Spatial Mapping the Dengue and Chikungunya Burden in a Rural Area near Bangalore: a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
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Abstract
Background: The burden of dengue and chikungunya diseases across geographical regions of India is poorly quantified more so during Covid19 pandemic and from hospital-based studies. The objective was to assess the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in the study area and to visualize the spatial distribution of dengue and chikungunya cases using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS).
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the population in villages coming under a medical college’s rural field practice area near Bangalore. A total of 31 villages were selected through a simple random sampling method and 3356 subjects were surveyed through household visits. QGIS was used for spatial mapping of cases.
Results: 3356 subjects were surveyed, and the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya was 1.13% and 0.02%, respectively. The overall prevalence of dengue and chikungunya cases together was 1.16%. All 39 (100%) cases had reported fever and 31 patients (79.5%) reported myalgia followed by arthralgia 22 (56.4%). QGIS supported spatial mapping of the cases and no clustering of cases was found in the study area.
Conclusion: The burden of dengue and chikungunya is under reported, and the surveillance system needs to be strengthened in the rural area. Spatial mapping using QGIS may help in a better understanding of the problem. QGIS was found to be useful in the spatial mapping of the cases and there was no clustering of cases observed.
1. Ganeshkumar P, Murhekar MV, Poorni¬ma V, Saravanakumar V, Sukumaran K, Anandaselvasankar A, John D, Me-hendale SM (2018) Dengue infection in In¬dia: A systematic review and me¬ta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(7): 1–25.
2. World Health Organization (2021) Chikungunya fact sheet. 2021 [Internet]; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya
3. World Health Organization (2022) Dengue and severe dengue. 2022 [Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
4. Agrupis KA, Ylade M, Aldaba J, Lopez AL, Deen J (2019) Trends in dengue re-search in the Philippines: A systematic re¬view. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(4): 1–18.
5. Puntasecca CJ, King CH, LaBeaud AD (2021) Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A sys-tematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(3): 1–14.
6. National Center for Vector Borne Dis¬eases Control (NCVBDC) (2021) Chikungu-nya Situation In India (2021)[Internet]. ; [cit¬ed 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1andlevel=0andlinkid=486andlid=3765.
7. Duncombe J, Clements A, Hu W, Wein-stein P, Ritchie S, Espino FE (2012) Re-view: Geographical information systems for dengue surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(5): 753–755.
8. Fritzell C, Rousset D, Adde A, Kazan¬ji M, Van Kerkhove MD, Flamand C (2018) Current challenges and implications for den¬gue, chikungunya and Zika sero-prevalence studies worldwide: A scop-ing review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(7): 1–29.
9. Aanensen DM, Huntley DM, Mene¬gazzo M, Powell ChI, Spratt BG (2014) Epi-Collect+: linking smartphones to web ap¬plications for complex data collection pro¬jects. F1000Res. 3: 199.
10. QGIS Development Team (2021) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Pro-ject.[Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: http://qgis.osgeo.org
11. R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.[Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Avail¬able at: https://www.R-project.org/.
12. Ministry of Health and Family Wel¬fare. National Family Health Survey (2021) Background characteristics of house-holds and villages (2021). New Delhi Government of India. [Internet]. ; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Availa¬ble at: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/data/bh/bhchap2.pdf.
13. National Center for Vector Borne Dis-eases Control (2015) Den¬gue/DHF Situation in India (2015) [In¬ternet]. ; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1 andlevel=0 and linkid= 431andlid=3715.
14. Kumar Vikram, B N Nagpal, Veena Pan-de, Aruna Srivastava, Rekha Saxena, Anup Anvikar, Aparup Das, Himmat Singh, Anushrita, Sanjeev K Gupt, N R Tuli, Olivier Telle, N K Yadav, Neena Valecha, Richard Paul (2016) An epi-demiological study of den¬gue in Delhi, India. Acta Trop. 153: 21–27.
15. Mohammed A Soghaier, Sayed Hi¬matt, Kamal ElDin Osman, Somia I Okoued, Osama E Seidahmed, Mark E Beatty, Kha¬lifa Elmusharaf, Jeahan Khogali, Nijood H Shingrai, Mutasim M Elmangory (2015) Cross-sectional community-based study of the socio-demographic factors asso¬ciated with the prevalence of dengue in the eastern part of Sudan in 2011. BMC Public Health. 15(558): 1–6.
