Zika Virus from the Perspective of Observational Studies: a Review
Abstract
Background: Since 1952 when Zika Virus (ZIKV): a Flavivirus, was first discovered in humans, it has not received enough scientific research compared to some of the other members of the family Flaviviridae; like Dengue Virus (DENV). However, this has not stopped the virus from infecting the human population globally. In particular, the global spread of ZIKV has led to a surge in observational studies.
Methods: Regarding recently published ZIKV-related literature, we are not aware of any reviews strictly focusing on ZIKV from the perspective of observational studies. Therefore, we reviewed recently published observational studies exploring the global spread of ZIKV and its association with Congenital ZIKV Infection (CZI) and clinical manifestations in adults. Online databases including google scholar, PubMed and Elsevier were used for retrieving relevant studies.
Results: ZIKV cases have been reported in different parts of the world, with certain regions reporting more cases than the rest, like Brazil. ZIKV causes a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders including microcephaly, developmental disorders, and Guillain-Barre syndrome to name a few. Furthermore, CZI in neonates mainly manifests into neurological disorders and diseases, whereas ZIKV in adults’ targets various organs.
Conclusion: ZIKV poses a serious threat to human population and observational studies provide a different perspective on the damaging capabilities of ZIKV in real-life settings. Moreover, there are gaps in the literature regarding ZIKV-related-complications that future experimental studies need to address. These complications include in-utero transmission, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cross-reactivity, sexual transmission, along with its persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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4. Hills SL, Morrison A, Stuck S, Sandhu K, Mason KL, Stanek D, Gabel J, Osborne MA, Schroeder BA, Rico E (2021) Case series of laboratory-associated Zika vi rus disease, United States, 2016–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 27(5): 1296–1300.
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7. Morrey JD, Oliveira ALR, Wang H, Zukor K, de Castro MV, Siddharthan V (2019) Zika virus infection causes temporary paralysis in adult mice with motor neu ron synaptic retraction and evidence for proximal peripheral neuropathy. Sci Rep. 9(1): 19531.
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16. Bustos-Arriaga J, Garcia-Machorro J, Le on-Juarez M, Garcia-Cordero J, Santos Argumedo L, Flores-Romo L, Mendez Cruz AR, Juarez-Delgado F J, Cedillo Barron L (2011) Activation of the innate immune response against DENV in nor mal non-transformed human fibroblasts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 5(12): e1420.
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38. Matos MA, Nascimento MAST, Merriman JW (2021) Orthopaedic approach to the congenital Zika syndrome. Int Orthop. 45(3): 559–564.
39. Abtibol-Bernardino MR, de Almeida Peixo to LdFA, de Oliveira GA, de Almeida TF, Rodrigues GRI, Otani RH, Soares Chaves BC, de Souza Rodrigues C, de Andrade ABCA, de Fatima Redivo E (2020) Neu rological findings in children without con genital microcephaly exposed to Zika vi rus in utero: a case series study. Viruses. 12(11): 1335.
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42. Calvez E, Vetsaphong P, Somlor S, Xay bounsou T, Viengphouthong S, Dupont Rouzeyrol M, Pommelet V, Brey PT (2021) First probable case of congenital Zika syndrome in Lao People's Demo cratic Republic. Int J Infect Dis. 105: 595–597.
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2. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Lero, EM (2014) Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8(2): e2681.
3. Benelli G, Wilke ABB, Beier JC (2020) Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosqui to). Trends Parasitol. 36(11): 942–943.
4. Hills SL, Morrison A, Stuck S, Sandhu K, Mason KL, Stanek D, Gabel J, Osborne MA, Schroeder BA, Rico E (2021) Case series of laboratory-associated Zika vi rus disease, United States, 2016–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 27(5): 1296–1300.
5. Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, Ekchari yawat P, Neyret A, Luplertlop N, Pere ra-Lecoin M, Surasombatpattana P, Ta lignani L, Thomas F, Cao-Lormeau VM, Choumet V, Briant L, Despres P, Amara A, Yssel H, Misse D (2015) Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol. 89(17): 8880–8896. 6. Ismail A, Yusuf N (2014) Type I interfer ons: key players in normal skin and se lect cutaneous malignancies. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 847545.
7. Morrey JD, Oliveira ALR, Wang H, Zukor K, de Castro MV, Siddharthan V (2019) Zika virus infection causes temporary paralysis in adult mice with motor neu ron synaptic retraction and evidence for proximal peripheral neuropathy. Sci Rep. 9(1): 19531.
8. Krauer F, Riesen M, Reveiz L, Oladapo OT, Martinez-Vega R, Porgo TV, Hae fliger A, Broutet NJ, Low N (2017) Zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain-Barre syndrome: systematic review. PLoS Med. 14(1): e1002203.
9. Clé M, Desmetz C, Barthelemy J, Martin MF, Constant O, Maarifi G, Foulongne V, Bolloré K, Glasson Y, De Bock F, Blaquiere M, Dehouck L, Pirot N, Tuail lon E, Nisole S, Najioullah F, Van de Perre P, Cabié A, Marchi N, Gosselet F, Simonin Y, Salinas S (2020) Zika virus infection promotes local inflammation, cell adhesion molecule upregulation, and leukocyte recruitment at the blood-brain barrier. mBio. 11(4): e01183–e01120.
