Knowledge and Practices of Women Regarding Malaria and Its Prevention: A Community-Based Study in an Area under Malaria Elimination Programme in Iran
-
Mehdi Zare
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Mussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
,
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
,
Seyed Aghil Jaberhashemi
,
Shokrollah Mohseni
Abstract
Background: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are two core interventions for control and prevention of malaria infection. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to determine the knowledge and practices of women regarding malaria and its preventive measures in a malarious area in the Jask County, southeast of Iran.
Methods: Data was collected from 400 households through a two-stage random cluster sampling method in six villages. Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. During the survey, visual observations were also made by the interviewers to check use of LLINs and IRS. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21.
Results: The majority of households had a high level of knowledge about symptoms (98%, n=392) and transmission (74.5%, n=298) of malaria. The main preventive measures against malaria were: LLINS (39.5%, n=158), IRS (32%, n=128), and screens on doors/windows (16.7%, n=67). In addition, participants with primary or higher educational level reported that they practice more malaria preventive measures, compared to those who were illiterate (OR=3.3, 95% CI= 1.6–6.6, p=0.0001, Table 6). In spite of positive perceptions about IRS and LLINs, only 35.5% (n=142) and 17% (n=68) of households used IRS and LLINs, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, despite a high level of knowledge about malaria and its preventive measures, a small number of participants use LLINs and IRS for malaria prevention. Therefore, implementation of effective educational interventions is recommended to improve preventive practices against malaria in the study area.
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11. Afai G, Rossetto EV, Baltazar CS, Can-drinho B, Saifodine A, Zulliger R (2022) Factors associated with knowledge about ma¬laria prevention among women of re¬produc¬tive age, Tete Province, Mozam¬bique, 2019–2020. Ma¬lar J. 21: 76.
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17. Sakeni M, Khorram A, Majdzadeh R, Raie¬si A (2015) Indoor residual spray¬ing cov¬erage and acceptability rates to control malar¬ia and the householders’ reasons of ac¬ceptance or rejection of spraying, in south-east of Iran. Int J In-fect. 2: e31548.
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22. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Za¬re M, Alizadeh A, Salehi M (2014) Com-mu¬nity knowledge and practices re¬gard-ing malaria and long-lasting in¬sec¬ticidal nets dur¬ing malaria elimina¬tion pro-gramme in an en¬demic area in Iran. Malar J. 13: 511.
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27. Madani A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Davoodi SH, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Jaber-hashe¬mi SA, Zare M, Aghamolaei T (2017) House¬hold knowledge and prac-tices concern¬ing malaria and indoor re-sidual spray¬ing in an endemic area ear-marked for malar¬ia elimination in Iran. Parasit Vectors. 10 (1): 600.
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29. Nejati J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sa¬ghafipour A, Soofi K (2018) Knowledge, atti¬tude and practice (KAP) on malaria, from high malaria burden rural communities, south¬eastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 42(1): 62–67.
30. Alam MS, Kabir MM, Hossain MS, Naher S, Ferdous NE, Khan WA, Mondal D, Karim J, Shamsuzzaman AK, Ahmed BN, Islam A (2016) Reduction in malar-ia prev¬a¬lence and increase in malaria awareness in endemic districts of Bang-ladesh. Ma¬lar J. 15(1): 552.
31. Tizifa TA, Gowelo S, Kabaghe AN, McCann RS, Malenga T, Nkhata RM, Kadama A, Chapeta Y, Takken W, Phiri KS, van Vugt M (2022) Community-based house improvement for malaria control in southern Malawi: Stakeholder percep¬tions, experienc¬es, and accepta-bility. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2(7): e0000627.
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2. Nazari N, Hamzavi Y, Rezaei M, Khoshbo P (2022) A brief review of malaria epi-demiological trend in Kermanshah prov-ince, Iran, 1986–2014. J Med Life. 15(3): 392–396
3. UCSF Global Health Group (2015) Elimi-nating malaria in Iran. Available at: https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/sites/globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/files/pub/iran2015-final.pdf.
4. Schapira A, Zaim M, Raeisi A, Ranjbar M, Kolifarhood G, Nikpour F, Am¬lashi M, Faraji L (2018) History of the suc¬cessful struggle against malaria in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Neekpey.
5. Ghahremani L, Azizi M, Moemenbel¬lah-Fard MD, Ghaem H (2019) Malaria pre-ventive behaviors among housewives in sub¬urbs of Bandar-Abbas City, south of Iran: in¬terventional design based on PRECEDE mod¬el. Pathog Glob Health. 113(1): 32–38.
6. Hosseinpoor M, Fekrijaski S, Zare S, So-leimani-Ahmadi M (2023) Analysis of Ma¬laria Situation in Jask County During the Im¬plementation of the Elimination Programme in 2010–2020. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 27(2): 68-72.