16. Julian T Hertz, O Michael Munishi, Eng Eong Ooi, Shiqin Howe, Wen Yan Lim, Angelia Chow, Anne B Morrissey, John A Bartlett, Jecinta J Onyango, Venance P Maro, Grace D Kinabo, Wilbrod Sa-ganda, Duane J Gubler, John A Crump (2012) Chikungunya and dengue fever among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(1): 171–177.
17. Chajhlana SPS, Mahabhasyam RN, Vara-prasada MSM, Anukolu RSR (2017) So-cio demographic and clinical profile of den¬gue fever cases at a tertiary care hospital, Hy¬derabad, Telangana. Int J Community Med Public Health. 4: 2027–2030.
18. Dutta P, Khan SA, Phukan AC, Hazarika S, Hazarika NK, Chetry S, Khan AM, Kaur H (2019) Surveillance of Chikungunya virus activity in some North-eastern states of India. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 12: 19–25.
19. Balasubramaniam SM, Krishnakumar J, Stephen T, Gaur R, Appavoo NC (2011) Prevalence of Chikungunya in urban field practice area of a private medical college, Chennai. Indian J Community Med. 36: 124–127.
20. Fayaz-Ahammad S, Manohar B, Ma-haboob Basha S, Durga Prasad TS, Rubeena Begum Hakeem, Sripraharshita G (2016) Clinico-demographic profile of dengue fever in a south indian tertiary care teaching hospi¬tal. World journal of pharmacy and pharma¬ceutical sciences. 5(1): 1603–1609.
21. Mishra S, Agrahari, Dharti K Shah (2017) Intervention and effect of coconut wa¬ter on Dengue Patients. Int J Innov Res Adv Stud. 4(1): 34–37.
22. Mulligan K, Dixon J, Sinn CL, Elliott SJ (2015) Is dengue a disease of poverty? A systematic review. Pathog Glob Health. 109(1): 10–18.
23. Garg S, Chakravarti A, Singh R, Mas¬thi NR, Goyal RC, Jammy GR, Ganguly E, Sharma N, Singh MM, Ferreira G, Moureau A, Ojha S, Nealon J (2017).Dengue serotype-specific sero-prevalence among 5 to 10 year old chil-dren in India: a community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Infect Dis. 54: 25–30.
24. Schmidt WP, Suzuki M, Thiem VD, White RG, Tsuzuki A, Yoshida LM, Yanai H, Haque U, Tho le H, Anh DD, Ariyoshi K (2011) Population density, water supply, and the risk of dengue fe-ver in Vietnam: cohort study and spatial analysis. PLoS Med. 8(8): 1–9.
25. Ashraf S (2021) Retrospective Study of Fatal Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in La-hore City. Texila Int J Public Heal. 4(4): 686–705.
26. Rajendran G, Amalraj D, Das LK, Ra¬vi R, Das PK (2006) Epidemiological and en-tomological investigation of dengue fe-ver in Sulurpet, Andhra Pradesh, India. Dengue Bull. 30: 93–98.
27. Kumar A, Rao CR, Pandit V, Shetty S, Bammigatti C, Samarasinghe CM (2010) Clin¬ical manifestations and trend of dengue cases ad¬mitted in a tertiary care hospital, udupi dis¬trict, karnataka. Indian J Community Med. 35(3): 386–390.
28. Itoda I, Masuda G, Suganuma A, Imamu-ra A, Ajisawa A, Yamada K, Yabe S, Takasaki T, Kurane I, Totsuka K, Negishi M (2006) Clinical features of 62 im¬ported cases of den¬gue fever in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75(3): 470–474.
29. Abrol A, Dewan A, Agarwal N, Galhotra A, Goel NK, Swami HM (2006) A Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Dengue Fever Cases in a Peri-Urban Area of Chandi¬garh. Internet J Epidemi-ol. 5(1): 1–5.
30. Kumar H, Mansoor SM (2015) A Study of Clinico-Demographic Profile of Dengue Cases in A Teaching Hospital. Natl J Lab Med. 4(3): 1–5.
31. Kajeguka DC, Kaaya RD, Mwakalin¬ga S, Ndossi R, Ndaro A, Chilongola JO, Mosha FW, Schiøler KL, Kavishe RA, Alifrangis M (2016) Prevalence of den-gue and chikungunya virus infections in north-eastern Tanzania: a cross sectional study among participants presenting with malaria-like symptoms. BMC In-fect Dis. 16(183): 1–9.
