Telmadarraiy Z, Rahnama A, Gorganli-Davaji A, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2013) Hard tick species of livestock and their bioecology in Golestan Province, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 108–116.
32. Jafari A, Rasekh M, Saadati D, Faghihi F, Fazlalipour M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Ahmadi Z (2021) Molecular detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in tick vectors in rural areas of eastern Iran. New Find Vet Microbiol. 3(2): 1–9.
33. Ganjali M, Dabirzadeh M, Sargolzaie M (2014) Species diversity and distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zabol County, eastern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 219–223.
34. Jafari A, Asadolahizoj S, Rasekh M, Saadati D, Faghihi F, Fazlalipour M, Lotfi A, Beik Mohammadi M, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2021) Hard ticks circulate Anaplasma spp. in South-Khorasan Province, Iran. Iran J Vet Sci Technol. 13(1): 98–102.
35. Chegeni AH, Telmadarraiy Z, Tavakoli M, Faghihi F (2017) Molecular detection of Borrelia anserina in Argas persicus (Acari: Argasidae) ticks collected from Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Persian J Acarol. 6(4): 287–297.
36. de la Fuente J, Estrada-Pena A, Venzal JM, Kocan KM, Sonenshine DE (2008) Overview: ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Front Biosci. 13(13): 6938–6946.
37. Miller BR, Loomis R, Dejean A, Hoogstraal H (1985) Experimental studies on the replication and dissemination of Qalyub virus (Bunyaviridae: Nairovirus) in the putative tick vector, Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 34(1): 180–187.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12039 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ectoparasites; Argasidae; Ixodidae; Lorestan; Tick Fauna | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Telmadarraiy Z, Kooshki H, Edalat H, Vatandoost H, Bakhshi H, Faghihi F, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Oshaghi M. Study on Hard and Soft Ticks of Domestic and Wild Animals in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(3):225–232.
