Human Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Iran, Up to Date-2019
-
Mohamad Reza Razavi
,
Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
,
Mehdi Mohebali
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Mehrshad Shirzadi
,
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
,
Faranak Gharachorloo
,
Shahnam Arshi
,
Behzad Amiri
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected and parasitic vector borne diseases that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to explain the present status of CL in Iran. This report is based on data that recorded by cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance system in 2019, and evaluated in Center for Communicable Diseases Management in Ministry of Health in Iran. Iran has been considered an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the world. Dependent to activities for cutaneous leishmaniasis control the number of cases decreased from 23202 in 2008 (Incidence rate 32 per 100000) to 13124 in 2019 (Incidence rate 15.8 per 100000), more cases reported from September to December, in 2019, 46% of cases had one lesion and 21% had 2 lesions, 85% of cases diagnosed when the diameter of lesions had 3 centimeters and bellows.
Although the Leishmania control program began in 1977, the incidence of the disease has dropped dramatically since 2008 when the new cutaneous leishmaniasis control program have been implemented. Although in some areas the incidence of the disease increased, but the implementation of the new program has reduced the number of cases, in order to continue reducing the disease, permanent support for the control programs is needed.
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23. Mollalo A, Alimohammadi A, Shah-risvand M, Shirzadi MR, Malek MR (2014) Spatial and statistical analyses of the relations between vegetation cover and incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic province, northeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(3): 176–180.
24. Shirzadi MR, Mollalo A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2015) Dynamic Relations between Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Climatic Factors in Golestan Province. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (2): 148–160.
25. Nezamzadeh-ezhiyeh H, Mirhendi H, Jafari R, Veysi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Bahrami S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Fadaei R, Ramezanpoor J, Farsi M, Aminian K, Saeidi Z, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2011) An eco-epidemiological study on zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 50(2): 350–359.
26. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44–52.
27. Sharifi I, Nakhaei N, Aflatoonian MR, Hakimi Parizi M, Fekri AR, Safizadeh H, Shirzadi MR, Gooya MM, Khamesipour A, Nadim A (2011) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bam: A Comparative Evaluation of Preand Post-Earthquake Years (1999–2008). Iran J Public Health. 40(2): 49–56.
28. Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian B, Shirzadi MR, Gouya MM, Kermanizadeh A (2016) A Review of impact of bam earthquake on cutaneous leishmaniasis and status: epidemic of old foci, emergence of new foci and changes in features of the disease. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(3): 271–280.
29. Ramezankhani R, Sajjadi N, Esmaeilzadeh RN, Jozi SA, Shirzadi MR (2018) Climate and environmental factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25(12): 11516–11526.
30. Shirzadi MR, Javanbakht M, Jesri N, Saghafipour A (2019) spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases referred to health centers of three khorasan provinces in iran using geographical information system. Iran J Public Health. 48(10): 1885–1892.
31. Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Keyhani A, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Khamesipour A, Mohebali M, Nadim A, Bamorovat M (2019) Emerging epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran: operational aspects, management and implemented control approaches. J Med Microbiol Infect Dis. 7(3): 52–60.
32. Doroodgar A, Sadr F, Razavi MR, Doroodgar M, Asmar M (2015) A new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan Province, Central Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 5(Suppl 1): S54–S58.
2. Oryan A, Akbari M (2016) Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 9(10): 925–932.
3. Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azizi A (2014) Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: incidence and epidemiology. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 8(10): 1–8.
4. Postigo JAR (2010) Leishmaniasis in the world health organization eastern mediterranean region. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 36(S Suppl1): S62–S65.
5. Nadim A, Javadian E, Mohebali M, Momeni A (2008) Leishmania parasite and leishmaniasis, Markaze Nashre Daneshgahi Publication.
6. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis/.
7. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis/.
8. Holakouie-Naieni K, Mostafavi E, Boloorani AD, Mohebali M, Pakzad R (2017) Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran from 1983 to 2013. Acta Trop. 166: 67–73.
9. Heydarpour F, Sari AA, Mohebali M, Shirzadi M, Bokaie S (2016) Incidence and disability-adjusted life years (Dalys) attributable to leishmaniasis in Iran, 2013. Ethiop J Health Sci. 26(4): 381–388.
10. World Health Organization (2014) Manual for case management of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. WHO Regional Publications, Eastern Mediterranean Series (35). Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/1 2000.
