Bacterial Contamination of Collected Cockroaches and Determination their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran
Bacterial Contamination of cockroaches
-
Behroz Davari
,
Ali Ezat Hassanvand
,
Aref Salehzadeh
,
Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
,
Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
Abstract
Background: Cockroaches are one of the most important carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the presence of cockroaches in public places, especially in hospitals, homes, and restaurants, is dangerous, and threatens the health of society, people, and the environment. The aim of this study was evaluation of bacterial contamination of cockroaches and the sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Khorramabad City, Iran
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 150 cockroaches collected from hospital environments, homes, and restaurants in Khorramabad. The outer surface of the cockroaches was washed with physiological saline. The suspension was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm. Isolation and identification of bacteria was performed using phenotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline.
Results: A total of 100 American cockroaches (66.66%), 28 B. germanica (18.66%) and 22 Blatta orientalis (14.66%) were identified. In total, 97.33% of the collected cockroaches were infected with bacteria. The most bacterial infection of the cockroaches was Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Bacillus respectively. The overall results of the antibiogram test showed that the identified bacteria were resistant to cephalothin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and kanamycin antibiotics, semi-sensitive to ciprofloxacin and sensitive to tetracycline, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Chloramphenicol.
Conclusion: Infection of cockroaches with pathogenic bacterial agents in hospital, residential, and restaurant environments, as well as the observation of bacterial resistance to some common antibiotics is worrying.
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2. Spagna JC, Goldman DI, Lin PC, Ko-ditschek DE, Full RJ (2007) Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and ro¬bots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain. Bioinspir. Bi¬o-mim. 2 (1): 239‒256.
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5. Stypułkowska-Misiurewicz H, Pancer KW, Gliniewicz A, Mikulak E, Laudy A, Podsiadło B, Rabczenko D (2006) Synantrop¬ic cockroaches (Blattella ger-manica L.) in hospital environment-mi-cro¬biological haz¬ard for patients and hos¬pital infections risk assessment. Przegl Epidemiol. 60 (3): 609‒616.
6. Eggleston PA, Arruda LK (2001) Ecology and elimination of cockroaches and al-lergens in the home. J Allergy Clin Im-munol. 107(3 Suppl): S422‒S9.
7. Pomés A, Schal C (2020) Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens. Aller¬gens and allergen immunotherapy: CRC Press. p. 237‒255.
8. Lemos A, Lemos J, Prado M, Pimenta F, Gir E, Silva HM, Silva MRR (2006) Cock¬roaches as carriers of fungi of medical importance. Mycoses. 49(1): 23‒25.
9. Haghi FM, Nikookar H, Hajati H, Harati MR, Shafaroudi MM, Yazdani-Charati J, Ahanjan M (2014) Evaluation of bac-te¬rial infection and antibiotic susceptibil-ity of the bacteria isolated from cock-roach¬es in educational hospitals of Ma-zandaran University of medical sci¬enc¬es. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 3: 25‒28.
10. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA (2015) A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blat¬todea) with description of Polyphaga sp. as a new species in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(2): 161‒175.
11. Schapheer C, Sandoval G, Villagra CA (2018) Pest cockroaches may overcome environmental restriction due to an-thropi¬zation. J Med Entomol. 55(5): 1357‒1364.
12. Mousavi SM, Hosseini SM, Mashouf RY, Arabestani MR (2016) Identification of group B streptococci using 16S rRNA, cfb, scpB, and atr genes in pregnant wom¬en by PCR. Acta Med Iran. 54(12): 765‒770.
13. Akbari S, Oshaghi MA, Hashemi-Agh¬dam SS, Hajikhani S, Oshaghi G, Shirazi MH (2015) Aerobic bacterial community of American cockroach Periplaneta amer¬i-cana, a step toward finding suitable par-a¬transgenesis candidates. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 35‒48.
14. Nazari M, Mehrabi T, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2017) Bacterial con¬tam¬i-nation of adult house flies (Musca do-mestica) and sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Ham¬adan City, Iran. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(4): 04‒07.
