Evaluation of Repellency and Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the Blat-tella germanica (Blattodea: Blattellidae)
-
Atefeh Khan-Ahmadi
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
,
Mozhgan Baniardalani
,
Kourosh Khalifeh-Soltani
,
Amrollah Azarm
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
Abstract
Background: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Insecta: Blattodea, Blattellidae), which occurs widely in human buildings, is a small cockroach species. Cockroach control chemical pesticides are toxic to the environment, and it is sometimes impossible to prevent them. Controlling Blattella germanica through ultrasonic waves can be efficient and less dangerous for the environment.Methods: In this study, the repellency and lethal effect of ultrasonic waves on male and female German cockroaches was tested in a twin glass cubic chamber at laboratory condition. The wave frequencies tested ranged from 20 to 100kHz with 5kHz steps. A signal generator generated these frequencies, and the piezoelectric transmitter of these ultrasonic waves was positioned in the chamber's center on the upper side.
Results: Fisher's test showed that there was the greatest repellency effect in both male and female at frequencies of 35 and 40kHz. According to the results of the regression test, the most lethal effect is at the frequencies of 40 and 75kHz.
Conclusion: The operating ultrasonic frequencies investigated in this study can be used to repel and kill German cockroaches as pests endangering human health and environment.
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2. Wannigama DL, Dwivedi R, Zahraei-Ram-azani A (2014) Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria species isolated from Peri-planeta americana and Blattella german-ica in Va¬ranasi, India. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 10–20.
3. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Saghafipour A, Vatan¬doost H (2018) Control of Ameri-can cock¬roach (Periplaneta americana) in municipal sewage disposal system, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(2): 172–179.
4. Khodabandeh M, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Mada¬ni M, Zahraei-Ramazani A (2020) Study on Periplaneta americana (Blat-todea: Blat¬tidae) fungal infections in hos¬pital sew¬er system, Esfahan City, Iran, 2017. J Pathog. 2020: 4296720.
5. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Oshaghi MA, Sa¬man EAG, Asadi A, Yusuf MA (2022) The different aspects of attrac-tive toxic baits containing fipronil for control of the German cockroach (Blat-tella german¬ica). Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 37(4): e2022032.
6. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Dayer MS, Asa-di A, Sobati H, Yusuf MA (2021) Eval-ua¬tion of a newly modified eight-cham-ber-olfactometer for attracting German cock¬roaches Blattella germanica (Dicty-op¬tera: Blattellidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci. 41: 979–989.
7. Cochran DG (1989) Monitoring for insecti-cide resistance in field-collected strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blat¬tellidae). J Econ Entomol. 82(2): 336–341.
8. Hemingway J, Small G (1993) Resistance mechanisms in cockroaches-the key to control strategies. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment. Citeseer.
9. Huang F, Subramanyam B (2006) Lack of repellency of three commercial ultra¬sonic devices to the German cockroach (Blat-todea: Blattellidae). Insect Sci. 13(1): 61–66.
10. Cochran DG, Organization WH (1999) Cock¬roaches: their biology, distribution and con¬trol. World Health Organization.
11. Reynolds SE, Samuels RI (1996) Physiol-ogy and biochemistry of insect moulting fluid. Advances in insect physiology. Else¬vier. 26: 157–232.
12. Ballard JB, Gold RE (1983) The response of male German cockroaches to sonic and ultrasonic sound. J Kans Entomol. 77 (4): 93–96.
13. Ballard J, Gold R, Decker T (1984) Re-sponse of German cockroach (Orthop-tera: Blattellidae) populations to a fre-quen¬cy sweep¬ing ultrasound-emitting de¬vice. J Econ Entomol. 77(4): 976–979.
14. Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Webb J (1986) Efficacy of ultrasound for German cock-roach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) and ori-ental rat flea (Siphonoptera: Pulicidae) control. J Econ Entomol. 79(4): 1027–1031.
