Larvicidal Effects of Metabolites Extracted from Nocardia and Streptomyces Species against the Forth Larval Stage of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)
-
Marjan Seratnahaei
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
,
Seyyed Saeed Eshraghi
,
Mehdi Yaseri
,
Parviz Pakzad
Abstract
Background: Larvicidal agents can be produced using microbial resources, which are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and economical. The study's goal was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of metabolites isolated from Nocardia (N. fluminea, N. soli and N. pseudobrasiliensis) and Streptomyces (S. alboflavus) bacterial species against Anopheles stephensi.
Methods: Four metabolites isolated from Nocardia and Streptomyces strains were exanimated for larvicidal activity. The experiments were performed for 24, 48, and 72 hours. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 µl of Actinobacteria metabolites were added to 100 cc of dechlorinated water. Fourth-stage larvae were placed in dechlorinated water as a control. LC50 and LC90 were calculated using toxicity data and analyzed.
Results: All metabolites had a statistically significant influence on mosquito larvae (P< 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 hours, the LC50 for N2 (N. fluminea) was 417, 386, and 370 ppm, respectively, and the LC90 was 650, 595, and 561 ppm. Moreover, LC50 for N4 (N. soli) was 389, 376, and 347 and LC90 were 591, 565, and 533 and LC50 for N5 (N. pseudobrasiliensis) was 390, 357, and 341 ppm and LC90 were 589, 532 ppm. In addition, LC50 for S921 (S. alboflavus) was 484, 416, and 382 ppm, and LC90 was 701, 612, and 574 ppm.
Conclusion: The four bacterial metabolites tested in our study were found to have a notable effect on the mortality rate of Anopheles stephensi larvae, indicating their potential as natural larvicides. This is an effective technique for controlling Anopheles stephensi that has no detrimental environmental impact.
1. World Health Organization (2019) Vector alert: Anopheles stephensi invasion and spread: Horn of Africa, the Republic of the Sudan and surrounding geographical areas, and Sri Lanka: information note. World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326595. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
2. Prevention CfDCa (2018) Parasites - Lym-phatic Filariasis 2018 [updated March 16, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/vectors.html.
3. Yadav P, Gokhale M, Barde P, Singh DK, Mishra A, Mourya D (2003) Experi-mental transmission of Chikungunya vi-rus by Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Acta Vi¬rol. 47(1): 45–47.
4. Sasi M, Rajendran R, Meenakshy V, Suresh T, Pillai RH, Kumar TD, Sugathan A, Regu K (2021) Detection of Zika virus in Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in India-First report. En¬tomon. 46(4): 325–332.
5. World Health Organization (2015) Global tech¬nical strategy for malaria 2016–2030: World Health Organization.
6. World Health Organization (2020) Vector-borne dis¬eases [updated 2 March 2020. Avail¬able at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases
7. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mosqui-toes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106–122.
8. World Health Organization (2020) World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges. World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337660.
9. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its mo¬lecular basis in urban insect pests. Para¬sitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
10. Benelli G (2015) Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medi¬cal and veterinary importance: a system¬atic review. Parasitol Res. 114(9): 3201–3312.
11. Vyas N, Dua K, Prakash S (2007) Effica-cy of Lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to non¬target organisms. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 385–390.
12. Singh R, Dhiman R, Mittal P (2006) Mos-quito larvicidal properties of Momordica charantia Linn (family: Cucurbitaceae). J Vector Borne Dis. 43(2): 88.
13. Ahmed A, Abubakr M, Ali Y, Siddig EE, Mohamed NS (2022) Vector control strat¬egy for Anopheles stephensi in Afri-ca. The Lancet Microbe. 3(6): e403.
14. Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G (2012) Plant extracts as potential mos-quito lar¬vicides. Indian J Med Res. 135(5): 581–598.
15. Vivekanandhan P, Karthi S, Shivakumar MS, Benelli G (2018) Synergistic effect of en¬tomopathogenic fungus Fusarium ox¬ysporum extract in combination with temeph¬os against three major mosquito vectors. Pathog Glob Health. 112(1): 37–46.
16. Vivekanandhan P, Kavitha T, Karthi S, Senthil-Nathan S, Shivakumar MS (2018) Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana-28 my¬celial extracts on larvae of Culex quinque¬fasciatus mosquito (Diptera: Cu-licidae). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(3): 440.
