Preliminary Analysis of Methamphetamine Detection in Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Reared in Methamphetamine-Treated Meat at Various Developmental Stages
-
Seyedeh Zahra Parkhideh
,
Mehdi Forouzesh
,
Maryam Akhgari
,
Leila Bahmanabadi
,
Farzaneh Jokar
,
Samira Valiyari
,
Kamran Akbarzadeh
,
Sara Rahimi
,
Ali Mohammad Alimohammadi
,
Sayena Rafizadeh
,
Yavar Rassi
Abstract
Background: It is possible to identify drugs and poisons present in cadavers by analyzing blowfly larvae and pupae collected during forensic autopsies. The main purpose of this study was to use Lucilia sericata’s larvae and pupae to identify drugs and poisons present in human cadavers.
Methods: In an investigation, immature L. sericata fed meat treated with methamphetamine (MA) at various concentrations (45, 90, and 180 ng/mg) were analyzed to detect MA. Acetylation derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were used as sample preparation methods prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical instrumentation to find MA.
Results: According to this study, L. sericata can be used in toxicological testing to identify MA in a host body. All L. sericata larval stages, particularly the third stage larva, pupa and empty pupa tested were positive for MA. Larvae in their first instar produced weak peaks. The L. sericata post-feeding instar following the 45 ng/mg treatment showed the highest MA concentration. For the first time, derivatization using the acetylation approach was used to prepare samples, and successfully, excellent results were obtained.
Conclusion: Low quantities of MA can be easily found in immature fly samples using GC-MS. It is important to analyze all samples including human tissues and insect samples, for postmortem drug testing. They can be utilized to find entire MA before they are excreted in excretory samples such as urine. Also, third instar larvae are a great and reliable sample for toxicological study.
1. Basilicata P, Pieri M, Simonelli A, Faillace D, Niola M, Graziano V (2019) Ap¬pli¬ca-tion of a chemiluminescence im¬mu¬no¬as-say system and GC/MS for toxi¬cological investigations on skeletonized human re-mains. Forensic Sci Int. 300: 120–124.
2. Wang S, Zhang C, Chen W, Ren L, Ling J, Shang Y, Guo Y (2020) Effects of meth¬amphetamine on the development and its determination in Aldrichina gra-hami (Dip¬tera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol. 57(3): 691–696.
3. Wells JD, Introna F, Di Vella G, Campo-bas¬so CP, Hayes J, Sperling FA (2001a) Hu¬man and insect mitochondrial DNA anal¬ysis from maggots. J Forensic Sci. 46: 685–687.
4. Wells JD, Pape T, Sperling FA (2001) DNA-based identification and molecular sys¬tematics of forensically important Sar¬coph¬agidae (Diptera). J Forensic Sci. 46 (5): 1098–1102.
5. Sadler DW, Fuke C, Court F, Pounder DJ (1995) Drug accumulation and elimina-tion in Calliphora vicina larvae. Foren¬sic Sci Int. 71(3): 191–197.
6. Goff ML, Omori AI, Goodbrod JR (1989) Effect of cocaine in tissues on the de-velopment rate of Boettcherisca pere¬gri-na (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). J Med En-tomol. 26(2): 91–93.
7. Bourel B, Fleurisse L, Hedouin V, Cailliez JC, Creusy C, Gosset D, Goff ML (2001) Immunohistochemical contribu-tion to the study of morphine metabo-lism in Calli¬phor¬idae larvae and impli-cations in foren¬sic entomotoxicology. J Forensic Sci. 46 (3): 596–599.
8. Oliveira HG, Gomes G, Morlin JJJ, Von Zu¬ben CJ, Linhares AX (2009) The ef-fect of Buscopan on the development of the blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Forensic Sci. 54(1): 202–206.
9. Carvalho LM, Linhares AX, Trigo JR (2001) Determination of drug levels and the ef¬fect of diazepam on the growth of nec¬rophagous flies of forensic im-portance in southeastern Brazil. Foren¬sic Sci Int. 120 (1–2): 140–144.
