A Comparative Study on the Biodiversity and Species Richness of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Kermanshah and Khuzestan Provinces of Iran
-
Negin Yahaghi
,
Mahboubeh Fatemi
,
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Abdollah Naghian
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramezani
,
Yavar Rassi
,
Hassan Soleimani
,
Hossein Dehghan
,
Arshad Veysi
,
Kamran Akbarzadeh
,
Amir ahmad Akhavan
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne and neglected tropical diseases in many parts of the world. The main objective of this study was to determine the biodiversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces of Iran.
Methods: Sampling was conducted in Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces using sticky paper traps and CDC light traps. The samples were then stored in 96% alcohol-containing vials, mounted, and identified. Afterward, the alpha diversity (using Simpson’s, Shannon-Weiner’s diversity, evenness, Maghalef’s, Menhinick’s, Hill and indices) and beta diversity indices (using Sorensen’s and Jaccard’s coefficients) were calculated.
Results: A total of 4302 sand flies were caught and identified which comprised mostly of Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri and Ph. sergenti. It was found that among the four counties of Ahvaz, Shush, Shushtar and Dezful in Khuzestan Province, Shush had the lowest, and Shushtar, the highest amount of species diversity and evenness. In the four studied counties of Kermanshah Province, species diversity in Kermanshah County had the lowest amount and Sarpol-e-Zahab, the highest. The species richness in Kermanshah County was the lowest, while Qasr-e-Shirin County had the highest amount.
Conclusion: An overview of the biodiversity of phlebotomine sand flies in Kermanshah County in Kermanshah Province, and Shush County in Khuzestan Province, showed less stability in community structure of these vectors, which can be counted as an alarm for emerging dominant vectors among the studied counties and have the potential to increase the prevalence of leishmaniasis.
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chodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
5. Parvizi P, Ahmadipour F (2011) Fauna, abundance and dispersion of sand flies in three endemic areas of cutaneous leish- maniasis in rural Fars Province. J Shahid
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7. Naghian A, Oshaghi MA, Moein-Vaziri V, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Mostafavi E, Veysi A, Soleimani H, Dehghan H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mirhendi H, Amini MH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2020) Molecular Identification of Leish-mania Species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 14(1): 8–16.
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11. Zeroual S, Randa Gaouaoui R, Boudjelida H (2016) Diversity and occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho- didae) in the area of Biskra (Middle East- ern of Algeria). J Entomol Zool Stud. 4 (5): 890–895.
12. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha- van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA,
Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with em- phasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus pa- patasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173–180.
13. Zarasvandi A, Carranza EJM, Moore F, Rastmanesh F (2011) Spatio-temporal oc- currences and mineralogical–geochemi- cal characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan Province (southwestern Iran). J Geochem Explor. 111: 138–151.
14. Worldwide Elevation Finder (2022) Ele- vation of Kermanshah, Kermanshah Prov- ince, Iran. Available at: https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/kerm an- hah_kermanshah_province_iran.24246 7.html
15. Seyedi-Rashti M, Nadim A (1992) The ge- nus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae:
Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterrenean Region. Iran J Pub- lic Health 21: 11–50.
16. Magurran, AE (2004) Measuring Biologi- cal Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Ox- ford, UK.
17. Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology. 54(2): 427–432.
18. Menhinick EF (1964) A comparison of some species-individuals diversity indi-ces applied to samples of field. Ecology. 45(4): 859–861.
19. Whittaker R (1965) Dominance and diversi- ty in land plant communities. Science.
147(3655): 250–260.
20. Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen TJ (2005) A new statistical approach for assessing similarity of species composi- tion with incidence and abundance data. Ecol Lett. 8: 148–159.
21. Javadian E, Nadim A (1975) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part II. The status of sand flies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 68: 467–471.
22. Simsek FM, Alten B, Caglar SS, Ozbel Y, Aytekin AM, Kaynas S, Belen A, Kasap OE, Yaman M, Rastgeldi S (2007) Dis- tribution and altitudinal structuring of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho- didae) in southern Anatolia, Turkey: their relation to human cutaneous leishmania- sis. J Vector Ecol. 32(2): 269–279.
23. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraph- lebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63–68.
24. Akhoundi M, Mirzaei A, Baghaei A, Al- ten B, Depaquit J (2013) Sand fly (Dip- tera: Psychodidae) distribution in the en- demic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in northwestern Iran. J Vec- tor Ecol. 38(1): 97–104.
25. Abedi-Astaneh F, Akhavan AA, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akbarzadeh K, Nafar-Shalamzari R, Parsi S, Abbasi A, Raufi H (2015) Species diversity of sand flies and ecological niche model of Phleboto- mus papatasi in central Iran. Acta Trop. 149: 246–253.
26. Abdoli H, Hejazi SH, Akhavan AA, Zahraei- Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jalali-Zand AR, Arandian MH, Piazak N, Jafari R, Alizadeh M (2007) Some eco- logical aspects of phlebotomine sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leish- maniasis in Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 1(2): 34–39.
27. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in moun- tainous and plain areas of an endemic fo- cus of anthroponotic utaneous leishman- iasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 10(5): 201–207.
