Original Article

Monitoring of Thiamethoxam Resistance in Turkish House Fly Strains, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract

Background: The house fly, Musca domestica, is vector for pathogens and parasites and causes economic damage to livestock by reducing forage conversion efficiency, negatively impacting weight gain and milk production. It has shown resistance to multiple insecticide classes. The aim of this research was to determine the susceptibility levels of seven­teen field M. domestica strains to thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in Türkiye.
Methods: Insecticide susceptibility of the house flies to thiamethoxam was determined using the WHO glass jar meth­od. A probit analysis program was used to determine LD50 values, and then the resistance ratios were compared with insecticide-susceptible strain.
Results: All strains were ≥18.5-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. The data showed that 10 out of 17 strains had either high or very high resistance levels. Our findings revealed that house flies from solid waste landfills in Samsun, Ankara, and Kocaeli exhibited higher resistance ratios compared to those found in animal shelters. Conversely, in Gaziantep, Antalya, İzmir and Erzurum, the exact opposite trend was observed. Regarding the LD50 values among solid waste stor­age areas, the lowest rate was obtained from Gaziantep (0.72 gr ai/m2), and the highest rate was obtained from Ankara (9.35 gr ai/m2). Furthermore, regarding the LD50 values among animal shelters, the lowest was obtained from Samsun (0.37 gr ai/m2), and the highest was obtained from Denizli (21800 gr ai/m2).
Conclusion: The use of integrated control systems is recommended for controlling house fly populations, including insecticide class rotations for preventing, or at least, delaying the onset of resistance.

1. Zurek L, Denning SS, Schal C, Watson DW (2001) Vector competence of Musca do¬mestica (Diptera: Muscidae) for Yer¬sinia pseudotuberculosis. J Med Entomol. 38 (2): 333–335.
2. Barin A, Arabkhazaeli F, Rahbari S, Madani SA (2010) The house fly, Musca domes¬tica, as a possible mechanical vector of Newcastle disease virus in the labora¬tory and field. Med Vet Entomol. 24(1): 88–90.
3. Campbell J, Boxler D (1984) Effects of house and stable flies (Dipteria, Muscidae) on weight-gain and feed-effeciency by feeder pigs. Southwest Entomol. 9(3): 273–274.
4. Iqbal W, Faheem MM, Kaleem SM, Azam I, Iram N, Rashda A (2014) Role of house fly (Musca domestica, Diptera; Musci¬dae) as a disease vector; a review. J En¬tomol Zool Stud. 2(2): 159–163.
5. Cetin H, Erler F, Yanikoglu A (2009) Sur-vey of insect growth regulator (IGR) re-sistance in house flies (Musca domestica L.) from southwestern Turkey. J Vector Ecol. 34(2): 329–337.
6. Jandowsky A, Clausen PH, Schein E, Bauer B (2010) Occurrence and distribution of insecticide resistance in house flies (Mus¬ca domestica) on dairy farms in Bran¬den¬burg, Germany. Prakt Tierarzt. 91(7): 590–598.
7. Khan HAA, Akram W, Iqbal J, Naeem-Ullah U (2015) Thiamethoxam resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica L.: Current status, resistance selection, cross-re¬sistance potential and possible biochemical mech¬anisms. PLoS One 10(5): e0125850.
8. Kristensen M, Jespersen JB (2008) Suscep-tibility to thiamethoxam of Musca do-mes¬tica from Danish livestock farms. Pest Manag Sci. 64(2): 126–132.
9. Memmi B (2010) Mortality and knock-down effects of imidacloprid and methomyl in house fly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) populations. J Vector Ecol. 35(1): 144–148.
10. Akiner MM, Çağlar SS (2006) The status and seasonal changes of organophos-phate and pyrethroid resistance tin Turkish pop¬ulations of the house fly, Musca do¬mes¬tica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). J Vector Ecol. 31(2): 426–432.
11. Cetin H, Erler F, Yanikoglu A (2009) Sur-vey of insect growth regulator (IGR) re-sistance in house flies (Musca domestica L.) from southwestern Turkey. J Vector Ecol. 34(2): 329–337.
12. Cetin H, Kocak O, Oz E, Koc S, Polat Y, Kalender A (2019) Evaluation of some synthetic pyrethroids and piperonyl butox¬ide combinations against Turkish house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations. Pak J Zool. 51(2): 703–707.
13. Erdogan G, Cetin H (2020) Survey of del-tamethrin resistance in house flies (Mus¬ca domestica L.) collected from Kumlu¬ca which is the most important green¬house production area of Turkey. Frese¬nius Environ Bull. 29(11): 10252–10256.
14. Wang JN, Hou J, Wu YY, Guo S, Liu QM, Li TQ, Gong ZY (2019) Resistance of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Dip-tera: Muscidae), to five insecticides in Zhejiang province, China: The situation in 2017, Can J Infect Dis Med Micro-biol. 5: 1–10.
15. Cakir D (2018) Determination of re-sistance levels of house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations to thiamethoxam in Antalya. [Ms thesis]. Institute of Natural and Ap¬plied Sciences Akdeniz University, Tü¬rkiy¬e.
16. Ahmadi E, Khajehali J (2020) Dichlorvos resistance in the house fly popula¬tions, Musca domestica, of Iranian cattle farms. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14 (4): 344–352.
17. Khan HA, Akram W, Shad SA (2013) Re-sistance to conventional insecticides in Pakistani populations of Musca domes-tica L. (Diptera: Muscidae): a potential ectoparasite of dairy animals. Ecotoxi-col. 22(3): 522–527.
18. Markussen MDK, Kristensen M (2012) Spinosad resistance in female Musca do¬mestica L. from a field-derived popula¬tion. Pest Manag Sci. 68(1): 75–82.
19. Burgess ER, King BH (2015) Compatibil-ity of the parasitoid wasp Spalangia en-dius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and in¬secticides against Musca domestica (Dip¬tera: Muscidae) as evaluated by a new index. J Econ Entomol. 108(3): 986–992.
20. Polat B, Cetin H (2020) Toxicity of thi-amethoxam and piperonyl butoxide com¬bination against some strains of house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera) in Tur¬key. Acta Zool Bulg. 72(2): 321–324.
21. Cakir G, Yavuz O, Kocak O (2008) Ef-fects of piperonyl butoxide and tetrame-thrin combinations on biological activi-ties of selected synthetic pyrethroid in-secticides against different house fly (Mus¬ca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) pop-ulations. Acta Vet Brno. 77(3): 467–474.
Files
IssueVol 17 No 3 (2023) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i3.14982
Keywords
House fly Musca domestica Resistance Thiamethoxam Türkiye
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Cetin H, Yanikoglu A, Akarsu E, Civril M, Odabas E, Koc S, Oz E, Polat B. Monitoring of Thiamethoxam Resistance in Turkish House Fly Strains, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;17(3):206–213.