Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Inmates, Prison Staff and Soldiers regarding Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Mazandaran Prisons
-
Seyed hassan nikookar
,
Ali Jafari
,
Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
,
Razieh Shabani-Kordshouli
,
Jamshid Yazdani-Charati
,
Nasir Talebi-Hajikolaee
,
ahmadali Enayati
Abstract
Background: Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-sucking insects that bite humans usually at night and cause nuisance, psychological and social problems. These insects are considered a health hazard in densely populated places such as prisons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of inmates, soldiers, and prison staff regarding bed bugs in Mazandaran prisons.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study in which 450 inmates and 210 staff (105 personnel and 105 soldiers) from prisons of Mazandaran Province were included in the study. Data on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the participants regarding bed bugs were collected using a structured questionnaire. To determine the relative content validity coefficient, the questionnaire was assessed by 10 specialists in terms of difficulty, inappropriateness, and ambiguity of the phrases. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's Alpha and then the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.
Results: The maximum mean scores of knowledges, attitude, and practice between the three target groups were 16.42%, 44.07% and 71.21% respectively. Prison staff had the highest knowledge and practice, and inmates showed the highest attitude regarding bed bugs. There was no significant difference between the knowledge and attitude of inmates, prison staff and soldiers (P> 0.05) but there was a significant difference in their practice (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Results of this study confirmed that all three groups of people in the prisons need appropriate education regarding all aspects of bed bug including its control.
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3. Beugnet F, Rautenbach C, van der Mescht L, Lebon W, Aouiche N, Liebenberg J (2021) Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolan-er against bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, when administered orally to dogs. Para-sit. 28: 7.
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5. Romero A (2009) Biology and manage¬ment of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). [PhD dis¬ser-tation]. College of Agriculture, Univer-sity of Kentucky, United States.
6. Patel D, Elston DM (2012) What's eating you? Bedbugs revisited (Cimex lectular-ius). Cutis. 90(4): 173–175.
7. Criado PR, Belda Junior W, Criado RFJ, Silva RV, Vasconcellos C (2011) Bed-bugs (Cimicidae infestation): the world-wide renaissance of an old partner of human kind. Braz J Infect Dis. 15: 74–80.
8. Giorda F, Guardone L, Mancini M, Accorsi A, Macchioni F, Mignone W (2013) Cases of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Northwest Italy. Vet Ital. 49(4): 335–340.
9. Haghi SFM, Behbodi M, Hajati H, Shafaroudi MM (2014) Prevalence of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in human settlement area of Bahnamir, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4: S786–S789.
10. Goddard J, deshazo R (2009) Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical conse-quences of their bites. Clin Rev. 301(13): 1358–1366.
11. Siljander E, Gries R, Khaskin G, Gries G (2008) Identification of the airborne ag-gregation pheromone of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. J Chem Ecol. 34(6): 708–718.
12. Anderson AL, Leffler K (2008) Bedbug infestations in the news: a picture of an emerging public health problem in the United States. J Environ Health Res. 70 (9): 24–28.
13.Weeks EN, Birkett MA, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Logan JG (2011) Semio-chem¬icals of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control. Pest Manag Sci. 67(1): 10–20.
14. Sutton D, Thomas DJ (2008) Don't Let the Bedbugs Bite! Identifying and Manag¬ing Infestations. Nurse Pract. 33(8): 28–33.
15. Zamanpour Barkousaraei M, Mohseni-Azghan¬di M, Godarzi G (2018) Iden¬ti-fying and Prioritizing the effective fac-tors in commercialization of mobile health. J Biomed Health Inform. 5(1): 35–43.
16. Lee RG, Hsiao CC, Chen KC, Liu MH (2005) An intelligent diabetes mobile care system with alert mechanism. Biomed Eng Appl Basis Commun. 17(04): 186–192.
17. Alizadeh I, Gorouhi MA, Afshar AA, Iranpour A (2019) The social impacts of bedbug infestation as an emerging pub¬lic health issue: a case report. Electron Physician. 11(4): 7636–7642.
18. Heymann WR (2009) Bed bugs: a new morning for the nighttime pests. J Am Acad Dermatol. 60(3): 482–483.
19. Reis MD (2010) An evaluation of bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) host location and aggregation behavior.[PhD dissertation]. virginia polytechnic institute and state university, United States..
20. Gerardo EM (2014) Increasing awareness of and education about bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) as a public health issue in Hawai. [PhD dissertation]. University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States.
21. Reinhardt K, Harder A, Holland S, Hooper J, Leake-Lyall C (2008) Who knows the bed bug? Knowledge of adult bed bug appearance increases with people’s age in three counties of Great Britain.J Med Entomol. 45(5): 956–958.
22. Lowe CF, Romney MG (2011) Bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria. Emerg Infect Dis. 17(6): 1132–1134.
23. Adeyeye A, Adams A, Herring L, Currie B (2010) Bed Bug Infestation on a Ma-ternity Unit in a Tertiary Care Center. Am J Infect Control. 38(5): E82–E83.