10. Chiu CF, Chu LW, Liao IC, Simanjuntak Y, Lin YL, Juan CC, Ping YH (2020) The mechanism of the Zika virus cross ing the placental barrier and the blood brain barrier. Front Microbiol. 11: 214.
11. Dando SJ, Mackay-Sim A, Norton R, Cur rie BJ, St John JA, Ekberg JA, Batzloff M, Ulett GC, Beacham IR (2014) Path ogens penetrating the central nervous sys tem: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27(4): 691–726.
12. Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2011) Immune response to dengue virus and prospects for a vaccine. Annu Rev Immunol. 29: 587–619.
13. Lee I, Bos S, Li G, Wang S, Gadea G, Despres P, Zhao RY (2018) Probing mo lecular insights into Zika virus(-)host in teractions. Viruses. 10(5): 233.
14. Wang ZY, Wang Z, Zhen ZD, Feng KH, Guo J, Gao N, Fan DY, Han DS, Wang PG, An J (2017) Axl is not an indispen sable factor for Zika virus infection in mice. J Gen Virol. 98(8): 2061–2068.
15. Tabata T, Petitt M, Puerta-Guardo H, Michlmayr D, Wang C, Fang-Hoover J, Harris E, Pereira L (2016) Zika virus targets different primary human placen tal cells, suggesting two routes for verti cal transmission. Cell Host Microbe. 20 (2): 155–166.
16. Bustos-Arriaga J, Garcia-Machorro J, Le on-Juarez M, Garcia-Cordero J, Santos Argumedo L, Flores-Romo L, Mendez Cruz AR, Juarez-Delgado F J, Cedillo Barron L (2011) Activation of the innate immune response against DENV in nor mal non-transformed human fibroblasts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 5(12): e1420.
17. Nazmi A, Dutta K, Hazra B, Basu A (2014) Role of pattern recognition receptors in flavivirus infections. Virus Res. 185: 32– 40.
18. Dang J, Tiwari SK, Lichinchi G, Qin Y, Patil VS, Eroshkin AM, Rana TM (2016) Zika virus depletes neural progenitors in human cerebral organoids through acti vation of the innate immune receptor TLR3. Cell Stem Cell. 19(2): 258–265.
19. Proost P, Vynckier AK, Mahieu F, Put W, Grillet B, Struyf S, Wuyts A, Opdenak ker G, Van Damme J (2003) Microbial Toll-like receptor ligands differentially regulate CXCL10/IP-10 expression in fi broblasts and mononuclear leukocytes in synergy with IFN-gamma and provide a mechanism for enhanced synovial chem okine levels in septic arthritis. Eur J Im munol. 33(11): 3146–3153.
20. Bourne N, Scholle F, Silva MC, Rossi SL, Dewsbury N, Judy B, De Aguiar JB, Le on MA, Estes DM, Fayzulin R, Mason PW (2007) Early production of type I in terferon during West Nile virus infection: role for lymphoid tissues in IRF3-inde pendent interferon production. J Virol. 81(17): 9100–9108.
21. Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, Ekchari yawat P, Neyret A, Luplertlop N, Pere ra-Lecoin M, Surasombatpattana P, Ta lignani L, Thomas F, Cao-Lormeau VM, Choumet V, Briant L, Despres P, Amara A, Yssel H, Misse D (2015) Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol. 89(17): 8880–8896. 22. Vandergaast R, Fredericksen BL (2012) West Nile virus (WNV) replication is independent of autophagy in mammali an cells. PLoS One. 7(9): e45800.
23. Dreux M, Gastaminza P, Wieland SF, Chi sari FV (2009) The autophagy machin ery is required to initiate hepatitis C vi rus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106(33): 14046–14051.
24. Heaton NS, Randall G (2010) Dengue virus induced autophagy regulates lipid metab olism. Cell Host Microbe. 8(5): 422–432.
25. Huber AK, Duncker PC, Irani DN (2014) Immune responses to non-tumor antigens in the central nervous system. Front On col. 4: 328.
26. Morris JK, Dolk H, Durán P, Orioli IM (2020) Use of infectious disease surveil lance reports to monitor the Zika virus epidemic in Latin America and the Car ibbean from 2015 to 2017: strengths and deficiencies. BMJ Open. 10(12): e042869.
27. Luo XF, Jin Z, He D, Li L (2021) The im pact of contact patterns of sexual net works on Zika virus spread: A case study in Costa Rica. Appl Math Comput. 393: 125765.
28. Diarra I, Nurtop E, Sangaré AK, Sagara I, Pastorino B, Sacko S, Zeguimé A, Cou libaly D, Fofana B, Gallian P (2020) Zika virus circulation in Mali. Emerg Infect Dis. 26(5): 945–952.