28. Sofizadeh A, Akbarzadeh K, Allah Kalteh E, Karimi F (2020) Relationship between
the distribution and biodiversity of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) with the in- cidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishman- iasis in endemic foci of Golestan Province, Iran. J Med Entomol. 57(6): 1768–1774
2. World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) Leishmaniasis in high-burden countries:
an epidemiological update based on data reported in 2014. Weekly epidemiologi- cal record. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ who-wer9122.
3. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom- ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in
Iran and their role on Leishmania trans- mission. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 6: 1–17.
4. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Er- shadi MR, Akhavan AA, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-
chodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
5. Parvizi P, Ahmadipour F (2011) Fauna, abundance and dispersion of sand flies in three endemic areas of cutaneous leish- maniasis in rural Fars Province. J Shahid
Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 19(2): 173–182.
6. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Kumar D, Mirhendi H, Sundar S, Mishra R, Moin-Vaziri V, Soleimani H, Shirzadi MR, Jafari R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hamedi Shahraky S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2015) Morpho- logical and genotypic variations among the species of the subgenus Adlerius (Dip- tera: Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 9: 84–97.
7. Naghian A, Oshaghi MA, Moein-Vaziri V, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Mostafavi E, Veysi A, Soleimani H, Dehghan H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mirhendi H, Amini MH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (2020) Molecular Identification of Leish-mania Species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 14(1): 8–16.
8. Nadim A, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A (2021) Leishmania Parasite and Leish- maniasis, 4th ed. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
9. Shirzadi MR (2012) Cutaneous Leishman- iasis Control Guideline in Iran. Zoonoses Control Department, Center for Communi- cable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
10. Magurran AE (1988) Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Croom Helm Lim- ited, London.
11. Zeroual S, Randa Gaouaoui R, Boudjelida H (2016) Diversity and occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho- didae) in the area of Biskra (Middle East- ern of Algeria). J Entomol Zool Stud. 4 (5): 890–895.
12. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha- van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA,
Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with em- phasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus pa- patasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173–180.
13. Zarasvandi A, Carranza EJM, Moore F, Rastmanesh F (2011) Spatio-temporal oc- currences and mineralogical–geochemi- cal characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan Province (southwestern Iran). J Geochem Explor. 111: 138–151.
14. Worldwide Elevation Finder (2022) Ele- vation of Kermanshah, Kermanshah Prov- ince, Iran. Available at: https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/kerm an- hah_kermanshah_province_iran.24246 7.html
15. Seyedi-Rashti M, Nadim A (1992) The ge- nus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae:
Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterrenean Region. Iran J Pub- lic Health 21: 11–50.
16. Magurran, AE (2004) Measuring Biologi- cal Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Ox- ford, UK.
17. Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology. 54(2): 427–432.
18. Menhinick EF (1964) A comparison of some species-individuals diversity indi-ces applied to samples of field. Ecology. 45(4): 859–861.
19. Whittaker R (1965) Dominance and diversi- ty in land plant communities. Science.
147(3655): 250–260.
20. Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen TJ (2005) A new statistical approach for assessing similarity of species composi- tion with incidence and abundance data. Ecol Lett. 8: 148–159.
21. Javadian E, Nadim A (1975) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part II. The status of sand flies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 68: 467–471.
22. Simsek FM, Alten B, Caglar SS, Ozbel Y, Aytekin AM, Kaynas S, Belen A, Kasap OE, Yaman M, Rastgeldi S (2007) Dis- tribution and altitudinal structuring of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho- didae) in southern Anatolia, Turkey: their relation to human cutaneous leishmania- sis. J Vector Ecol. 32(2): 269–279.
23. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraph- lebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100(1): 63–68.
24. Akhoundi M, Mirzaei A, Baghaei A, Al- ten B, Depaquit J (2013) Sand fly (Dip- tera: Psychodidae) distribution in the en- demic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in northwestern Iran. J Vec- tor Ecol. 38(1): 97–104.
25. Abedi-Astaneh F, Akhavan AA, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akbarzadeh K, Nafar-Shalamzari R, Parsi S, Abbasi A, Raufi H (2015) Species diversity of sand flies and ecological niche model of Phleboto- mus papatasi in central Iran. Acta Trop. 149: 246–253.
26. Abdoli H, Hejazi SH, Akhavan AA, Zahraei- Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jalali-Zand AR, Arandian MH, Piazak N, Jafari R, Alizadeh M (2007) Some eco- logical aspects of phlebotomine sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leish- maniasis in Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 1(2): 34–39.
27. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in moun- tainous and plain areas of an endemic fo- cus of anthroponotic utaneous leishman- iasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 10(5): 201–207.
28. Sofizadeh A, Akbarzadeh K, Allah Kalteh E, Karimi F (2020) Relationship between
the distribution and biodiversity of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) with the in- cidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishman- iasis in endemic foci of Golestan Province, Iran. J Med Entomol. 57(6): 1768–1774
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12189 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Leishmaniasis; Phlebotomus; Species Richness; Biodiversity; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yahaghi N, Fatemi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Naghian A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani A, Rassi Y, Soleimani H, Dehghan H, Veysi A, Akbarzadeh K, Akhavan A ahmad. A Comparative Study on the Biodiversity and Species Richness of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Kermanshah and Khuzestan Provinces of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(4):278–287.