10. Boulkenafet F, Dob Y, Karroui R, Al-Kha¬lifa M, Boumrah Y, Toumi M, Mashaly A (2020) Detection of benzodiazepines in decomposing rab¬bit tissues and certain nec¬rophagic dipteran species of forensic importance. Saudi J Biol Sci. 27(7): 1691–1698.
11. Wilson Z, Hubbard S, Pounder DJ (1993) Drug analysis in fly larvae. Am J Foren-sic Med Pathol. 14(2): 118–120.
12. Beyer JC, Enos WF, Stajic M (1980) Drug identification through analysis of mag-gots. J Forensic Sci. 25(2): 411–412.
13. Wood M, Laloup M, Pien K, Samyn N, Morris M, Maes RAA, de Bruijn EA, Maes V, De Boeck G (2003) Develop-ment of a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of benzodiazepines in Cal¬liphora vicina larvae and puparia by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 27(7): 505–512.
14. Sadler DW, Richardson J, Haigh S, Bruce G, Pounder DJ (1997) Amitriptyline ac-cumulation and elimination in Callipho-ra vicina larvae. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 18(4): 397–403.
15. Campobasso CP, Gherardi M, Caligara M, Sironi L, Introna F (2004) Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative study. Int J Legal Med. 118 (4): 210–214.
16. Kharbouche H, Augsburger M, Cherix D, Sporkert F, Giroud C, Wyss C, Champod C, Mangi P (2008) Codeine accumulation and elimination in larvae, pupae, and ima¬go of the blowfly Lucilia sericata and effects on its development. Int J Legal Med. 122(3): 205–211.
17. Hedouin V, Bourel B, Martin-Bouyer L, Be¬cart A, Tournel G, Deveaux M, Gosset D (1999) Determination of drug levels in lar¬vae of Lucilia sericata (Dip-tera: Calliphor¬idae) reared on rabbit car-casses containing morphine. J Forensic Sci. 44(2): 351–353.
18. Gosselin M, Ramirez Fernandez MDM, Wille SMR, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bou¬rel B (2010) Quantification of methadone and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5- dime¬thyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine in third instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calli¬phori-dae) using liquid chromatography-tan-dem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxi¬col. 34(7): 374–380.
19. Levine B, Golle M, Smialek JE (2000) An unusual drug death involving maggots. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 21(1): 59–61.
20. Kintz P, Godelar B, Tracqui A, Mangin P, Lugnier AA, Chaumont AJ (1990) Fly lar¬vae: a new toxicological method of inves¬tigation in forensic medicine. J Fo-rensic Sci. 35(1): 204–207.
21. Zhu GH, Ye GY, Hu C (2004) Develop-ment profile of hemolymph soluble pro-teins dur¬ing the larval and pupal stages in Aldrichi¬na grahami. J Zhejiang Univ. (Agric. Life Sci.). 30: 69–72.
22. Bugelli V, Campobasso CP, Verhoff MA, Amendt J (2017) Effects of different stor¬age and measuring methods on lar¬val length values for the blow flies (Dip¬tera: Calliphoridae) Lucilia sericata and Cal-liphora vicina. Sci Justice. 57: 159–164.
23. Sukontason KL, Radchadawan NK, Duangha¬tai S, Kom S (2007) Identi-fying fly puparia by clearing technique: appli¬cation to forensic entomology. Par-asitol Res. 101: 1407–1416.
24. Gosselin M, Fazio VD, Wille SMR, Samyn N, Bourel B, Rasmont P (2011) Metha¬done determination in puparia and its ef¬fect on the development of Lucilia seri¬cata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Foren-sic Sci Int. 209: 154–159.
25. Bahmanabadi L, Akhgari M, Jokar F, Sadeghi H (2017) Quantitative determi-nation of methamphetamine in oral fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry. Hum Exp Toxicol. 36(2): 195–202.