15. Merad Y, Belkacemi M, Merad Z, Bassaid A, Benmansour Z, Matmour D, Bel-mokh¬tar Z (2023) Fungal carriage of hospital trapped cockroaches: A prospective study. New Microbes New Infect. 52: 101086.
16. Alikhani MY, Parsavash S, Arabestani MR, Hosseini SM (2017) Prevalence of anti¬biotic resistance and class 1 integrons in clinical and environmental isolates of Pseu¬domonas aeruginosa. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 4(4): 12086.
17. Haile T, Mariam AT, Kiros S, Teffera Z (2018) Cockroaches as carriers of hu¬man gastrointestinal parasites in Wolkite Town, southwestern Ethiopia. J Par¬a¬si¬tol Vector Biol. 10(2): 33‒38.
18. Mariam SH (2021) Isolation and Charac-terization of Gram-Negative Bacterial Spe¬cies from Pasteurized Dairy Products: Po¬tential Risk to Consumer Health. J Food Qual. 17(2021): 1‒10.
19. Bouzari S, Farhang E, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2018) Prevalence and antimicro¬bial resistance of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea. Iran J Microbiol. 10(3): 151‒157.
20. Hosseini SM, Arabestani MR, Mahmoodi H, Farhangara E (2015) Prevalence of G, H, I, J Enterotoxin Genes and anti¬bac-terial susceptibility pattern in Staph-ylococcus aureus strains isolated from different foods. J Maz Univ Med. 25 (123): 1‒10.
21. Zarchi AAK, Vatani H (2009) A survey on species and prevalence rate of bac-terial agents isolated from cockroaches in three hospitals. Vector Borne Zoon-otic Dis. 9(2): 197‒200.
22. Nasirian H (2010) An overview of Ger-man cockroach, Blattella germanica, stud¬ies conducted in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 13 (22): 1077‒1095.
23. Tatfeng Y, Usuanlele M, Orukpe A, Digban A, Okodua M, Oviasogie F, Tu-ray AA (2005) Mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms: the role of cockroaches. J Vector Borne Dis. 42(4): 129‒134.
24. Pai HH, Chen WC, Peng CF (2004) Cock-roaches as potential vectors of nosocom-ial infections. Infect. Control Hosp Epi-demiol. 25(11): 979‒984.
25. Kassiri H, Kazemi S (2012) Cockroaches [periplaneta Americana (L.), Dictyop-tera; Blattidae] as carriers of bacterial path¬o¬gens, Khorramshahr County, Iran. Jun¬dishapur J Microbiol. 5(1): 320‒322.
26. Chitsazi S, Moravvej G, Naderinasab M (2013) Fauna of bacteria and fungi as¬so-ciated with digestive system of Blattela germanica L. collected from various lo-cations in Mashhad, Iran. Iran J Micro-biol. 6(4): 16‒26.
27. Chaichanawongsaroj N, Vanichayatanarak K, Pipatkullachat T, Polrojpanya M, Somkiatcharoen S (2004) Isolation of gram-negative bacteria from cock¬roach¬es trapped from urban environment. South-east Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 35(3): 681‒684.
28. Lin YZ, Cui YB, Yang W, Rao LY, Pan W, Chen JL (2008) Investigation on spe-cies composition of cockroaches and bac¬teria-carrying on their bodies in five cit¬ies of Hainan. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi. Chin J Chem. 26(1): 77‒78.
29. Fakoorziba M, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard M (2010) Cock-roach¬es (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (6): 521‒528.
30. Cong Y, Yang S, Rao X (2020) Vancomy-cin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in-fections: A review of case updating and clinical features. J Adv Res. 21: 169‒176.
31. Lowy FD (1998) Staphylococcus aureus in¬fections. N Engl J Med. 339(8): 520‒532.
32. Michalik M, Samet A, Podbielska-Kubera A, Savini V, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M (2020) Coagulase-negative staph¬ylococci (CoNS) as a significant eti¬ological factor of laryngological infec-tions: a review. Ann Clin Microbiol An-timicrob. 19 (1): 1‒10.