11. World Health Organization (2002) An increasing risk factor for leishmaniasis (Weekly Epidemiological Record. WHO Press. 77(44): 365–370.
12. Shirzadi MR (2019) Entomological studies on the mosquito born diseases in Iran: an up-to-date. Insights Biomed. 4(2): 10.
13. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Haghdoost AA, Akhavan AA, Rassi Y, Karimi A (2015) Modeling the distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Iran: a potential transmission in disease prone areas. J Med Entomol. 52 (4): 557–565.
14. Nezemzadeh-Ezhiyteh H, Mirhendi H, Jafari R, Veysi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Bahrami S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Fadaei R, Ramezanpoor J, Farsi M, Aminian K, Saeidi Z, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2021) An ecoepidemiological study on zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 50(2): 350–359.
15. Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, Mahmodi MR, Amraei K, Mirzaei A (2013) Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. in reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Folia Parasit. 60 (3): 218–224.
16. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological Niche Modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44–52.
17. Goto H, Lauletta Lindoso JA (2010) Report of meeting of the WHO Exper Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22–26 March 2010.
18. World Health Organization (WHO) Control of Leishmaniasis (2010) Report of meeting of the WHO Exper Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22–26 March 2010.
19. Shirzadi MR (2012) Cutaneous leishmaniasis control guideline in Iran. Tehran: Zoonoses Control Department, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Available at: https://behdasht.gov.ir/objectives and task description (persian language)
20. Shirzadi MR, Esfahani SB, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Gharachorlo F, Razavi MR (2015) Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Re-public of Iran, 1983–2012. East Mediterr Health J. 21(10): 736–742.
21. Piroozi B, Moradi G, Alinia C, Mohamadi P, gouya MM, NAbavi M, Gharachorloo F, Khademerfan MB, Shirzadi MR (2019) Incidence, Burden, and Trend of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis over Four Decades in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 48(1): 28–35.
22. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Khamesipour A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H (2019) Conducting international diploma course on leishmaniasis and its control in the islamic republic of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 234–242
23. Mollalo A, Alimohammadi A, Shah-risvand M, Shirzadi MR, Malek MR (2014) Spatial and statistical analyses of the relations between vegetation cover and incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic province, northeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(3): 176–180.
24. Shirzadi MR, Mollalo A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2015) Dynamic Relations between Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Climatic Factors in Golestan Province. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (2): 148–160.
25. Nezamzadeh-ezhiyeh H, Mirhendi H, Jafari R, Veysi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Bahrami S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Fadaei R, Ramezanpoor J, Farsi M, Aminian K, Saeidi Z, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2011) An eco-epidemiological study on zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 50(2): 350–359.
26. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44–52.
27. Sharifi I, Nakhaei N, Aflatoonian MR, Hakimi Parizi M, Fekri AR, Safizadeh H, Shirzadi MR, Gooya MM, Khamesipour A, Nadim A (2011) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bam: A Comparative Evaluation of Preand Post-Earthquake Years (1999–2008). Iran J Public Health. 40(2): 49–56.
28. Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian B, Shirzadi MR, Gouya MM, Kermanizadeh A (2016) A Review of impact of bam earthquake on cutaneous leishmaniasis and status: epidemic of old foci, emergence of new foci and changes in features of the disease. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(3): 271–280.
29. Ramezankhani R, Sajjadi N, Esmaeilzadeh RN, Jozi SA, Shirzadi MR (2018) Climate and environmental factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25(12): 11516–11526.
30. Shirzadi MR, Javanbakht M, Jesri N, Saghafipour A (2019) spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases referred to health centers of three khorasan provinces in iran using geographical information system. Iran J Public Health. 48(10): 1885–1892.
31. Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Keyhani A, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Khamesipour A, Mohebali M, Nadim A, Bamorovat M (2019) Emerging epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran: operational aspects, management and implemented control approaches. J Med Microbiol Infect Dis. 7(3): 52–60.
32. Doroodgar A, Sadr F, Razavi MR, Doroodgar M, Asmar M (2015) A new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan Province, Central Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 5(Suppl 1): S54–S58.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i2.7483 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Human cutaneous leishmaniasis; Surveillance; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Razavi MR, Shirzadi MR, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi M, Gouya MM, Gharachorloo F, Arshi S, Amiri B. Human Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Iran, Up to Date-2019. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2022;15(2):143-151.