26. Groth O, Franz S, Fels H, Krueger J, Roider G, Dame T, Musshof F, Graw M (2022) Unexpected results found in lar-vae sam¬ples from two postmortem fo-rensic cas¬es. Forensic Toxicol. 40: 144–155.
27. Gosselin M, Fernandez MdMR, Wille SM, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bourel B (2010) Quantification of methadone and its me-tabolite 2-ethylidene-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3- diphenylpyrrolidine in third instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphori-dae) using liquid chromatography-tan-dem mass spec¬trometry. J Anal Toxicol. 34(7): 374–380.
28. Gagliano-Candela R, Aventaggiato L (2001) The detection of toxic substances in en¬tomological specimens. Int J Legal Med. 114: 197–203.
29. Kintz P, Tracqui A, Mangin P (1990) Tox-icology and fly larvae on a putrefed ca-daver. J Forensic Sci Soc. 30: 243–246.
30. Campobasso CP, Gherardi M, Caligara M, Sironi L, Introna F (2004) Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative study. Int J Legal Med. 118: 210–214.
31. Nolte KB, Pinder RDLW (1992) Insect lar¬vae used to detect cocaine poisoning in a decomposed body. J Forensic Sci. 37: 1179–1185.
32. Levine B, Golle M, Smialek JE (2000) An unusual drug death involving maggots. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 21: 59–61.
33. Kintz P, Tracqui A, Ludes B, Waller J, Bou¬khabza A, Mangin P, Lugnier A, Chau¬mont A (1990) Fly larvae and their rele¬vance in forensic toxicology. Am J Fo¬rensic Med Pathol. 11: 63– 65.
34. De Aguiar FJ, Brandão M, Fabriz Sodré F, Dutry Caldas E (2015) Simultaneous de-termination of prescription drugs, co-caine, aldicarb and metabolites in larvae from decomposed corpses by LC-MS-MS after solid-liquid extraction with low temper¬ature partitioning. Forensic Toxicol. 33: 93–103.
35. Ishak N, Ahmad AH, Mohamad Noor SA, Ahmad A (2019) Detection of heroin me¬tabolites at different developmental stag¬es of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Cal¬li-phor¬idae) reared in heroin treated meat: a pre¬liminary analysis. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 9: 1–9.
36. Tracqui A, Keyser-Tracqui C, Kintz P, Ludes B (2004) Entomotoxicology for the foren¬sic toxicologist: much ado about nothing? Int. J Legal Med. 118: 194–196.
37. Parry S, Linton SM, Francis PS, O’Donnell MJ, Toop T (2011) Accumu-lation and ex¬cretion of morphine by Calliphora stygia, an Australian blow fly species of forensic importance. J In¬sect Physiol. 57: 62–73.
38. Magni PA, Pacini T, Pazzi M, Vincenti M, Dadour IR (2014) Development of a GC-MS method for methamphetamine detec¬tion in Calliphora vomitoria L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Int. 241: 96–101.
39. Sadler DW, Robertson L, Brown G, Fuke C, Pounder DJ (1997) Barbiturates and anal¬gesics in Calliphora vicina larvae. J Fo¬rensic Sci. 42: 481–485.
40. Hedouin V, Bourel B, Bécart A, Tournel G, Deveaux M, Goff ML, Gosset D (2001) Determination of drug levels in larvae of Protophormia terraenovae and Callipho¬ra vicina (Diptera: Calliphori-dae) reared on rabbit carcasses contain-ing morphine. J Forensic Sci. 46: 12–14.
41. Miller M, Lord W, Goff M, Donnelly D, McDonough E, Alexis J (1994) Isolation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline from fly puparia (Phoridae) and beetle exuvi-ae (Dermestidae) associated with mum-mi¬fied human remains. J Forensic Sci. 39: 1305–1313.
42. Goff ML, Lord WD (2010) Entomotoxi-cology-Insects as toxicological indica-tors and the impact of drugs and toxins on in¬sect development, in: JH Byrd, JL Cast¬ner (Eds.), Forensic Entomology-The Util¬ity of Arthropods in Legal In-vestiga¬tions, 2ed CRC Press, pp. 427–436.