17. Takahashi Y (2004) Exploitation of new microbial resources for bioactive com-pounds and discovery of new actinomy-cetes. Actinomycetologica. 18(2): 54–61.
18. Blin K, Pascal Andreu V, de los Santos ELC, Del Carratore F, Lee SY, Medema MH (2019) The antiSMASH database ver¬sion 2: a comprehensive resource on sec¬ondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clus¬ters. Nucleic Acids Res. 47(D1): D625–D30.
19. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (2006) Brock biology of microorgan-isms: Pear¬son Prentice Hall Upper Sad-dle River, NJ. 100(1): 35–46.
20. Bauer A (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility test¬ing by a standardized single disc meth¬od. Am J Clin Pathol. 45: 149–158.
21. Xu L-H, Tiang Y-Q, Zhang Y-F, Zhao L-X, Jiang C-L (1998) Streptomyces ther-mogriseus, a new species of the genus Strep¬tomyces from soil, lake and hot-spring. IJSEM. 48(4): 1089–1093.
22. Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 70(3): 461–477.
23. Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA (2000) Practical strepto¬myces genetics: John Innes Foundation Norwich. 32: 152–158.
24. Sundarapandian S, Sundaram M, Thol-kappi¬an P, Balasubramanian V (2002) Mos¬quitocidal properties of indigenous fungi and actinomycetes against Culex quinque¬fasciatus Say. Biol Control. 16(1): 89–92.
25. Hussain A, Mostafa S, Ghazal S, Ibrahim S (2002) Studies on antifungal antibiotic and bioinsecticidal activities of some ac-tinomycete isolates. Afr J Biotechnol. 10 (1): 63–80.
26. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Antimicrobial Activities of the Second-ary Metabolite Extracted from a Nocar-dia Strain. JABS. 12(2): 203–114.
27. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Antibacterial effects of bioactive metab-olites extracted from Nocardia pseudo-brasiliensis. CJES. 12 (2): 401–410.
28. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Investigation of antimicrobial effects of lipid extracted from Streptomyces albo-flavus. 23rd iran's international congress of microbiology.
29. Bafghi MF, Heidarieh P, Soori T, Saber S, Meysamie A, Gheitoli K (2015) Nocar-dia isolation from clinical samples with the paraffin baiting technique. Germs. 5(1): 12–16.
30. Kavitha A, Prabhakar P, Vijayalakshmi M, Venkateswarlu Y (2009) Production of bi¬oactive metabolites by Nocardia levis MK‐VL_113. Lett Appl Microbiol. 49(4): 484–490.
31. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. World Health Or-ganization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69101
32. Abbott W (1987) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide 1925. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(2): 302–303.
33. Finney D (1971) Probit analysis, Cam-bridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Avail¬a¬ble at: https://www.amazon.com/Probit-Anal-ysis-David-Finney/dp/0521135907
34. Hemingway J, Ranson H (2000) Insecti-cide resistance in insect vectors of hu-man disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 45(1): 371–391.
35. Setha T, Chantha N, Benjamin S, Socheat D (2016) Bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thu¬ringiensis israelensis strain AM 65-52 wa¬ter dispersible granule formulation impacts both dengue vector, Aedes ae-gypti (L.) population density and disease transmis¬sion in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10(9): e0004973.
36. Grosscurt AC, Tipker J (1980) Ovicidal and larvicidal structure-activity relation¬ships of benzoylureas on the house fly (Musca domestica). Pestic Biochem Phys. 13(3): 249–254.
37. Senthil-Nathan S (2020) A review of re-sistance mechanisms of synthetic insec-ticides and botanicals, phytochemicals, and essential oils as alternative larvicid¬al agents against mosquitoes. Front Physiol. 10: 1591.
38. De Simeis D, Serra S (2021) Actinomy-cetes: A never-ending source of bioac-tive com¬pounds-An overview on antibi-otics pro¬duction. Antibiotics. 10(5): 483.
39. Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009) Lar¬vicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. 104: 1163–1171.
40. Axtell RC, Jaronski ST, Merriam TL (1982) Efficacy of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: La¬gen¬idiales). (Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mos¬quito and Vector Control Association, Inc., 50). pp. 41–42.
41. Kerwin J, Washino R (1986) Ground and aerial application of the sexual and asex-ual stages of Lagenidium giganteum (Oo¬mycetes: Lagenidiales) for mosquito con¬trol. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2(2): 182–189.