32. Jaisankar R, Kesavan J (2019) A study on spatial variations in temporal trends of dengue incidences in Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Sci Technol Res. 8(9): 788–792.
33. Masthi NRR, Vairavasolai P (2016) Esti-mation of animal bites using GPS and google earth in an urban low income ar¬ea of Bengaluru, South India. APCRI Journal. 17(2): 1–5.
34. Martin C, Curtis B, Fraser C, Sharp B (2002) The use of a GIS-based malaria infor¬mation system for malaria research and con¬trol in South Africa. Health Place. 8(4): 227–236.
2. World Health Organization (2021) Chikungunya fact sheet. 2021 [Internet]; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya
3. World Health Organization (2022) Dengue and severe dengue. 2022 [Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
4. Agrupis KA, Ylade M, Aldaba J, Lopez AL, Deen J (2019) Trends in dengue re-search in the Philippines: A systematic re¬view. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(4): 1–18.
5. Puntasecca CJ, King CH, LaBeaud AD (2021) Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A sys-tematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(3): 1–14.
6. National Center for Vector Borne Dis¬eases Control (NCVBDC) (2021) Chikungu-nya Situation In India (2021)[Internet]. ; [cit¬ed 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1andlevel=0andlinkid=486andlid=3765.
7. Duncombe J, Clements A, Hu W, Wein-stein P, Ritchie S, Espino FE (2012) Re-view: Geographical information systems for dengue surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(5): 753–755.
8. Fritzell C, Rousset D, Adde A, Kazan¬ji M, Van Kerkhove MD, Flamand C (2018) Current challenges and implications for den¬gue, chikungunya and Zika sero-prevalence studies worldwide: A scop-ing review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(7): 1–29.
9. Aanensen DM, Huntley DM, Mene¬gazzo M, Powell ChI, Spratt BG (2014) Epi-Collect+: linking smartphones to web ap¬plications for complex data collection pro¬jects. F1000Res. 3: 199.
10. QGIS Development Team (2021) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Pro-ject.[Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: http://qgis.osgeo.org
11. R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.[Internet].; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Avail¬able at: https://www.R-project.org/.
12. Ministry of Health and Family Wel¬fare. National Family Health Survey (2021) Background characteristics of house-holds and villages (2021). New Delhi Government of India. [Internet]. ; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Availa¬ble at: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/data/bh/bhchap2.pdf.
13. National Center for Vector Borne Dis-eases Control (2015) Den¬gue/DHF Situation in India (2015) [In¬ternet]. ; [cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1 andlevel=0 and linkid= 431andlid=3715.
14. Kumar Vikram, B N Nagpal, Veena Pan-de, Aruna Srivastava, Rekha Saxena, Anup Anvikar, Aparup Das, Himmat Singh, Anushrita, Sanjeev K Gupt, N R Tuli, Olivier Telle, N K Yadav, Neena Valecha, Richard Paul (2016) An epi-demiological study of den¬gue in Delhi, India. Acta Trop. 153: 21–27.
15. Mohammed A Soghaier, Sayed Hi¬matt, Kamal ElDin Osman, Somia I Okoued, Osama E Seidahmed, Mark E Beatty, Kha¬lifa Elmusharaf, Jeahan Khogali, Nijood H Shingrai, Mutasim M Elmangory (2015) Cross-sectional community-based study of the socio-demographic factors asso¬ciated with the prevalence of dengue in the eastern part of Sudan in 2011. BMC Public Health. 15(558): 1–6.
16. Julian T Hertz, O Michael Munishi, Eng Eong Ooi, Shiqin Howe, Wen Yan Lim, Angelia Chow, Anne B Morrissey, John A Bartlett, Jecinta J Onyango, Venance P Maro, Grace D Kinabo, Wilbrod Sa-ganda, Duane J Gubler, John A Crump (2012) Chikungunya and dengue fever among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(1): 171–177.
17. Chajhlana SPS, Mahabhasyam RN, Vara-prasada MSM, Anukolu RSR (2017) So-cio demographic and clinical profile of den¬gue fever cases at a tertiary care hospital, Hy¬derabad, Telangana. Int J Community Med Public Health. 4: 2027–2030.
18. Dutta P, Khan SA, Phukan AC, Hazarika S, Hazarika NK, Chetry S, Khan AM, Kaur H (2019) Surveillance of Chikungunya virus activity in some North-eastern states of India. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 12: 19–25.