43. Nortueva P, Nortueva SL (1982) The fate of mercury in Sarcosaprophagous flies and in insects eating them. Ambio. 11: 34–37.
44. Skopp G, Pötsch L, Klingmann A, Mat-tern R (2001) Stability of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucu¬ronide in fresh blood and plasma and post¬mortem blood samples. J Anal Toxicol. 25(1): 2–7.
45. Schloegl H, Dresen S, Spaczynski K, Stoert¬zel M, Wurst FM, Weinmann W (2006) Stability of ethyl glucuronide in urine, post¬mortem tissue and blood samples. Int J Legal Med. 120: 83–88.
2. Wang S, Zhang C, Chen W, Ren L, Ling J, Shang Y, Guo Y (2020) Effects of meth¬amphetamine on the development and its determination in Aldrichina gra-hami (Dip¬tera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol. 57(3): 691–696.
3. Wells JD, Introna F, Di Vella G, Campo-bas¬so CP, Hayes J, Sperling FA (2001a) Hu¬man and insect mitochondrial DNA anal¬ysis from maggots. J Forensic Sci. 46: 685–687.
4. Wells JD, Pape T, Sperling FA (2001) DNA-based identification and molecular sys¬tematics of forensically important Sar¬coph¬agidae (Diptera). J Forensic Sci. 46 (5): 1098–1102.
5. Sadler DW, Fuke C, Court F, Pounder DJ (1995) Drug accumulation and elimina-tion in Calliphora vicina larvae. Foren¬sic Sci Int. 71(3): 191–197.
6. Goff ML, Omori AI, Goodbrod JR (1989) Effect of cocaine in tissues on the de-velopment rate of Boettcherisca pere¬gri-na (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). J Med En-tomol. 26(2): 91–93.
7. Bourel B, Fleurisse L, Hedouin V, Cailliez JC, Creusy C, Gosset D, Goff ML (2001) Immunohistochemical contribu-tion to the study of morphine metabo-lism in Calli¬phor¬idae larvae and impli-cations in foren¬sic entomotoxicology. J Forensic Sci. 46 (3): 596–599.
8. Oliveira HG, Gomes G, Morlin JJJ, Von Zu¬ben CJ, Linhares AX (2009) The ef-fect of Buscopan on the development of the blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Forensic Sci. 54(1): 202–206.
9. Carvalho LM, Linhares AX, Trigo JR (2001) Determination of drug levels and the ef¬fect of diazepam on the growth of nec¬rophagous flies of forensic im-portance in southeastern Brazil. Foren¬sic Sci Int. 120 (1–2): 140–144.
10. Boulkenafet F, Dob Y, Karroui R, Al-Kha¬lifa M, Boumrah Y, Toumi M, Mashaly A (2020) Detection of benzodiazepines in decomposing rab¬bit tissues and certain nec¬rophagic dipteran species of forensic importance. Saudi J Biol Sci. 27(7): 1691–1698.
11. Wilson Z, Hubbard S, Pounder DJ (1993) Drug analysis in fly larvae. Am J Foren-sic Med Pathol. 14(2): 118–120.
12. Beyer JC, Enos WF, Stajic M (1980) Drug identification through analysis of mag-gots. J Forensic Sci. 25(2): 411–412.
13. Wood M, Laloup M, Pien K, Samyn N, Morris M, Maes RAA, de Bruijn EA, Maes V, De Boeck G (2003) Develop-ment of a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of benzodiazepines in Cal¬liphora vicina larvae and puparia by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 27(7): 505–512.
14. Sadler DW, Richardson J, Haigh S, Bruce G, Pounder DJ (1997) Amitriptyline ac-cumulation and elimination in Callipho-ra vicina larvae. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 18(4): 397–403.
