Concurrent Trypanosomosis, Babesiosis and Toxocarosis in a Dog: a Case Report
Haemo & GI Parasites in Dog
-
Haider Abbas
,
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
,
Muhammad Younus
,
Muhammad Sohail Sajid
,
Shahid Hussain Farooqi
,
Zeeshan Iqbal
,
Muhammad Imran
,
Usman Amanat
,
Nida Wazir
,
Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
Abstract
Background: Among the blood-borne parasitic infections of dogs, trypanosomosis and babesiosis are highly prevalent in the Indian subcontinent and highly pathogenic.
Methods: A six-month-old dog was presented with complaint of lethargy, anorexia and loss of body weight over the previous 15 days on October 11, 2021. A full clinical and targeted haematologic and parasitological examination was undertaken.
Results: Wet smears were positive for the motile trypanosomes while stained thin blood smears showed large number of extracellular trypanosomes and intra-erythrocytic ring-like inclusion bodies of Babesia spp. A high burden of Toxocara canis was identified on coprological examination.
Conclusion: This report describes the clinical manifestation of concurrent infection of haemoparasites and gastrointestinal nematodes in Pakistani dogs, and highlights the importance of prompt veterinary intervention.
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2. Ali KM, Hassan EA, Abuowarda MM, Mahmoud MA, Torad FA (2021) Bilat-eral panophthalmia as a late sequel of leishmaniasis in dogs. Pak Vet J. 41(1): 13–18.
3. Ceylan O, Uslu A, Oztürk O, Sevinc F (2021) Serological investigation of some vector¬borne parasitic and rickettsial agents in dogs in the western part of Turkey. Pak Vet J. 41(3): 386–392.
4. Selim A, Abdelhady A, Alahadeb J (2021) Prevalence and first molecular charac¬ter-ization of Ehrlichia canis in Egyptian dogs. Pak Vet J, 41(1): 117–121.
5. Yasein G, Ashraf K, Naveed U, Rashid MI, Shabbir MZ (2022) First genetic evi-dence of Trypanosoma theileri in indig-enous cat¬tle in Southern Punjab Prov¬ince of Paki¬stan. Pak Vet J. 42(3): 322–327.
6. Sobhy HM, Barghash SM, Behour TS, Razin EA (2017) Seasonal fluctuation of tryp¬a¬nosomiasis in camels in North-West Egypt and effect of age, sex, loca¬tion, health sta¬tus and vector abundance on the preva¬lence. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 6: 64–68.
7. Luciani M, Di Febo T, Orsini M, Krasteva I, Cattaneo A, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Di Pancrazio C, Bachi A, Tittarelli M (2018) Trypanosoma equiperdum low molecu¬lar weight proteins as candidates for specif¬ic serological diagnosis of dourine. Front Vet Sci. 5: 40.
8. Santos FM, Carvalho de Macedo G, Barre-to WTG, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Garcia CM, Mourão GM, Porfírio GEO, Ma¬rino ED, André MR, Perles L, de Oliveira CE, de Andrade GB, Jansen AM, Herrera HM (2018) Outcomes of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi infections on health of southern coati (Nasua nasua), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and ocelot (Leopar-dus pardalis) in the Bra¬zil¬ian Pantanal. PLoS One. 13: e0201357.
9. Kandeel M, Al-Taher A (2021) Molecular landscapes of deoxyuridine 5'-triphos-phatase (dUTPase) as a drug tar¬get against camel Trypanosoma evansi. Pak Vet J. 41(2): 235–241.
10. Rashid A, Rasheed K, Hussain A (2008) Trypanosomiasis in dog; a case report. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2: 48–51.
11. Rashid I, Firyal S, Tariq A, Muhammad G, Saqib M, Zafar MS (2014) Use of Cymelarsan® and manganese chloride for treatment of the canine trypanosomi-asis (surra): a research report. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2: 104–105.
12. Da Silva AS, Zanette RA, Wolkmer P, Cos¬ta MM, Garcia HA, Lopes ST, San-turio JM, Teixeira MM, Monteiro SG (2009) Diminazene aceturate in the con-trol of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cats. Vet Parasitol. 165(1–2): 47–50.
13. Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Chris-tensen M, Morrison DA (2012) Babesia: a world emerging. Infect Genet Evol. 12(8): 1788–1809.
14. Baneth G (2018) Antiprotozoal treatment of canine babesiosis. Vet Parasitol. 254: 58–63.
15. Liberska J, Michalik J, Pers-Kamczyc E, Wierzbicka A, Lane RS, Rączka G, Opalińska P, Skorupski M, Dabert M (2021) Prevalence of Babesia canis DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in forest and urban ecosystems in west-central Po¬land. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 12(5): 101786.