42. Balaraman K (1995) Mosquito control po-tential of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. is-raelensis and Bacillus sphaericus. ICMR Bulletin. 25(4): 45–51.
43. Singh G, Prakash S (2012) Lethal effects of Aspergillus niger against mosquitoes vector of filaria, malaria, and dengue: a liquid mycoadulticide. Scientific World Journal. 2012: 603984.
44. Scholte E-J, Ng'Habi K, Kihonda J, Takken W, Paaijmans K, Abdulla S (2005) An entomopathogenic fungus for control of adult African malaria mosqui-toes. Science. 308(5728): 1641–1642.
45. Vijayan V, Balaraman K (1991) Metabo-lites of fungi and actinomycetes active against mosquito larvae. Indian J Med Res. 93: 115–1117.
46. Dhanasekaran D, Sakthi V, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (2010) Preliminary eval¬uation of Anopheles mosquito larvi-cidal efficacy of mangrove actinobacte-ria. Int J Appl Biol Pharm. 1(2): 374–381.
47. Rajesh K, Padmavathi K, Ranjani A, Go-pinath P, Dhanasekaran D, Archunan G (2013) Green synthesis, characterization and larvicidal activity of AgNPs against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes ae-gypti larvae. Am J Drug Discov. Dev. 3(4): 245–253.
48. Tanvir R, Sajid I, Hasnain S (2014) Larvi-cidal potential of Asteraceae family en-dophytic actinomycetes against Culex quin¬quefasciatus mosquito larvae. Nat Prod Res. 28(22): 2048–2052.
49. Vijayakumar R, Murugesan S, Cholarajan A, Sakthi V (2010) Larvicidal potenti-ality of marine actinomycetes isolated from Muthupet Mangrove, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Microbiol Res. 1(3): 179–183.
50. El-Khawagh M, Hamadah KS, El-Sheikh T (2011) The insecticidal activity of Ac-tinomycete metabolites, against the mos-quito Culex pipiens. Egypt. Acad J Biol Sci. 4: 103–113.
51. Baraza LD, Joseph CC, Nkunya MH (2007) A new cytotoxic and larvicidal himacha¬lenoid, rosanoids and other con-stituents of Hugonia busseana. Nat Prod Res. 21(11): 1027–1031.
52. Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S (2011) Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant ex-tracts against Anopheles subpictus and Cu¬lex tritaeniorhynchus. Indian J Med Res. 134(1): 101.
53. Balakrishnan S, Santhanam P, Srinivasan M (2017) Larvicidal potency of marine actinobacteria isolated from mangrove en¬vironment against Aedes aegypti and Anoph¬eles stephensi. J Parasit Dis. 41: 387–394.
54. Karthik L, Gaurav K, Rao K, Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA (2011) Larvicidal, re-pellent, and ovicidal activity of marine actinobacteria extracts against Culex tri-taeniorhynchus and Culex gelidus. Para-sitol Res. 108(6): 1447–1455.
2. Prevention CfDCa (2018) Parasites - Lym-phatic Filariasis 2018 [updated March 16, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/vectors.html.
3. Yadav P, Gokhale M, Barde P, Singh DK, Mishra A, Mourya D (2003) Experi-mental transmission of Chikungunya vi-rus by Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Acta Vi¬rol. 47(1): 45–47.
4. Sasi M, Rajendran R, Meenakshy V, Suresh T, Pillai RH, Kumar TD, Sugathan A, Regu K (2021) Detection of Zika virus in Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in India-First report. En¬tomon. 46(4): 325–332.
5. World Health Organization (2015) Global tech¬nical strategy for malaria 2016–2030: World Health Organization.
6. World Health Organization (2020) Vector-borne dis¬eases [updated 2 March 2020. Avail¬able at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases
7. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mosqui-toes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106–122.
8. World Health Organization (2020) World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges. World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337660.
9. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its mo¬lecular basis in urban insect pests. Para¬sitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
10. Benelli G (2015) Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medi¬cal and veterinary importance: a system¬atic review. Parasitol Res. 114(9): 3201–3312.
11. Vyas N, Dua K, Prakash S (2007) Effica-cy of Lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to non¬target organisms. Parasitol Res. 101(2): 385–390.
12. Singh R, Dhiman R, Mittal P (2006) Mos-quito larvicidal properties of Momordica charantia Linn (family: Cucurbitaceae). J Vector Borne Dis. 43(2): 88.