19. Balasubramaniam SM, Krishnakumar J, Stephen T, Gaur R, Appavoo NC (2011) Prevalence of Chikungunya in urban field practice area of a private medical college, Chennai. Indian J Community Med. 36: 124–127.
20. Fayaz-Ahammad S, Manohar B, Ma-haboob Basha S, Durga Prasad TS, Rubeena Begum Hakeem, Sripraharshita G (2016) Clinico-demographic profile of dengue fever in a south indian tertiary care teaching hospi¬tal. World journal of pharmacy and pharma¬ceutical sciences. 5(1): 1603–1609.
21. Mishra S, Agrahari, Dharti K Shah (2017) Intervention and effect of coconut wa¬ter on Dengue Patients. Int J Innov Res Adv Stud. 4(1): 34–37.
22. Mulligan K, Dixon J, Sinn CL, Elliott SJ (2015) Is dengue a disease of poverty? A systematic review. Pathog Glob Health. 109(1): 10–18.
23. Garg S, Chakravarti A, Singh R, Mas¬thi NR, Goyal RC, Jammy GR, Ganguly E, Sharma N, Singh MM, Ferreira G, Moureau A, Ojha S, Nealon J (2017).Dengue serotype-specific sero-prevalence among 5 to 10 year old chil-dren in India: a community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Infect Dis. 54: 25–30.
24. Schmidt WP, Suzuki M, Thiem VD, White RG, Tsuzuki A, Yoshida LM, Yanai H, Haque U, Tho le H, Anh DD, Ariyoshi K (2011) Population density, water supply, and the risk of dengue fe-ver in Vietnam: cohort study and spatial analysis. PLoS Med. 8(8): 1–9.
25. Ashraf S (2021) Retrospective Study of Fatal Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in La-hore City. Texila Int J Public Heal. 4(4): 686–705.
26. Rajendran G, Amalraj D, Das LK, Ra¬vi R, Das PK (2006) Epidemiological and en-tomological investigation of dengue fe-ver in Sulurpet, Andhra Pradesh, India. Dengue Bull. 30: 93–98.
27. Kumar A, Rao CR, Pandit V, Shetty S, Bammigatti C, Samarasinghe CM (2010) Clin¬ical manifestations and trend of dengue cases ad¬mitted in a tertiary care hospital, udupi dis¬trict, karnataka. Indian J Community Med. 35(3): 386–390.
28. Itoda I, Masuda G, Suganuma A, Imamu-ra A, Ajisawa A, Yamada K, Yabe S, Takasaki T, Kurane I, Totsuka K, Negishi M (2006) Clinical features of 62 im¬ported cases of den¬gue fever in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75(3): 470–474.
29. Abrol A, Dewan A, Agarwal N, Galhotra A, Goel NK, Swami HM (2006) A Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Dengue Fever Cases in a Peri-Urban Area of Chandi¬garh. Internet J Epidemi-ol. 5(1): 1–5.
30. Kumar H, Mansoor SM (2015) A Study of Clinico-Demographic Profile of Dengue Cases in A Teaching Hospital. Natl J Lab Med. 4(3): 1–5.
31. Kajeguka DC, Kaaya RD, Mwakalin¬ga S, Ndossi R, Ndaro A, Chilongola JO, Mosha FW, Schiøler KL, Kavishe RA, Alifrangis M (2016) Prevalence of den-gue and chikungunya virus infections in north-eastern Tanzania: a cross sectional study among participants presenting with malaria-like symptoms. BMC In-fect Dis. 16(183): 1–9.
32. Jaisankar R, Kesavan J (2019) A study on spatial variations in temporal trends of dengue incidences in Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Sci Technol Res. 8(9): 788–792.
33. Masthi NRR, Vairavasolai P (2016) Esti-mation of animal bites using GPS and google earth in an urban low income ar¬ea of Bengaluru, South India. APCRI Journal. 17(2): 1–5.
34. Martin C, Curtis B, Fraser C, Sharp B (2002) The use of a GIS-based malaria infor¬mation system for malaria research and con¬trol in South Africa. Health Place. 8(4): 227–236.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i4.15297 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dengue Chikunguny Fever survey Spatial mapping | ||
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How to Cite
1.
masthi NRR, Bharathi G D. Spatial Mapping the Dengue and Chikungunya Burden in a Rural Area near Bangalore: a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;17(4):344–351.