16. Raza A, Rand J, Qamar AG, Jabbar A, Kopp S (2018) Gastrointestinal parasites in shel¬ter dogs: occurrence, pathology, treat¬ment and risk to shelter workers. Animals. 8 (7): 108.
17. Meyer I, Björn F (2014) Dog and owner characteristics affecting the dog–owner relationship. J Vet Behav. 9(4): 143–150.
18. Overgaauw PA, van Knapen F (2013) Vet¬erinary and public health aspects of Tox¬ocara spp. Vet Parasitol. 193(4): 398–403.
19. Holland CV (2017) Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara: the enigma remains. Parasitology. 144(1): 1–94.
20. Sivajothi S, Rayulu VC, Reddy BS (2013) Haematological and biochemical chang-es in experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in rabbits. J Parasit Dis. 39(2): 216–220.
21. Reddy BS, Kumari KN, Sivajothi S, Ra-yulu VC (2016) Haemato-biochemical and thyroxin status in Trypanosoma ev-ansi in¬fected dogs. J Parasit Dis. 40(2): 491–495.
22. Hare WCD, Soulsby EJL, Abt DA (1970)
Bovine trypanosomiasis and lymphocy-tosis parallel studies. Bibl Haematol. 36: 504–517.
23. de Buhr N, Bonilla MC, Jimenez-Soto M, Von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Dolz G (2018) Extracellular trap formation in re-sponse to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in granulocytes isolated from dogs and common opossums, natural reservoir hosts. Front Microbiol. 9: 966.
24. Prasad KL, Kondaiah PM, Rayulu VC, Srilatha C (2015) Prevalence of canine trypanosomiasis in certain areas of An-dhra Pradesh. J Parasit Dis. 39(2): 238–240.
25. Abbas H, Ullah MR, Rizwan HM, Farooqi SH, Ahmad HM, Ateeq MK, Ahmad M (2021) Canine trypanosomosis: a case re-port. J Hell Vet Medical Soc. 72(1): 2787–2790.
26. Busselman RE, Meyers AC, Zecca IB, Auck¬land LD, Castro AH, Dowd RE, Curtis-Robles R, Hodo CL, Saunders AB, Hamer SA (2021) High incidence of Trypano¬soma cruzi infections in dogs directly de¬tected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(11): e0009935.
27. Recalde ODS, Fraenkel S, José Tintel M, Arze VP, Ramírez Centurión N, Rolón M, Vega Gómez C (2021) First report of the presence of Trypanosoma evansi in dogs from Paraguay applying molecular tech¬niques. Braz J Vet Med. 43(1): e001920.
28. Calvet F, Medkour H, Mediannikov O, Girardet C, Jacob A, Boni M, Davoust B (2020) An African canine trypanosomo¬sis case import: is there a possibility of creating a secondary focus of Trypano¬soma congolense infection in France? Path¬ogens. 9(9): 709.
29. Van Den Abbeele J, Rotureau B (2013) New insights in the interactions between African trypanosomes and tsetse flies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 3: 63.
30. Duvallet G, Fontenille D, Vincent R (2017) Entomologie Médicale et Vétéri-naire. Vol. 1. IRD and Quae Editions, Mar¬seille, France.
31. Singh A, Singh H, Singh NK, Singh ND, Rath SS (2014) Canine babesiosis in north¬western India: molecular detection and as¬sessment of risk factors. Biomed Res Int. 2014: 741785.
32. Daniel LN, Kujul NB, Kemza SY, Ibukunolu¬wa MR (2016) Retrospective study of the risk factors associated with canine babesiosis diagnosed at veteri-nary clinic federal college of animal health and production technology, Vom, north cen¬tral Nigeria, 1999–2006. Int J Sci Appl Res. 1: 86–93.
33. Okubanjo OO, Adeshina OA, Jatau ID, Nata¬la AJ (2013) Prevalence of Babesia canis and Hepatozoon canis in Zaria, Ni-geria. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 11(2): 15–20.
34. Opara M, Adewumi N, Mohammed BR, Obeta SS, Simon MK, Jegede OC, Agbede RIS (2017) Investigations on the haem¬oprotozoan parasites of Nigeri-an local breed of dogs in Gwagwalada Federal Cap¬ital Territory (FCT), Nige¬ria. J Par¬asitol Res. 10: 1–7.