13. Ahmed A, Abubakr M, Ali Y, Siddig EE, Mohamed NS (2022) Vector control strat¬egy for Anopheles stephensi in Afri-ca. The Lancet Microbe. 3(6): e403.
14. Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G (2012) Plant extracts as potential mos-quito lar¬vicides. Indian J Med Res. 135(5): 581–598.
15. Vivekanandhan P, Karthi S, Shivakumar MS, Benelli G (2018) Synergistic effect of en¬tomopathogenic fungus Fusarium ox¬ysporum extract in combination with temeph¬os against three major mosquito vectors. Pathog Glob Health. 112(1): 37–46.
16. Vivekanandhan P, Kavitha T, Karthi S, Senthil-Nathan S, Shivakumar MS (2018) Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana-28 my¬celial extracts on larvae of Culex quinque¬fasciatus mosquito (Diptera: Cu-licidae). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(3): 440.
17. Takahashi Y (2004) Exploitation of new microbial resources for bioactive com-pounds and discovery of new actinomy-cetes. Actinomycetologica. 18(2): 54–61.
18. Blin K, Pascal Andreu V, de los Santos ELC, Del Carratore F, Lee SY, Medema MH (2019) The antiSMASH database ver¬sion 2: a comprehensive resource on sec¬ondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clus¬ters. Nucleic Acids Res. 47(D1): D625–D30.
19. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (2006) Brock biology of microorgan-isms: Pear¬son Prentice Hall Upper Sad-dle River, NJ. 100(1): 35–46.
20. Bauer A (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility test¬ing by a standardized single disc meth¬od. Am J Clin Pathol. 45: 149–158.
21. Xu L-H, Tiang Y-Q, Zhang Y-F, Zhao L-X, Jiang C-L (1998) Streptomyces ther-mogriseus, a new species of the genus Strep¬tomyces from soil, lake and hot-spring. IJSEM. 48(4): 1089–1093.
22. Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 70(3): 461–477.
23. Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA (2000) Practical strepto¬myces genetics: John Innes Foundation Norwich. 32: 152–158.
24. Sundarapandian S, Sundaram M, Thol-kappi¬an P, Balasubramanian V (2002) Mos¬quitocidal properties of indigenous fungi and actinomycetes against Culex quinque¬fasciatus Say. Biol Control. 16(1): 89–92.
25. Hussain A, Mostafa S, Ghazal S, Ibrahim S (2002) Studies on antifungal antibiotic and bioinsecticidal activities of some ac-tinomycete isolates. Afr J Biotechnol. 10 (1): 63–80.
26. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Antimicrobial Activities of the Second-ary Metabolite Extracted from a Nocar-dia Strain. JABS. 12(2): 203–114.
27. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Antibacterial effects of bioactive metab-olites extracted from Nocardia pseudo-brasiliensis. CJES. 12 (2): 401–410.
28. Seratnahaei M, Eshraghi SS, Pakzad P, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaseri M (2022) Investigation of antimicrobial effects of lipid extracted from Streptomyces albo-flavus. 23rd iran's international congress of microbiology.
29. Bafghi MF, Heidarieh P, Soori T, Saber S, Meysamie A, Gheitoli K (2015) Nocar-dia isolation from clinical samples with the paraffin baiting technique. Germs. 5(1): 12–16.
30. Kavitha A, Prabhakar P, Vijayalakshmi M, Venkateswarlu Y (2009) Production of bi¬oactive metabolites by Nocardia levis MK‐VL_113. Lett Appl Microbiol. 49(4): 484–490.
31. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. World Health Or-ganization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69101
32. Abbott W (1987) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide 1925. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(2): 302–303.
33. Finney D (1971) Probit analysis, Cam-bridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Avail¬a¬ble at: https://www.amazon.com/Probit-Anal-ysis-David-Finney/dp/0521135907
34. Hemingway J, Ranson H (2000) Insecti-cide resistance in insect vectors of hu-man disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 45(1): 371–391.
35. Setha T, Chantha N, Benjamin S, Socheat D (2016) Bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thu¬ringiensis israelensis strain AM 65-52 wa¬ter dispersible granule formulation impacts both dengue vector, Aedes ae-gypti (L.) population density and disease transmis¬sion in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10(9): e0004973.