24. Chinnakali P, Gurnani N, Upadhyay RP, Parmar K, Suri TM, Yadav K (2012) High level of awareness but poor prac-tices regarding dengue fever control: a cross-sectional study from North India. N Am J Med Sci. 4(6): 278.
25. Kaylor MB, Wenning P, Eddy C (2015) Prev¬alence, knowledge, and concern about bed bugs. J Environ Health. 78(1): 20–25.
26. Seidel C, Reinhardt K. Bugging forecast: unknown, disliked, occasionally inti-mate. Bed bugs in Germany meet unprepared people. PloS One. 8(1): e51083.
27. Asshoff R, Hallerbach P, Reinhardt K (2020) Teaching changes interest and at-titudes of students towards bedbugs. Int J Sci Educ. 42(11): 1818–1833.
28. Alizadeh I, Sharififard M, Jahanifard E, Rajaei F, Mousavian G, Mehraghaei M (2018) Identification, knowledge, and aware¬ness of people regarding public health nuisance insect (Cimex lectular-ius) in southwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 10(3): e81133.
29. Lyons J (2010) The social impacts of bed bugs on inner-city residents. [PhD dis-sertation]. University of Manitoba Win-nipeg, Manitoba.
30. Romero A, Sutherland A, Gouge DH, Spaf¬ford H, Nair S, Lewis V, Choe DH, Li S, Young D (2017) Pest management strategies for bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimi¬cidae) in multiunit housing: a literature re¬view on field studies. J Integr Pest Manag. 8(1): 1–10.
31. Wang C, Wen X (2011) Bed bug infesta-tions and control practices in China: Im-plications for fighting the global bed bug resurgence. Insects. 2(2): 83–95.
32. Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Peñas PF, Russell RC. Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin Microbiol Rev. 25 (1): 164–192.
33. Lai O, Ho D, Glick S, Jagdeo J (2016) Bed bugs and possible transmission of human pathogens: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res. 308(8): 531–538.
34. Reinhardt K, Kempke D, Naylor R, Si-va‐Jothy M (2009) Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med Vet Entomol. 23(2):163–166.
35. Leverkus M, Jochim RC, Schäd S, Bröck-er E-B, Andersen JF, Valenzuela JG, Tra¬utmann A (2006) Bullous allergic hy-per¬sen¬sitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin. J Investig Dermatol. 126(1): 91–96.
36. Goddard J, de Shazo R (2012) Psycho-logical effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L.). Am J Med. 125(1): 101–103.
37. Karunamoorthi K, Beyene B, Ambelu A (2015) Prevalence, knowledge and self-reported containment practices about bed¬bugs in the resource-limited setting of Ethi¬opia: a descriptive cross-sectional sur¬vey. Health. 7(09): 1142.
38. Mnyone L, Massawe OS (2020) Knowledge, Risk Factors and Practices about Bed bugs in Rural Eastern Tanzania. Preprint from Research Square.
2. Usinger RL (1966) Monograph of Cimici-dae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Vol. VII. Entomological Society of America, Mar-yland, United.
3. Beugnet F, Rautenbach C, van der Mescht L, Lebon W, Aouiche N, Liebenberg J (2021) Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolan-er against bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, when administered orally to dogs. Para-sit. 28: 7.
4. Akhoundi M, Sereno D, Durand R, Mirzaei A, Bruel C, Delaunay P, Marty P, Lzri A (2020) Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimici-dae): Overview of Classification, Evolu-tion and Dispersion. Int J Environ Res. 17(12): 4576.
5. Romero A (2009) Biology and manage¬ment of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). [PhD dis¬ser-tation]. College of Agriculture, Univer-sity of Kentucky, United States.
6. Patel D, Elston DM (2012) What's eating you? Bedbugs revisited (Cimex lectular-ius). Cutis. 90(4): 173–175.
7. Criado PR, Belda Junior W, Criado RFJ, Silva RV, Vasconcellos C (2011) Bed-bugs (Cimicidae infestation): the world-wide renaissance of an old partner of human kind. Braz J Infect Dis. 15: 74–80.
8. Giorda F, Guardone L, Mancini M, Accorsi A, Macchioni F, Mignone W (2013) Cases of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Northwest Italy. Vet Ital. 49(4): 335–340.
9. Haghi SFM, Behbodi M, Hajati H, Shafaroudi MM (2014) Prevalence of bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in human settlement area of Bahnamir, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4: S786–S789.
10. Goddard J, deshazo R (2009) Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical conse-quences of their bites. Clin Rev. 301(13): 1358–1366.
11. Siljander E, Gries R, Khaskin G, Gries G (2008) Identification of the airborne ag-gregation pheromone of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. J Chem Ecol. 34(6): 708–718.
12. Anderson AL, Leffler K (2008) Bedbug infestations in the news: a picture of an emerging public health problem in the United States. J Environ Health Res. 70 (9): 24–28.
13.Weeks EN, Birkett MA, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Logan JG (2011) Semio-chem¬icals of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control. Pest Manag Sci. 67(1): 10–20.