33. Davari B, Kalantar E, Zahirnia A, Moosa-Kazemi S (2010) Frequency of re-sistance and susceptible bacteria isolated from house¬flies. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 50‒55.
2. Spagna JC, Goldman DI, Lin PC, Ko-ditschek DE, Full RJ (2007) Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and ro¬bots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain. Bioinspir. Bi¬o-mim. 2 (1): 239‒256.
3. Nazari S, Habibi F, Nazari S, Hosseini SM, Nazari M (2020) Bacterial con¬tamina¬tion of the external surface of cockroaches and their antibiotic resistance in hospitals of Hamadan, Iran. J Postgrad Med Inst. 34 (2): 104‒109.
4. Doroodgar A, Khorshidi A, Shajari GR, Tashak¬kor Z (2005) Bacterial infection of cockroaches in Kashan hospitals, 2001. J.Kashan Uni Med Sci. 8(4): 30‒38.
5. Stypułkowska-Misiurewicz H, Pancer KW, Gliniewicz A, Mikulak E, Laudy A, Podsiadło B, Rabczenko D (2006) Synantrop¬ic cockroaches (Blattella ger-manica L.) in hospital environment-mi-cro¬biological haz¬ard for patients and hos¬pital infections risk assessment. Przegl Epidemiol. 60 (3): 609‒616.
6. Eggleston PA, Arruda LK (2001) Ecology and elimination of cockroaches and al-lergens in the home. J Allergy Clin Im-munol. 107(3 Suppl): S422‒S9.
7. Pomés A, Schal C (2020) Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens. Aller¬gens and allergen immunotherapy: CRC Press. p. 237‒255.
8. Lemos A, Lemos J, Prado M, Pimenta F, Gir E, Silva HM, Silva MRR (2006) Cock¬roaches as carriers of fungi of medical importance. Mycoses. 49(1): 23‒25.
9. Haghi FM, Nikookar H, Hajati H, Harati MR, Shafaroudi MM, Yazdani-Charati J, Ahanjan M (2014) Evaluation of bac-te¬rial infection and antibiotic susceptibil-ity of the bacteria isolated from cock-roach¬es in educational hospitals of Ma-zandaran University of medical sci¬enc¬es. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 3: 25‒28.
10. Hashemi-Aghdam SS, Oshaghi MA (2015) A checklist of Iranian cockroaches (Blat¬todea) with description of Polyphaga sp. as a new species in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(2): 161‒175.
11. Schapheer C, Sandoval G, Villagra CA (2018) Pest cockroaches may overcome environmental restriction due to an-thropi¬zation. J Med Entomol. 55(5): 1357‒1364.
12. Mousavi SM, Hosseini SM, Mashouf RY, Arabestani MR (2016) Identification of group B streptococci using 16S rRNA, cfb, scpB, and atr genes in pregnant wom¬en by PCR. Acta Med Iran. 54(12): 765‒770.
13. Akbari S, Oshaghi MA, Hashemi-Agh¬dam SS, Hajikhani S, Oshaghi G, Shirazi MH (2015) Aerobic bacterial community of American cockroach Periplaneta amer¬i-cana, a step toward finding suitable par-a¬transgenesis candidates. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 35‒48.
14. Nazari M, Mehrabi T, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2017) Bacterial con¬tam¬i-nation of adult house flies (Musca do-mestica) and sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Ham¬adan City, Iran. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(4): 04‒07.
15. Merad Y, Belkacemi M, Merad Z, Bassaid A, Benmansour Z, Matmour D, Bel-mokh¬tar Z (2023) Fungal carriage of hospital trapped cockroaches: A prospective study. New Microbes New Infect. 52: 101086.
16. Alikhani MY, Parsavash S, Arabestani MR, Hosseini SM (2017) Prevalence of anti¬biotic resistance and class 1 integrons in clinical and environmental isolates of Pseu¬domonas aeruginosa. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 4(4): 12086.