35. Sharma R, Singh BB, Gill JPS, Jenkins E, Singh B (2017) Canine parasitic zoono-ses in India: Status and Issues. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 36(3): 817–30.
36. Eslahi AV, Badri M, Khorshidi A, Majid-iani H, Hooshmand E, Hosseini H, Taghi¬pour A, Foroutan M, Pestehchian N, Firoozeh F, Riahi SM (2020) Preva-lence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infec-tion among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC In-fect Dis. 20(1): 1–7.
2. Ali KM, Hassan EA, Abuowarda MM, Mahmoud MA, Torad FA (2021) Bilat-eral panophthalmia as a late sequel of leishmaniasis in dogs. Pak Vet J. 41(1): 13–18.
3. Ceylan O, Uslu A, Oztürk O, Sevinc F (2021) Serological investigation of some vector¬borne parasitic and rickettsial agents in dogs in the western part of Turkey. Pak Vet J. 41(3): 386–392.
4. Selim A, Abdelhady A, Alahadeb J (2021) Prevalence and first molecular charac¬ter-ization of Ehrlichia canis in Egyptian dogs. Pak Vet J, 41(1): 117–121.
5. Yasein G, Ashraf K, Naveed U, Rashid MI, Shabbir MZ (2022) First genetic evi-dence of Trypanosoma theileri in indig-enous cat¬tle in Southern Punjab Prov¬ince of Paki¬stan. Pak Vet J. 42(3): 322–327.
6. Sobhy HM, Barghash SM, Behour TS, Razin EA (2017) Seasonal fluctuation of tryp¬a¬nosomiasis in camels in North-West Egypt and effect of age, sex, loca¬tion, health sta¬tus and vector abundance on the preva¬lence. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 6: 64–68.
7. Luciani M, Di Febo T, Orsini M, Krasteva I, Cattaneo A, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Di Pancrazio C, Bachi A, Tittarelli M (2018) Trypanosoma equiperdum low molecu¬lar weight proteins as candidates for specif¬ic serological diagnosis of dourine. Front Vet Sci. 5: 40.
8. Santos FM, Carvalho de Macedo G, Barre-to WTG, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Garcia CM, Mourão GM, Porfírio GEO, Ma¬rino ED, André MR, Perles L, de Oliveira CE, de Andrade GB, Jansen AM, Herrera HM (2018) Outcomes of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi infections on health of southern coati (Nasua nasua), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and ocelot (Leopar-dus pardalis) in the Bra¬zil¬ian Pantanal. PLoS One. 13: e0201357.
9. Kandeel M, Al-Taher A (2021) Molecular landscapes of deoxyuridine 5'-triphos-phatase (dUTPase) as a drug tar¬get against camel Trypanosoma evansi. Pak Vet J. 41(2): 235–241.
10. Rashid A, Rasheed K, Hussain A (2008) Trypanosomiasis in dog; a case report. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2: 48–51.
11. Rashid I, Firyal S, Tariq A, Muhammad G, Saqib M, Zafar MS (2014) Use of Cymelarsan® and manganese chloride for treatment of the canine trypanosomi-asis (surra): a research report. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2: 104–105.
12. Da Silva AS, Zanette RA, Wolkmer P, Cos¬ta MM, Garcia HA, Lopes ST, San-turio JM, Teixeira MM, Monteiro SG (2009) Diminazene aceturate in the con-trol of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cats. Vet Parasitol. 165(1–2): 47–50.
13. Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Chris-tensen M, Morrison DA (2012) Babesia: a world emerging. Infect Genet Evol. 12(8): 1788–1809.
14. Baneth G (2018) Antiprotozoal treatment of canine babesiosis. Vet Parasitol. 254: 58–63.
15. Liberska J, Michalik J, Pers-Kamczyc E, Wierzbicka A, Lane RS, Rączka G, Opalińska P, Skorupski M, Dabert M (2021) Prevalence of Babesia canis DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in forest and urban ecosystems in west-central Po¬land. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 12(5): 101786.
16. Raza A, Rand J, Qamar AG, Jabbar A, Kopp S (2018) Gastrointestinal parasites in shel¬ter dogs: occurrence, pathology, treat¬ment and risk to shelter workers. Animals. 8 (7): 108.
17. Meyer I, Björn F (2014) Dog and owner characteristics affecting the dog–owner relationship. J Vet Behav. 9(4): 143–150.
18. Overgaauw PA, van Knapen F (2013) Vet¬erinary and public health aspects of Tox¬ocara spp. Vet Parasitol. 193(4): 398–403.
19. Holland CV (2017) Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara: the enigma remains. Parasitology. 144(1): 1–94.