15. Rakhshani Zabol E (2006) Principles of ag¬ricultural toxicology (pesticides). Farh Jam Pub. 374.
16. Ahmad A, Subramanyam B, Zurek L (2007) Responses of mosquitoes and German cockroaches to ultrasound emit-ted from a random ultrasonic generating device. Entomol Exp Appl. 123(1): 25–33.
17. Gold R, Decker T, Vance AD (1984) Acous¬tical characterization and efficacy evaluation of ultrasonic pest control de-vices marketed for control of German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Entomol. 77(6): 1507–1512.
18. Brattain LJ, Telfer BA, Dhyani M, Grajo JR, Samir AE (2018) Machine learning for medical ultrasound: status, methods, and future opportunities. Ab-dom Radiol. 43: 786–799.
19. Powers J, Kremkau F (2011) Medical ul-trasound systems. Inter Focus J. 1(4): 477–489.
20. Smagowska B, Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska M (2013) Effects of ultrasonic noise on the human body—a bibliographic review. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 19(2): 195–202.
21. Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Gold-stein SA, Jones R, Kort S (2010) Fo-cused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent set¬ting: a consensus statement of the Amer¬ican Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physi¬cians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 23(12): 1225–1230.
22. Miller DL, Smith NB, Bailey MR, Czar-nota GJ, Hynynen K, Makin IRS (2012) Overview of therapeutic ultrasound ap-plications and safety considerations. J Ul¬trasound Med. 31(4): 623–634.
23. Hershkovitz R, Sheiner E, Mazor M (2002) Ultrasound in obstetrics: a review of safe¬ty. Eur J Obst Gyn Rep Biol. 101(1): 15–18.
24. Duck FA (2008) Hazards, risks and safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Med Eng Phys. 30(10): 1338–1348.
25. Lizzi F, Mortimer A, Carstensen E, Kremkau F, Miller D, Miller M (1988) Bioeffects considerations for the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 7: 1–38.
26. Barnett SB, Ter Haar GR, Ziskin MC, Rott HD, Duck FA, Maeda K (2000) In-terna¬tional recommendations and guide-lines for the safe use of diagnostic ultra-sound in medicine. Ultrasound Med Bi-ol. 26(3): 355–366.
27. Houston LE, Odibo AO, Macones GA (2009) The safety of obstetrical ultra-sound: a review. J Ultrasound Med. 29 (13): 1204–1212.
2. Wannigama DL, Dwivedi R, Zahraei-Ram-azani A (2014) Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria species isolated from Peri-planeta americana and Blattella german-ica in Va¬ranasi, India. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8 (1): 10–20.
3. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Saghafipour A, Vatan¬doost H (2018) Control of Ameri-can cock¬roach (Periplaneta americana) in municipal sewage disposal system, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 12(2): 172–179.
4. Khodabandeh M, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Mada¬ni M, Zahraei-Ramazani A (2020) Study on Periplaneta americana (Blat-todea: Blat¬tidae) fungal infections in hos¬pital sew¬er system, Esfahan City, Iran, 2017. J Pathog. 2020: 4296720.
5. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Oshaghi MA, Sa¬man EAG, Asadi A, Yusuf MA (2022) The different aspects of attrac-tive toxic baits containing fipronil for control of the German cockroach (Blat-tella german¬ica). Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 37(4): e2022032.
6. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Dayer MS, Asa-di A, Sobati H, Yusuf MA (2021) Eval-ua¬tion of a newly modified eight-cham-ber-olfactometer for attracting German cock¬roaches Blattella germanica (Dicty-op¬tera: Blattellidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci. 41: 979–989.
7. Cochran DG (1989) Monitoring for insecti-cide resistance in field-collected strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blat¬tellidae). J Econ Entomol. 82(2): 336–341.
8. Hemingway J, Small G (1993) Resistance mechanisms in cockroaches-the key to control strategies. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment. Citeseer.