29. Nguyen CT, Moi ML, Le TQM, Nguyen TTT, Vu TBH, Nguyen HT, Pham TTH, Le THT, Nguyen LMH, Phu Ly MH (2020) Prevalence of Zika virus neutral izing antibodies in healthy adults in Vi etnam during and after the Zika virus ep idemic season: a longitudinal population based survey. BMC Infect Dis. 20(1): 332.
30. Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Rincón León HA, Caballero Sosa S, Ruiz E, Nájera Canci no JG, de La Rosa PR, Guerrero Almeida MdL, Powers JH, Beigel JH, Hunsberger S (2021) Different epidemiological pro files in patients with Zika and dengue infection in Tapachula, Chiapas in Mex ico (2016–2018): an observational, pro spective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 21(1): 881.
31. Williamson PC, Biggerstaff BJ, Simmons G, Stone M, Winkelman V, Latoni G, Alsina J, Bakkour S, Newman C, Pate LL (2020) Evolving viral and serological stages of Zika virus RNA-positive blood donors and estimation of incidence of in fection during the 2016 Puerto Rican Zika epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 20(12): 1437–1445.
32. Reynolds CJ, Watber P, Santos CNO, Ri beiro DR, Alves JC, Fonseca AB, Bispo AJ, Porto RL, Bokea K, De Jesus AMR (2020) Strong CD4 T cell responses to Zika virus antigens in a cohort of dengue virus immune mothers of congenital Zika virus syndrome infants. Front Immunol. 11: 185.
33. Oliveira JV, Carvalho TC, Giovanetti M, de Jesus JG, Santos CS, Pessoa LB, Magalhães Filho CF, Lima JG,
35. Sobhani NC, Avvad-Portari E, Nascimen to AC, Machado HN, Lobato DS, Pereira JP, Esquivel MS, Vasconcelos ZC, Zin AA, Tsui I (2020) Discordant Zika virus findings in twin pregnancies complicat ed by antenatal Zika virus exposure: a prospective cohort. J Infect Dis. 221(11): 1838–1845.
36. Clemente NS, Brickley EB, Paixão ES, De Almeida MF, Gazeta RE, Vedovello D, Rodrigues LC, Witkin SS, Passos SD (2020) Zika virus infection in pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes in São Paulo State, Brazil: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 10(1): 12673.
37. Coutinho CM, Negrini S, Araujo D, Teixei ra SR, Amaral FR, Moro MCR, Fer nandes JDCP, da Motta MSF, Negrini B, Caldas CACT (2021) Early maternal Zika infection predicts severe neonatal neurological damage: results from the pro spective Natural History of Zika Virus In fection in Gestation cohort study. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy. 128(2): 317–326.
38. Matos MA, Nascimento MAST, Merriman JW (2021) Orthopaedic approach to the congenital Zika syndrome. Int Orthop. 45(3): 559–564.
39. Abtibol-Bernardino MR, de Almeida Peixo to LdFA, de Oliveira GA, de Almeida TF, Rodrigues GRI, Otani RH, Soares Chaves BC, de Souza Rodrigues C, de Andrade ABCA, de Fatima Redivo E (2020) Neu rological findings in children without con genital microcephaly exposed to Zika vi rus in utero: a case series study. Viruses. 12(11): 1335.
40. Key AP, de Moura Negrini SF, Caldas CAT, Teixeira SR, Anastasio AR, Cavalcante J, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Hood LJ (2021) A prospective study of neurodevelopmen tal trends between 3 and 24 months in normocephalic infants with prenatal Zika virus exposure: Evidence of emerging communication delays in the NATZIG cohort. Early Hum Dev. 163: 105470.
41. Bentes AA, Crispim APC, Marinho PES, Viegas ECC, Loutfi KS, Guedes I, Araujo ST, Alvarenga AM, e Silva LMC, San tos MA (2021) Neurologic manifestations of noncongenital Zika virus in children. J Pediatr. 237: 298–301.
42. Calvez E, Vetsaphong P, Somlor S, Xay bounsou T, Viengphouthong S, Dupont Rouzeyrol M, Pommelet V, Brey PT (2021) First probable case of congenital Zika syndrome in Lao People's Demo cratic Republic. Int J Infect Dis. 105: 595–597.
43. Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Leroi C, Fusco D, Cressey TR, Wangsaeng N, Salvadori N, Kongyai N, Sirirungsi W, Lallemant M, Auewarakul P (2021) Lack of asso ciation between adverse pregnancy out comes and Zika antibodies among preg nant women in Thailand between 1997 and 2015. Viruses. 13(8): 1423.
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45. Galang RR, Avila GA, Valencia D, Daza M, Tong VT, Bermúdez AJ, Gilboa SM, Rico A, Cates J, Pacheco O (2020) Etiol ogy of microcephaly and central nervous system defects during the Zika epidemic in Colombia. J Pediatr. 222: 112–119.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12188 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Zika virus; Arbovirus; Flavivirus; Congenital zika infection | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Saleem T, Akhtar H, Jamal SB, Maryam F, Faheem M. Zika Virus from the Perspective of Observational Studies: a Review. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(4):262–277.