17. Haile T, Mariam AT, Kiros S, Teffera Z (2018) Cockroaches as carriers of hu¬man gastrointestinal parasites in Wolkite Town, southwestern Ethiopia. J Par¬a¬si¬tol Vector Biol. 10(2): 33‒38.
18. Mariam SH (2021) Isolation and Charac-terization of Gram-Negative Bacterial Spe¬cies from Pasteurized Dairy Products: Po¬tential Risk to Consumer Health. J Food Qual. 17(2021): 1‒10.
19. Bouzari S, Farhang E, Hosseini SM, Alikhani MY (2018) Prevalence and antimicro¬bial resistance of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea. Iran J Microbiol. 10(3): 151‒157.
20. Hosseini SM, Arabestani MR, Mahmoodi H, Farhangara E (2015) Prevalence of G, H, I, J Enterotoxin Genes and anti¬bac-terial susceptibility pattern in Staph-ylococcus aureus strains isolated from different foods. J Maz Univ Med. 25 (123): 1‒10.
21. Zarchi AAK, Vatani H (2009) A survey on species and prevalence rate of bac-terial agents isolated from cockroaches in three hospitals. Vector Borne Zoon-otic Dis. 9(2): 197‒200.
22. Nasirian H (2010) An overview of Ger-man cockroach, Blattella germanica, stud¬ies conducted in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 13 (22): 1077‒1095.
23. Tatfeng Y, Usuanlele M, Orukpe A, Digban A, Okodua M, Oviasogie F, Tu-ray AA (2005) Mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms: the role of cockroaches. J Vector Borne Dis. 42(4): 129‒134.
24. Pai HH, Chen WC, Peng CF (2004) Cock-roaches as potential vectors of nosocom-ial infections. Infect. Control Hosp Epi-demiol. 25(11): 979‒984.
25. Kassiri H, Kazemi S (2012) Cockroaches [periplaneta Americana (L.), Dictyop-tera; Blattidae] as carriers of bacterial path¬o¬gens, Khorramshahr County, Iran. Jun¬dishapur J Microbiol. 5(1): 320‒322.
26. Chitsazi S, Moravvej G, Naderinasab M (2013) Fauna of bacteria and fungi as¬so-ciated with digestive system of Blattela germanica L. collected from various lo-cations in Mashhad, Iran. Iran J Micro-biol. 6(4): 16‒26.
27. Chaichanawongsaroj N, Vanichayatanarak K, Pipatkullachat T, Polrojpanya M, Somkiatcharoen S (2004) Isolation of gram-negative bacteria from cock¬roach¬es trapped from urban environment. South-east Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 35(3): 681‒684.
28. Lin YZ, Cui YB, Yang W, Rao LY, Pan W, Chen JL (2008) Investigation on spe-cies composition of cockroaches and bac¬teria-carrying on their bodies in five cit¬ies of Hainan. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi. Chin J Chem. 26(1): 77‒78.
29. Fakoorziba M, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard M (2010) Cock-roach¬es (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (6): 521‒528.
30. Cong Y, Yang S, Rao X (2020) Vancomy-cin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in-fections: A review of case updating and clinical features. J Adv Res. 21: 169‒176.
31. Lowy FD (1998) Staphylococcus aureus in¬fections. N Engl J Med. 339(8): 520‒532.
32. Michalik M, Samet A, Podbielska-Kubera A, Savini V, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M (2020) Coagulase-negative staph¬ylococci (CoNS) as a significant eti¬ological factor of laryngological infec-tions: a review. Ann Clin Microbiol An-timicrob. 19 (1): 1‒10.
33. Davari B, Kalantar E, Zahirnia A, Moosa-Kazemi S (2010) Frequency of re-sistance and susceptible bacteria isolated from house¬flies. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(2): 50‒55.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13202 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cockroaches; Bacteria; Antibiotic | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Salehzadeh A, Alikhani MY, Hosseini SM. Bacterial Contamination of Collected Cockroaches and Determination their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(1):63–71.