9. Huang F, Subramanyam B (2006) Lack of repellency of three commercial ultra¬sonic devices to the German cockroach (Blat-todea: Blattellidae). Insect Sci. 13(1): 61–66.
10. Cochran DG, Organization WH (1999) Cock¬roaches: their biology, distribution and con¬trol. World Health Organization.
11. Reynolds SE, Samuels RI (1996) Physiol-ogy and biochemistry of insect moulting fluid. Advances in insect physiology. Else¬vier. 26: 157–232.
12. Ballard JB, Gold RE (1983) The response of male German cockroaches to sonic and ultrasonic sound. J Kans Entomol. 77 (4): 93–96.
13. Ballard J, Gold R, Decker T (1984) Re-sponse of German cockroach (Orthop-tera: Blattellidae) populations to a fre-quen¬cy sweep¬ing ultrasound-emitting de¬vice. J Econ Entomol. 77(4): 976–979.
14. Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Webb J (1986) Efficacy of ultrasound for German cock-roach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) and ori-ental rat flea (Siphonoptera: Pulicidae) control. J Econ Entomol. 79(4): 1027–1031.
15. Rakhshani Zabol E (2006) Principles of ag¬ricultural toxicology (pesticides). Farh Jam Pub. 374.
16. Ahmad A, Subramanyam B, Zurek L (2007) Responses of mosquitoes and German cockroaches to ultrasound emit-ted from a random ultrasonic generating device. Entomol Exp Appl. 123(1): 25–33.
17. Gold R, Decker T, Vance AD (1984) Acous¬tical characterization and efficacy evaluation of ultrasonic pest control de-vices marketed for control of German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Entomol. 77(6): 1507–1512.
18. Brattain LJ, Telfer BA, Dhyani M, Grajo JR, Samir AE (2018) Machine learning for medical ultrasound: status, methods, and future opportunities. Ab-dom Radiol. 43: 786–799.
19. Powers J, Kremkau F (2011) Medical ul-trasound systems. Inter Focus J. 1(4): 477–489.
20. Smagowska B, Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska M (2013) Effects of ultrasonic noise on the human body—a bibliographic review. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 19(2): 195–202.
21. Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Gold-stein SA, Jones R, Kort S (2010) Fo-cused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent set¬ting: a consensus statement of the Amer¬ican Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physi¬cians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 23(12): 1225–1230.
22. Miller DL, Smith NB, Bailey MR, Czar-nota GJ, Hynynen K, Makin IRS (2012) Overview of therapeutic ultrasound ap-plications and safety considerations. J Ul¬trasound Med. 31(4): 623–634.
23. Hershkovitz R, Sheiner E, Mazor M (2002) Ultrasound in obstetrics: a review of safe¬ty. Eur J Obst Gyn Rep Biol. 101(1): 15–18.
24. Duck FA (2008) Hazards, risks and safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Med Eng Phys. 30(10): 1338–1348.
25. Lizzi F, Mortimer A, Carstensen E, Kremkau F, Miller D, Miller M (1988) Bioeffects considerations for the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 7: 1–38.
26. Barnett SB, Ter Haar GR, Ziskin MC, Rott HD, Duck FA, Maeda K (2000) In-terna¬tional recommendations and guide-lines for the safe use of diagnostic ultra-sound in medicine. Ultrasound Med Bi-ol. 26(3): 355–366.
27. Houston LE, Odibo AO, Macones GA (2009) The safety of obstetrical ultra-sound: a review. J Ultrasound Med. 29 (13): 1204–1212.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13204 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Repellency; Lethal effect; Ultrasonic waves; Blattella germanica | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khan-Ahmadi A, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Baniardalani M, Khalifeh-Soltani K, Azarm A, Zahraei-Ramazani A. Evaluation of Repellency and Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the Blat-tella germanica (Blattodea: Blattellidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(1):83–93.