14. Sutton D, Thomas DJ (2008) Don't Let the Bedbugs Bite! Identifying and Manag¬ing Infestations. Nurse Pract. 33(8): 28–33.
15. Zamanpour Barkousaraei M, Mohseni-Azghan¬di M, Godarzi G (2018) Iden¬ti-fying and Prioritizing the effective fac-tors in commercialization of mobile health. J Biomed Health Inform. 5(1): 35–43.
16. Lee RG, Hsiao CC, Chen KC, Liu MH (2005) An intelligent diabetes mobile care system with alert mechanism. Biomed Eng Appl Basis Commun. 17(04): 186–192.
17. Alizadeh I, Gorouhi MA, Afshar AA, Iranpour A (2019) The social impacts of bedbug infestation as an emerging pub¬lic health issue: a case report. Electron Physician. 11(4): 7636–7642.
18. Heymann WR (2009) Bed bugs: a new morning for the nighttime pests. J Am Acad Dermatol. 60(3): 482–483.
19. Reis MD (2010) An evaluation of bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) host location and aggregation behavior.[PhD dissertation]. virginia polytechnic institute and state university, United States..
20. Gerardo EM (2014) Increasing awareness of and education about bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) as a public health issue in Hawai. [PhD dissertation]. University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States.
21. Reinhardt K, Harder A, Holland S, Hooper J, Leake-Lyall C (2008) Who knows the bed bug? Knowledge of adult bed bug appearance increases with people’s age in three counties of Great Britain.J Med Entomol. 45(5): 956–958.
22. Lowe CF, Romney MG (2011) Bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria. Emerg Infect Dis. 17(6): 1132–1134.
23. Adeyeye A, Adams A, Herring L, Currie B (2010) Bed Bug Infestation on a Ma-ternity Unit in a Tertiary Care Center. Am J Infect Control. 38(5): E82–E83.
24. Chinnakali P, Gurnani N, Upadhyay RP, Parmar K, Suri TM, Yadav K (2012) High level of awareness but poor prac-tices regarding dengue fever control: a cross-sectional study from North India. N Am J Med Sci. 4(6): 278.
25. Kaylor MB, Wenning P, Eddy C (2015) Prev¬alence, knowledge, and concern about bed bugs. J Environ Health. 78(1): 20–25.
26. Seidel C, Reinhardt K. Bugging forecast: unknown, disliked, occasionally inti-mate. Bed bugs in Germany meet unprepared people. PloS One. 8(1): e51083.
27. Asshoff R, Hallerbach P, Reinhardt K (2020) Teaching changes interest and at-titudes of students towards bedbugs. Int J Sci Educ. 42(11): 1818–1833.
28. Alizadeh I, Sharififard M, Jahanifard E, Rajaei F, Mousavian G, Mehraghaei M (2018) Identification, knowledge, and aware¬ness of people regarding public health nuisance insect (Cimex lectular-ius) in southwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 10(3): e81133.
29. Lyons J (2010) The social impacts of bed bugs on inner-city residents. [PhD dis-sertation]. University of Manitoba Win-nipeg, Manitoba.
30. Romero A, Sutherland A, Gouge DH, Spaf¬ford H, Nair S, Lewis V, Choe DH, Li S, Young D (2017) Pest management strategies for bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimi¬cidae) in multiunit housing: a literature re¬view on field studies. J Integr Pest Manag. 8(1): 1–10.
31. Wang C, Wen X (2011) Bed bug infesta-tions and control practices in China: Im-plications for fighting the global bed bug resurgence. Insects. 2(2): 83–95.
32. Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Peñas PF, Russell RC. Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin Microbiol Rev. 25 (1): 164–192.
33. Lai O, Ho D, Glick S, Jagdeo J (2016) Bed bugs and possible transmission of human pathogens: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res. 308(8): 531–538.
34. Reinhardt K, Kempke D, Naylor R, Si-va‐Jothy M (2009) Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med Vet Entomol. 23(2):163–166.
35. Leverkus M, Jochim RC, Schäd S, Bröck-er E-B, Andersen JF, Valenzuela JG, Tra¬utmann A (2006) Bullous allergic hy-per¬sen¬sitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin. J Investig Dermatol. 126(1): 91–96.
36. Goddard J, de Shazo R (2012) Psycho-logical effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L.). Am J Med. 125(1): 101–103.
37. Karunamoorthi K, Beyene B, Ambelu A (2015) Prevalence, knowledge and self-reported containment practices about bed¬bugs in the resource-limited setting of Ethi¬opia: a descriptive cross-sectional sur¬vey. Health. 7(09): 1142.
38. Mnyone L, Massawe OS (2020) Knowledge, Risk Factors and Practices about Bed bugs in Rural Eastern Tanzania. Preprint from Research Square.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i2.13621 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bed bug; Prison; Cimex lectularius; KAP; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
nikookar S hassan, Jafari A, Fazeli-Dinan M, Shabani-Kordshouli R, Yazdani-Charati J, Talebi-Hajikolaee N, Enayati ahmadali. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Inmates, Prison Staff and Soldiers regarding Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Mazandaran Prisons. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(2):165–174.