7. WHO (2014) WHO recommendations for achieving universal coverage with long lasting insecticidal nets in malaria con-trol. World Health Organization, Gene-va. Availa¬ble at: https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/who_recommendations_universal_coverage_llins.pdf
8. Pryce J, Richardson M, Lengeler C (2018) Insecticide‐treated nets for preventing ma¬laria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11 (11): CD000363.
9. Pryce J, Medley N, Choi L (2022) In¬door residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1(1): CD012688.
10. Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H (2013) The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol. 320: 58–65.
11. Afai G, Rossetto EV, Baltazar CS, Can-drinho B, Saifodine A, Zulliger R (2022) Factors associated with knowledge about ma¬laria prevention among women of re¬produc¬tive age, Tete Province, Mozam¬bique, 2019–2020. Ma¬lar J. 21: 76.
12. Kumar R, Farzeen M, Ahmed J, Lal M, Somrongthong R (2021) Predictors of knowledge and use of long-lasting in-secticidal nets for the prevention of ma-laria among the pregnant women in Pa-kistan. Malar J. 20: 347.
13. Passah M, Nengnong CB, Wilson ML, Carl¬ton JM, Kharbamon L, Albert S (2022) Implementation and acceptance of gov¬ern¬ment-sponsored malaria con-trol in¬terventions in Meghalaya, India. Malar J. 21(1): 200.
14. Zare M, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Davoodi SH, Sanei-Dehkordi A (2016) Insec-ticide sus¬ceptibility of Anopheles ste-phensi to DDT and current insecticides in an elimina¬tion area in Iran. Parasit Vectors. 9: 571.
15. Zaim M, Naseeri-Nejad D, Azoorde¬gan F, Emadi AM (1997) Knowledge and prac-tice of residents about malaria in south-east Iran (1994). Acta Trop. 64(3–4): 123–130.
16. Suuron VM, Mwanri L, Tsourtos G, Owusu-Addo E (2020) An exploratory study of the acceptability of indoor re-sidual spray¬ing for malaria control in upper western Gha¬na. BMC Public Health. 20(1): 465.
17. Sakeni M, Khorram A, Majdzadeh R, Raie¬si A (2015) Indoor residual spray¬ing cov¬erage and acceptability rates to control malar¬ia and the householders’ reasons of ac¬ceptance or rejection of spraying, in south-east of Iran. Int J In-fect. 2: e31548.
18. Brown ZS, Kramer RA, Ocan D, Oryema C (2016) Household perceptions and sub¬jective valuations of indoor residual spray¬ing programmes to control malaria in north¬ern Uganda. Infect Dis Poverty. 5 (1): 100.
19. WHO (2006) Use of indoor residual spray¬ing for scaling up global malaria control and elimination, global malaria Pro¬gramme. A WHO position statement. World Health Organization, Geneva. Avail¬able at: http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/69386/1/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf.
20. Munajat MB, Rahim MA, Wahid W, Seri Rakna MI, Divis PC, Chuangchaiya S, Lu¬bis IN, Osman E, Mohd Kasri MR, Idris ZM (2021) Perceptions and pre-vention prac¬tices on malaria among the indigenous Orang Asli community in Kelantan, Pen¬insular Ma¬laysia. Malar J. 20(1): 202.
21. Ushona SI, Sheehama JA, Iita H (2022) Sociocultural factors that influence the prevention of malaria in Ohangwena re-gion, Namibia. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 14(1): 1–10.
22. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Za¬re M, Alizadeh A, Salehi M (2014) Com-mu¬nity knowledge and practices re¬gard-ing malaria and long-lasting in¬sec¬ticidal nets dur¬ing malaria elimina¬tion pro-gramme in an en¬demic area in Iran. Malar J. 13: 511.
23. Douglas NM, Burkot TR, Price RN (2022) Malaria eradication revisited. Int J Ep¬i-demiol. 51(2): 382–392.
24. Adhikari B, Phommasone K, Pongvongsa T, Kommarasy P, Soundala X, Hen-riques G, White NJ, Day NP, Dondorp AM, Von Seidlein L, Cheah PY (2017) Factors associated with popula-tion coverage of targeted malaria elimi-nation (TME) in southern Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Malar J. 16: 424.
25. Nasir SI, Amarasekara S, Wick¬remasinghe R, Fernando D, Udagama P (2020) Pre-vention of re-establishment of ma¬laria: his¬torical perspective and fu¬ture pro-spects. Malar J. 19(1): 452.
26. Ashley EA, Poespoprodjo JR (2020) Treat¬ment and prevention of malaria in chil¬dren. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 4(10): 775_789.