36. Grosscurt AC, Tipker J (1980) Ovicidal and larvicidal structure-activity relation¬ships of benzoylureas on the house fly (Musca domestica). Pestic Biochem Phys. 13(3): 249–254.
37. Senthil-Nathan S (2020) A review of re-sistance mechanisms of synthetic insec-ticides and botanicals, phytochemicals, and essential oils as alternative larvicid¬al agents against mosquitoes. Front Physiol. 10: 1591.
38. De Simeis D, Serra S (2021) Actinomy-cetes: A never-ending source of bioac-tive com¬pounds-An overview on antibi-otics pro¬duction. Antibiotics. 10(5): 483.
39. Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009) Lar¬vicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. 104: 1163–1171.
40. Axtell RC, Jaronski ST, Merriam TL (1982) Efficacy of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: La¬gen¬idiales). (Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mos¬quito and Vector Control Association, Inc., 50). pp. 41–42.
41. Kerwin J, Washino R (1986) Ground and aerial application of the sexual and asex-ual stages of Lagenidium giganteum (Oo¬mycetes: Lagenidiales) for mosquito con¬trol. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2(2): 182–189.
42. Balaraman K (1995) Mosquito control po-tential of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. is-raelensis and Bacillus sphaericus. ICMR Bulletin. 25(4): 45–51.
43. Singh G, Prakash S (2012) Lethal effects of Aspergillus niger against mosquitoes vector of filaria, malaria, and dengue: a liquid mycoadulticide. Scientific World Journal. 2012: 603984.
44. Scholte E-J, Ng'Habi K, Kihonda J, Takken W, Paaijmans K, Abdulla S (2005) An entomopathogenic fungus for control of adult African malaria mosqui-toes. Science. 308(5728): 1641–1642.
45. Vijayan V, Balaraman K (1991) Metabo-lites of fungi and actinomycetes active against mosquito larvae. Indian J Med Res. 93: 115–1117.
46. Dhanasekaran D, Sakthi V, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (2010) Preliminary eval¬uation of Anopheles mosquito larvi-cidal efficacy of mangrove actinobacte-ria. Int J Appl Biol Pharm. 1(2): 374–381.
47. Rajesh K, Padmavathi K, Ranjani A, Go-pinath P, Dhanasekaran D, Archunan G (2013) Green synthesis, characterization and larvicidal activity of AgNPs against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes ae-gypti larvae. Am J Drug Discov. Dev. 3(4): 245–253.
48. Tanvir R, Sajid I, Hasnain S (2014) Larvi-cidal potential of Asteraceae family en-dophytic actinomycetes against Culex quin¬quefasciatus mosquito larvae. Nat Prod Res. 28(22): 2048–2052.
49. Vijayakumar R, Murugesan S, Cholarajan A, Sakthi V (2010) Larvicidal potenti-ality of marine actinomycetes isolated from Muthupet Mangrove, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Microbiol Res. 1(3): 179–183.
50. El-Khawagh M, Hamadah KS, El-Sheikh T (2011) The insecticidal activity of Ac-tinomycete metabolites, against the mos-quito Culex pipiens. Egypt. Acad J Biol Sci. 4: 103–113.
51. Baraza LD, Joseph CC, Nkunya MH (2007) A new cytotoxic and larvicidal himacha¬lenoid, rosanoids and other con-stituents of Hugonia busseana. Nat Prod Res. 21(11): 1027–1031.
52. Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S (2011) Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant ex-tracts against Anopheles subpictus and Cu¬lex tritaeniorhynchus. Indian J Med Res. 134(1): 101.
53. Balakrishnan S, Santhanam P, Srinivasan M (2017) Larvicidal potency of marine actinobacteria isolated from mangrove en¬vironment against Aedes aegypti and Anoph¬eles stephensi. J Parasit Dis. 41: 387–394.
54. Karthik L, Gaurav K, Rao K, Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA (2011) Larvicidal, re-pellent, and ovicidal activity of marine actinobacteria extracts against Culex tri-taeniorhynchus and Culex gelidus. Para-sitol Res. 108(6): 1447–1455.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i2.13623 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anopheles stephensi; Larvicidal; Nocardia; Streptomyces | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Seratnahaei M, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Eshraghi SS, Yaseri M, Pakzad P. Larvicidal Effects of Metabolites Extracted from Nocardia and Streptomyces Species against the Forth Larval Stage of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(2):187–196.