15. Campobasso CP, Gherardi M, Caligara M, Sironi L, Introna F (2004) Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative study. Int J Legal Med. 118 (4): 210–214.
16. Kharbouche H, Augsburger M, Cherix D, Sporkert F, Giroud C, Wyss C, Champod C, Mangi P (2008) Codeine accumulation and elimination in larvae, pupae, and ima¬go of the blowfly Lucilia sericata and effects on its development. Int J Legal Med. 122(3): 205–211.
17. Hedouin V, Bourel B, Martin-Bouyer L, Be¬cart A, Tournel G, Deveaux M, Gosset D (1999) Determination of drug levels in lar¬vae of Lucilia sericata (Dip-tera: Calliphor¬idae) reared on rabbit car-casses containing morphine. J Forensic Sci. 44(2): 351–353.
18. Gosselin M, Ramirez Fernandez MDM, Wille SMR, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bou¬rel B (2010) Quantification of methadone and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5- dime¬thyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine in third instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calli¬phori-dae) using liquid chromatography-tan-dem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxi¬col. 34(7): 374–380.
19. Levine B, Golle M, Smialek JE (2000) An unusual drug death involving maggots. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 21(1): 59–61.
20. Kintz P, Godelar B, Tracqui A, Mangin P, Lugnier AA, Chaumont AJ (1990) Fly lar¬vae: a new toxicological method of inves¬tigation in forensic medicine. J Fo-rensic Sci. 35(1): 204–207.
21. Zhu GH, Ye GY, Hu C (2004) Develop-ment profile of hemolymph soluble pro-teins dur¬ing the larval and pupal stages in Aldrichi¬na grahami. J Zhejiang Univ. (Agric. Life Sci.). 30: 69–72.
22. Bugelli V, Campobasso CP, Verhoff MA, Amendt J (2017) Effects of different stor¬age and measuring methods on lar¬val length values for the blow flies (Dip¬tera: Calliphoridae) Lucilia sericata and Cal-liphora vicina. Sci Justice. 57: 159–164.
23. Sukontason KL, Radchadawan NK, Duangha¬tai S, Kom S (2007) Identi-fying fly puparia by clearing technique: appli¬cation to forensic entomology. Par-asitol Res. 101: 1407–1416.
24. Gosselin M, Fazio VD, Wille SMR, Samyn N, Bourel B, Rasmont P (2011) Metha¬done determination in puparia and its ef¬fect on the development of Lucilia seri¬cata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Foren-sic Sci Int. 209: 154–159.
25. Bahmanabadi L, Akhgari M, Jokar F, Sadeghi H (2017) Quantitative determi-nation of methamphetamine in oral fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry. Hum Exp Toxicol. 36(2): 195–202.
26. Groth O, Franz S, Fels H, Krueger J, Roider G, Dame T, Musshof F, Graw M (2022) Unexpected results found in lar-vae sam¬ples from two postmortem fo-rensic cas¬es. Forensic Toxicol. 40: 144–155.
27. Gosselin M, Fernandez MdMR, Wille SM, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bourel B (2010) Quantification of methadone and its me-tabolite 2-ethylidene-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3- diphenylpyrrolidine in third instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphori-dae) using liquid chromatography-tan-dem mass spec¬trometry. J Anal Toxicol. 34(7): 374–380.
28. Gagliano-Candela R, Aventaggiato L (2001) The detection of toxic substances in en¬tomological specimens. Int J Legal Med. 114: 197–203.
29. Kintz P, Tracqui A, Mangin P (1990) Tox-icology and fly larvae on a putrefed ca-daver. J Forensic Sci Soc. 30: 243–246.
30. Campobasso CP, Gherardi M, Caligara M, Sironi L, Introna F (2004) Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative study. Int J Legal Med. 118: 210–214.
31. Nolte KB, Pinder RDLW (1992) Insect lar¬vae used to detect cocaine poisoning in a decomposed body. J Forensic Sci. 37: 1179–1185.