20. Sivajothi S, Rayulu VC, Reddy BS (2013) Haematological and biochemical chang-es in experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in rabbits. J Parasit Dis. 39(2): 216–220.
21. Reddy BS, Kumari KN, Sivajothi S, Ra-yulu VC (2016) Haemato-biochemical and thyroxin status in Trypanosoma ev-ansi in¬fected dogs. J Parasit Dis. 40(2): 491–495.
22. Hare WCD, Soulsby EJL, Abt DA (1970)
Bovine trypanosomiasis and lymphocy-tosis parallel studies. Bibl Haematol. 36: 504–517.
23. de Buhr N, Bonilla MC, Jimenez-Soto M, Von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Dolz G (2018) Extracellular trap formation in re-sponse to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in granulocytes isolated from dogs and common opossums, natural reservoir hosts. Front Microbiol. 9: 966.
24. Prasad KL, Kondaiah PM, Rayulu VC, Srilatha C (2015) Prevalence of canine trypanosomiasis in certain areas of An-dhra Pradesh. J Parasit Dis. 39(2): 238–240.
25. Abbas H, Ullah MR, Rizwan HM, Farooqi SH, Ahmad HM, Ateeq MK, Ahmad M (2021) Canine trypanosomosis: a case re-port. J Hell Vet Medical Soc. 72(1): 2787–2790.
26. Busselman RE, Meyers AC, Zecca IB, Auck¬land LD, Castro AH, Dowd RE, Curtis-Robles R, Hodo CL, Saunders AB, Hamer SA (2021) High incidence of Trypano¬soma cruzi infections in dogs directly de¬tected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(11): e0009935.
27. Recalde ODS, Fraenkel S, José Tintel M, Arze VP, Ramírez Centurión N, Rolón M, Vega Gómez C (2021) First report of the presence of Trypanosoma evansi in dogs from Paraguay applying molecular tech¬niques. Braz J Vet Med. 43(1): e001920.
28. Calvet F, Medkour H, Mediannikov O, Girardet C, Jacob A, Boni M, Davoust B (2020) An African canine trypanosomo¬sis case import: is there a possibility of creating a secondary focus of Trypano¬soma congolense infection in France? Path¬ogens. 9(9): 709.
29. Van Den Abbeele J, Rotureau B (2013) New insights in the interactions between African trypanosomes and tsetse flies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 3: 63.
30. Duvallet G, Fontenille D, Vincent R (2017) Entomologie Médicale et Vétéri-naire. Vol. 1. IRD and Quae Editions, Mar¬seille, France.
31. Singh A, Singh H, Singh NK, Singh ND, Rath SS (2014) Canine babesiosis in north¬western India: molecular detection and as¬sessment of risk factors. Biomed Res Int. 2014: 741785.
32. Daniel LN, Kujul NB, Kemza SY, Ibukunolu¬wa MR (2016) Retrospective study of the risk factors associated with canine babesiosis diagnosed at veteri-nary clinic federal college of animal health and production technology, Vom, north cen¬tral Nigeria, 1999–2006. Int J Sci Appl Res. 1: 86–93.
33. Okubanjo OO, Adeshina OA, Jatau ID, Nata¬la AJ (2013) Prevalence of Babesia canis and Hepatozoon canis in Zaria, Ni-geria. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 11(2): 15–20.
34. Opara M, Adewumi N, Mohammed BR, Obeta SS, Simon MK, Jegede OC, Agbede RIS (2017) Investigations on the haem¬oprotozoan parasites of Nigeri-an local breed of dogs in Gwagwalada Federal Cap¬ital Territory (FCT), Nige¬ria. J Par¬asitol Res. 10: 1–7.
35. Sharma R, Singh BB, Gill JPS, Jenkins E, Singh B (2017) Canine parasitic zoono-ses in India: Status and Issues. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 36(3): 817–30.
36. Eslahi AV, Badri M, Khorshidi A, Majid-iani H, Hooshmand E, Hosseini H, Taghi¬pour A, Foroutan M, Pestehchian N, Firoozeh F, Riahi SM (2020) Preva-lence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infec-tion among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC In-fect Dis. 20(1): 1–7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Case Report | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11807 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Trypanosoma Babesia Toxocara canis Dog Pakistan | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Abbas H, Rizwan HM, Younus M, Sajid MS, Farooqi S, Iqbal Z, Imran M, Amanat U, Wazir N, Naeem MA. Concurrent Trypanosomosis, Babesiosis and Toxocarosis in a Dog: a Case Report. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(2):173–179.
