Biodiversity and Spatial Distribution of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran
-
Farid Sharifi
,
Omid Banafshi
,
Ali Rasouli
,
Shadi Ghoreishi
,
Samrand Saeedi
,
Mahmood Khalesi
,
Afshar Rezai
,
Eslam Moradi Asl
,
Bushra Zareie
,
Nasrollah Veisi Khodlan
,
Arshad Veysi
Abstract
Background: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have always been considered as the vector/s of viral and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey on the species composition, spatial distribution, and biodiversity indices of mosquitoes in Kurdistan Province, western Iran.
Methods: This study was carried out in 10 counties of Kurdistan Province. The immature stages of mosquitoes were collected monthly from June to September. ArcGIS software was used to spatial analysis and create maps. Alpha diversity indices were calculated using the related formula.
Results: Totally, 5831 larvae belonging to the family Culicidae were collected. Twelve species were identified including: Anopheles claviger, An. maculipennis s.l, An. superpictus s.l, Culiseta. longiareolata, Cs. subochrea, Culex hortensis, Cx. mimeticus, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. modestus and Cx. territans. Based on this analysis, the high-risk areas of the province are determined as Anopheles in the west, Culex in the north, and the Culiseta in the south of the province. Analyzing the Alpha biodiversity indices showed Baneh and Sarabad had the maximum and Bijar had the minimum mosquito biodiversity.
Conclusion: The western counties of the province are regarded as the hotspots for anopheline mosquitos. Moreover, reporting of malaria cases in the past, bordering with Iraq and the high traffic of travelers have made these areas as potential foci for malaria transmission. So that, routine entomological inspections are proposed to detect any suspicious vector or case entrance.
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6. Sedaghat MM, Linton Y-M, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Harbach RE (2003) The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Dip-tera: Culicidae) in Iran: molecular charac¬ter¬i¬zation and recognition of a new species. Bull Entomol Res. 93(6): 527–535.
7. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatan¬doost H, Zabihollah C (2011) Spatio-tem¬poral distribution of malaria vectors (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4 (6): 498–504.
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9. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah MH, Low¬enski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosurvey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
10. Sharifi Z, Shooshtari MM, Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus in¬fec-tion in Iranian blood donors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
11. Fereidouni SR, Ziegler U, Linke S, Nie-drig M, Modirrousta H, Hoffmann B, Groschup MH (2011) West Nile virus mon¬itoring in migrating and resident wa-ter birds in Iran: are common coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wetlands? Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(10): 1377–1381.
12. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Mota¬zakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Iranian wetlands. Vector-Borne Zoon¬o¬tic Dis. 15(12): 750–754.
13. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Motazakker M, Vatan-doost H, Dabiri F, Chavshin AR (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito spe-cies in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological nich¬es of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Trop. 220: 105952.
14. Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Mobedi I, Abai MR (2007) Review of dirofilariasis in Iran. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 15(60): 102–114.
15. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Varai FSR, Rafigh M, Jalali T, Goya MM (2013) Preliminary study of dengue virus infection in Iran. Travel Med Infect Dis. 11(3): 166–169.
16. Fakour S, Naserabadi S, Ahmadi E (2017) The first positive serological study on Rift Valley fever in ruminants of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(4): 348–352.
17. Mostafavi E, Shahraki AH, Japoni-Nejad A, Esmaeili S, Darvish J, Sedaghat MM, Mohammadi A, Mohammadi Z, Mah-moudi A, Pourhossein B (2017) A field study of plague and tularemia in ro-dents, Western Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17(4): 247–253.
18. Esmaeili S, Gooya MM, Shirzadi MR, Esfan¬diari B, Amiri FB, Behzadi MY, Banafshi O, Mostafavi E (2014) Seroep-idemiological survey of tularemia among different groups in western Iran. Int J In¬fect Dis. 18: 27–31.
19. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their med¬ical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106-122.
20. Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Cu-licidae), a genus and species new to south¬western Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772(2): 385–395.
21. Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic-inae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(4): 568–573.
22. Moosa Kazemi SH, Karimian F, Davari B (2010) Culicinae mosquitoes in Sanan¬daj County, Kurdistan Province, West¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(2): 103–107.
23. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2015) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 49–59.
24. Banafshi O, Abai MR, Ladonni H, Bakh-shi H, Karami H, Azari-Hamidian S (2013) The fauna and ecology of mosquito lar¬vae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. Turkish J Zool. 37(3): 298–307.
25. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi MR, Mostafavi E (2016) Mosquito surveil¬lance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) al¬bopictus (Skuse)(Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 45 (8): 1064–1073.
26. Dorzaban H, Soltani A, Alipour H, Hata-mi J, Jaberhashemi SA, Shahriari-Namadi M, Paksa A, Safari R, Talbalaghi A, Azizi K (2022) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and mo¬lec¬ular-based identification of invasive spe¬cies Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Dip¬tera: Culicidae), southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 236: 108235.
27. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar lar¬vae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
28. Nejati J, Zaim M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bueno-Marí R, Azari-Ha-midian S, Sedaghat MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Okati-Ali-abad H (2020) Employing different traps for collection of mosquitoes and detec¬tion of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika vector, Aedes albopictus, in borderline of Iran and Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(4): 376–390.
29. Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology. 54(2): 427–432.
30. Menhinick EF (1964) A comparison of some species‐individuals diversity indices ap¬plied to samples of field insects. Ecol¬o¬gy. 45(4): 859–861.
31. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Bavani MM, Dabiri F, Ente¬zar-Mahdi R, Chavshin AR (2014) Fau¬na and larval habitats of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) of West Azerbaijan Prov¬ince, northwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 163–173.
32. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Azari-Hamidian S, Mian-roodi RA, Dabiri F, Bagheri M, Ter¬eni¬us O, Chavshin AR (2016) Molecular char-acterization of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Northwestern Iran by using rDNA-ITS2. Jpn J Infect Dis. 69(4): 319–322.
33. Abai MR, Azari-Hamidian S, Ladonni H, Hakimi M, Mashhadi-Esmail K, Sheikhza¬deh K, Kousha A, Vatandoost H (2007) Fauna and checklist of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) of east Azerbaijan Prov¬ince, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 1(2): 27–33.
34. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Vatan-doost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Pakdad K (2018) Predicting environmentally suita-ble areas for Anopheles superpictus Grassi (sl), Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (sl.) and Anopheles sacharovi Favre (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in Iran. Parasit Vectors. 11(1): 1–12.
35. Azari‐Hamidian S, Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton Y, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of diro¬filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet En¬tomol. 23(2): 111-121.
36. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2014) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 49–59.
37. Zahirnia AH, Zendehfili H (2014) Mos-quito Fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Ha-me¬dan County, Western Iran. J Arthro-pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 212–218.
38. Amini M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Aghapour AA, Chavshin AR (2020) Larval habitats and species diversity of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in West Azerbaijan Province, Northwestern Iran. BMC Ecol. 20(1): 1–11.
39. Paksa A, Sedaghat MM, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hazratian T, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Oshaghi MA (2019) Biodiversity of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with em¬pha¬sis on potential arbovirus vectors in East Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(1): 62–75.
40. Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Enayati AA, Motevali-Haghi F, Zia¬pour SP, Fazeli-Dinan M (2015) Bio¬di¬versity of culicid mosquitoes in rural Neka township of Mazandaran Province, north¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 52(1): 63–72.
2. Vector-borne diseases, WHO fact sheets, Ge¬neva, Switzerland (2022). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases.
3. Raeisi A, Shahbazi A, Ranjbar M, Shoghli A, Vatandoost H, Faraji L (2004) Na-tion¬al Strategy Plan for Malaria Control (IR Iran 2004–2008). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284814035_National_strategy_plan_for_malaria_control_I_R_Iran_2004-2008.
4. Nejati J, Vatandoost H, Oshghi MA, Salehi M, Mozafari E, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2013) Some ecological attributes of malarial vec¬tor Anopheles superpictus Grassi in en¬dem¬ic foci in southeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 3(12): 1003–1008.
5. Vatandoost H, Emami SN, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Raeisi A, Piazzak N, Mahmoodi M, Akbarzadeh K, Sartipi M (2011) Ecol¬ogy of malaria vector Anopheles culic¬ifa¬cies in a malarious area of Sistan va Baluchestan Province, south-east Is¬lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Heal J. 17(5): 439–445.
6. Sedaghat MM, Linton Y-M, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Harbach RE (2003) The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Dip-tera: Culicidae) in Iran: molecular charac¬ter¬i¬zation and recognition of a new species. Bull Entomol Res. 93(6): 527–535.
7. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatan¬doost H, Zabihollah C (2011) Spatio-tem¬poral distribution of malaria vectors (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4 (6): 498–504.
8. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Shemshad K, Pedram M, Amani H (2008) The Anopheles superpictus com-plex: introduction of a new malaria vec-tor complex in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 101(5): 429–434.
9. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah MH, Low¬enski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosurvey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
10. Sharifi Z, Shooshtari MM, Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus in¬fec-tion in Iranian blood donors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
11. Fereidouni SR, Ziegler U, Linke S, Nie-drig M, Modirrousta H, Hoffmann B, Groschup MH (2011) West Nile virus mon¬itoring in migrating and resident wa-ter birds in Iran: are common coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wetlands? Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(10): 1377–1381.
12. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Mota¬zakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Iranian wetlands. Vector-Borne Zoon¬o¬tic Dis. 15(12): 750–754.
13. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Motazakker M, Vatan-doost H, Dabiri F, Chavshin AR (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito spe-cies in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological nich¬es of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Trop. 220: 105952.
14. Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Mobedi I, Abai MR (2007) Review of dirofilariasis in Iran. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 15(60): 102–114.
15. Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Varai FSR, Rafigh M, Jalali T, Goya MM (2013) Preliminary study of dengue virus infection in Iran. Travel Med Infect Dis. 11(3): 166–169.
16. Fakour S, Naserabadi S, Ahmadi E (2017) The first positive serological study on Rift Valley fever in ruminants of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(4): 348–352.
17. Mostafavi E, Shahraki AH, Japoni-Nejad A, Esmaeili S, Darvish J, Sedaghat MM, Mohammadi A, Mohammadi Z, Mah-moudi A, Pourhossein B (2017) A field study of plague and tularemia in ro-dents, Western Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17(4): 247–253.
18. Esmaeili S, Gooya MM, Shirzadi MR, Esfan¬diari B, Amiri FB, Behzadi MY, Banafshi O, Mostafavi E (2014) Seroep-idemiological survey of tularemia among different groups in western Iran. Int J In¬fect Dis. 18: 27–31.
19. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their med¬ical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106-122.
20. Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Cu-licidae), a genus and species new to south¬western Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772(2): 385–395.
21. Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic-inae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(4): 568–573.
22. Moosa Kazemi SH, Karimian F, Davari B (2010) Culicinae mosquitoes in Sanan¬daj County, Kurdistan Province, West¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 47(2): 103–107.
23. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2015) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 49–59.
24. Banafshi O, Abai MR, Ladonni H, Bakh-shi H, Karami H, Azari-Hamidian S (2013) The fauna and ecology of mosquito lar¬vae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. Turkish J Zool. 37(3): 298–307.
25. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, Vatandoost H, Shirzadi MR, Mostafavi E (2016) Mosquito surveil¬lance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) al¬bopictus (Skuse)(Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 45 (8): 1064–1073.
26. Dorzaban H, Soltani A, Alipour H, Hata-mi J, Jaberhashemi SA, Shahriari-Namadi M, Paksa A, Safari R, Talbalaghi A, Azizi K (2022) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and mo¬lec¬ular-based identification of invasive spe¬cies Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Dip¬tera: Culicidae), southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 236: 108235.
27. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar lar¬vae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
28. Nejati J, Zaim M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bueno-Marí R, Azari-Ha-midian S, Sedaghat MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Okati-Ali-abad H (2020) Employing different traps for collection of mosquitoes and detec¬tion of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika vector, Aedes albopictus, in borderline of Iran and Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(4): 376–390.
29. Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology. 54(2): 427–432.
30. Menhinick EF (1964) A comparison of some species‐individuals diversity indices ap¬plied to samples of field insects. Ecol¬o¬gy. 45(4): 859–861.
31. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Bavani MM, Dabiri F, Ente¬zar-Mahdi R, Chavshin AR (2014) Fau¬na and larval habitats of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) of West Azerbaijan Prov¬ince, northwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 163–173.
32. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Azari-Hamidian S, Mian-roodi RA, Dabiri F, Bagheri M, Ter¬eni¬us O, Chavshin AR (2016) Molecular char-acterization of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Northwestern Iran by using rDNA-ITS2. Jpn J Infect Dis. 69(4): 319–322.
33. Abai MR, Azari-Hamidian S, Ladonni H, Hakimi M, Mashhadi-Esmail K, Sheikhza¬deh K, Kousha A, Vatandoost H (2007) Fauna and checklist of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) of east Azerbaijan Prov¬ince, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 1(2): 27–33.
34. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Vatan-doost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Pakdad K (2018) Predicting environmentally suita-ble areas for Anopheles superpictus Grassi (sl), Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (sl.) and Anopheles sacharovi Favre (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in Iran. Parasit Vectors. 11(1): 1–12.
35. Azari‐Hamidian S, Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton Y, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of diro¬filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet En¬tomol. 23(2): 111-121.
36. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2014) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 49–59.
37. Zahirnia AH, Zendehfili H (2014) Mos-quito Fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Ha-me¬dan County, Western Iran. J Arthro-pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 212–218.
38. Amini M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Aghapour AA, Chavshin AR (2020) Larval habitats and species diversity of mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in West Azerbaijan Province, Northwestern Iran. BMC Ecol. 20(1): 1–11.
39. Paksa A, Sedaghat MM, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hazratian T, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Oshaghi MA (2019) Biodiversity of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with em¬pha¬sis on potential arbovirus vectors in East Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(1): 62–75.
40. Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Enayati AA, Motevali-Haghi F, Zia¬pour SP, Fazeli-Dinan M (2015) Bio¬di¬versity of culicid mosquitoes in rural Neka township of Mazandaran Province, north¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 52(1): 63–72.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12194 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Mosquitoes; GIS; Diversity; Diptera; Larvae | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sharifi F, Banafshi O, Rasouli A, Ghoreishi S, Saeedi S, Khalesi M, Rezai A, Moradi Asl E, Zareie B, Veisi Khodlan N, Veysi A. Biodiversity and Spatial Distribution of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(4):350–363.