27. Madani A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Davoodi SH, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Jaber-hashe¬mi SA, Zare M, Aghamolaei T (2017) House¬hold knowledge and prac-tices concern¬ing malaria and indoor re-sidual spray¬ing in an endemic area ear-marked for malar¬ia elimination in Iran. Parasit Vectors. 10 (1): 600.
28. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Eshraghian MR, Haghdoost AA, Abedi F, Zamani, G, Sedaghat MM, Ra-shidian A, Madani AH, Raeisi A (2011) Knowledge, attitudes and prac¬tices regard¬ing malaria control in an en¬demic area of southern Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 42(3): 491–501.
29. Nejati J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sa¬ghafipour A, Soofi K (2018) Knowledge, atti¬tude and practice (KAP) on malaria, from high malaria burden rural communities, south¬eastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 42(1): 62–67.
30. Alam MS, Kabir MM, Hossain MS, Naher S, Ferdous NE, Khan WA, Mondal D, Karim J, Shamsuzzaman AK, Ahmed BN, Islam A (2016) Reduction in malar-ia prev¬a¬lence and increase in malaria awareness in endemic districts of Bang-ladesh. Ma¬lar J. 15(1): 552.
31. Tizifa TA, Gowelo S, Kabaghe AN, McCann RS, Malenga T, Nkhata RM, Kadama A, Chapeta Y, Takken W, Phiri KS, van Vugt M (2022) Community-based house improvement for malaria control in southern Malawi: Stakeholder percep¬tions, experienc¬es, and accepta-bility. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2(7): e0000627.
32. Attu H, Adjei JK (2018) Local knowledge and practices towards malaria in an irri-gated farming community in Ghana. Ma-lar J. 17(1): 150.
33. Sixpence A, Nkoka O, Chirwa GC, Milan-zi EB, Mangani C, Mathanga DP, Ntenda PA (2020) Levels of knowledge re¬gard¬ing malaria causes, symptoms, and pre¬vention measures among Mala¬wian wom¬en of reproductive age. Malar J. 19(1): 225.
34. Kumar R, Farzeen M, Hafeez A, Achakzai BK, Vankwani M, Lal M, Iqbal R, Som-rongthong R (2020) Effectiveness of a health education intervention on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets for the preven¬tion of malaria in pregnant wom-en of Paki¬stan: a quasi-experimental study. Malar J. 19(1): 232.
35. Khairy S, Al-Surimi K, Ali A, Shubily HM, Al Walaan N, Househ M, El-Metwally
A (2017) Knowledge, attitude and prac-tice about malaria in south-western Sau-di Arabia: a household-based cross-sec-tional survey. J Infect Public Health. 10 (5): 499–506.
36. Ferreira ED, Alexandre MA, Salinas JL, de Siqueira AM, Benzecry SG, de Lac-er¬da MV, Monteiro WM (2015) Associ-ation between anthropometry-based nu-tri¬tional sta¬tus and malaria: a systematic review of obser¬vational studies. Malar J. 14: 346.
37. Bauserman M, Conroy AL, North K, Pat-terson J, Bose C, Meshnick S (2019) An overview of malaria in pregnancy. Semin Per¬inatol. 43(5): 282–290.
38. Andrew EV, Pell C, Angwin A, Au¬wun A, Daniels J, Mueller I, Phuanukoonnon S, Pool R (2015) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning malaria in preg-nancy: results from a qualitative study in Madang, Papua New Guinea. PLoS One. 10(4): e0119077.
39. Lwetoijera DW, Kiware SS, Mageni ZD, Dongus S, Harris C, Devine GJ, Majam-bere S (2013) A need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria trans-mission in areas with high bed net cov-erage. Parasit Vec¬tors. 6: 57.
40. Kwiringira A, Nanziri C, Nsubuga EJ, Migam¬ba SM, Ntono V, Atuhaire I, Ahirir¬we SR, Asio A, Senyange S, Naka¬mya P, Masan¬ja V(2022) Owner-ship and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets three months after a mass distribu-tion cam¬paign in Uganda, 2021. Malar J. 21(1): 367.
41. Tungu P, Kirby M, Malima R, Kisinza W, Magesa S, Maxwell C, Batengana B, Pi-geon O, Rowland M (2016) Intercep-tor® long-lasting insecticidal net: phase III eval¬ua¬tion over three years of house-hold use and calibration with Phase II experi¬mental hut outcomes. Parasit Vec-tors. 9: 204.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i4.15301 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Knowledge Practice Indoor residual spraying Malaria preventio Long-lasting insecticidal nets | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Zare M, Vatandoost H, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Jaberhashemi SA, Mohseni S. Knowledge and Practices of Women Regarding Malaria and Its Prevention: A Community-Based Study in an Area under Malaria Elimination Programme in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;17(4):383–399.