32. Levine B, Golle M, Smialek JE (2000) An unusual drug death involving maggots. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 21: 59–61.
33. Kintz P, Tracqui A, Ludes B, Waller J, Bou¬khabza A, Mangin P, Lugnier A, Chau¬mont A (1990) Fly larvae and their rele¬vance in forensic toxicology. Am J Fo¬rensic Med Pathol. 11: 63– 65.
34. De Aguiar FJ, Brandão M, Fabriz Sodré F, Dutry Caldas E (2015) Simultaneous de-termination of prescription drugs, co-caine, aldicarb and metabolites in larvae from decomposed corpses by LC-MS-MS after solid-liquid extraction with low temper¬ature partitioning. Forensic Toxicol. 33: 93–103.
35. Ishak N, Ahmad AH, Mohamad Noor SA, Ahmad A (2019) Detection of heroin me¬tabolites at different developmental stag¬es of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Cal¬li-phor¬idae) reared in heroin treated meat: a pre¬liminary analysis. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 9: 1–9.
36. Tracqui A, Keyser-Tracqui C, Kintz P, Ludes B (2004) Entomotoxicology for the foren¬sic toxicologist: much ado about nothing? Int. J Legal Med. 118: 194–196.
37. Parry S, Linton SM, Francis PS, O’Donnell MJ, Toop T (2011) Accumu-lation and ex¬cretion of morphine by Calliphora stygia, an Australian blow fly species of forensic importance. J In¬sect Physiol. 57: 62–73.
38. Magni PA, Pacini T, Pazzi M, Vincenti M, Dadour IR (2014) Development of a GC-MS method for methamphetamine detec¬tion in Calliphora vomitoria L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Int. 241: 96–101.
39. Sadler DW, Robertson L, Brown G, Fuke C, Pounder DJ (1997) Barbiturates and anal¬gesics in Calliphora vicina larvae. J Fo¬rensic Sci. 42: 481–485.
40. Hedouin V, Bourel B, Bécart A, Tournel G, Deveaux M, Goff ML, Gosset D (2001) Determination of drug levels in larvae of Protophormia terraenovae and Callipho¬ra vicina (Diptera: Calliphori-dae) reared on rabbit carcasses contain-ing morphine. J Forensic Sci. 46: 12–14.
41. Miller M, Lord W, Goff M, Donnelly D, McDonough E, Alexis J (1994) Isolation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline from fly puparia (Phoridae) and beetle exuvi-ae (Dermestidae) associated with mum-mi¬fied human remains. J Forensic Sci. 39: 1305–1313.
42. Goff ML, Lord WD (2010) Entomotoxi-cology-Insects as toxicological indica-tors and the impact of drugs and toxins on in¬sect development, in: JH Byrd, JL Cast¬ner (Eds.), Forensic Entomology-The Util¬ity of Arthropods in Legal In-vestiga¬tions, 2ed CRC Press, pp. 427–436.
43. Nortueva P, Nortueva SL (1982) The fate of mercury in Sarcosaprophagous flies and in insects eating them. Ambio. 11: 34–37.
44. Skopp G, Pötsch L, Klingmann A, Mat-tern R (2001) Stability of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucu¬ronide in fresh blood and plasma and post¬mortem blood samples. J Anal Toxicol. 25(1): 2–7.
45. Schloegl H, Dresen S, Spaczynski K, Stoert¬zel M, Wurst FM, Weinmann W (2006) Stability of ethyl glucuronide in urine, post¬mortem tissue and blood samples. Int J Legal Med. 120: 83–88.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i3.14984 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Entomotoxicology Lucilia sericata Methamphetamine Drug testing; GC-MS | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Parkhideh SZ, Forouzesh M, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L, Jokar F, Valiyari S, Akbarzadeh K, Rahimi S, Alimohammadi AM, Rafizadeh S, Rassi Y. Preliminary Analysis of Methamphetamine Detection in Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Reared in Methamphetamine-Treated Meat at Various Developmental Stages. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;17(3):229–240.
