A comprehensive review of the situation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors in Iran
,
Abstract
Background: This study's major aim is to investigate the situation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors, with a focus on their distribution and relationships to the disease in Iran and some other old-world nations.
Methods: The terms Iran and the Old World, along with the keywords sand flies, vectors, visceral leishmaniasis, distribution, and phlebotomus, were searched in electronic databases from 1930 to 2018, including Pub-Med, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE.
Results: According to the findings, Phlebotomus tobbi was a mountain species, but it was also found in the plains, rodent nests, and rock crevices. This species was considered to be one of the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Phlebotomus Kandelakii has been caught in Central Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Lebanon, Turkey, and Georgia. In Iran, the first infection of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi tranccaucasicus with Leishmania infantum were reported in northwest of Iran. Phlebotomus major was one of the complex sand flies, and its members include Ph. major (India, Nepal, and Pakistan), Ph. neglectus (Southern Europe and Crimea), Ph. syriacus (Southwest Asia, Caucasus), Ph. notus (Afghanistan), Ph. wenyoni (Iran and Iraq), and Ph.wui (China). The first natural infection of Phlebotomus alexandri with Leishmania infantum was reported in 2006 in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Fars province, southern Iran.
Conclusion: The findings of this project suggest that sand fly species of the subgenus Larrousisus play a key role in the transmission of all types of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran .
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3. Postigo JAR (2010) Leishmaniasis in the world health organization eastern medi terranean region. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 36: S62–S65.
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5. Oryan A, Akbari M (2016) Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 9(10): 925–932.
6. Jain K, Jain N (2015) Vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: A review. J Immunol Meth ods. 422: 1–12.
7. Dantas-Torres F, Brandão-Filho SP (2006) Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisit ing paradigms of epidemiology and con trol. Rev Inst Med Trop. 48: 151–156
8. Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna M, Bryce son A (2002) Visceral leishmaniasis: cur rent status of control, diagnosis, and treat ment, and a proposed research and devel opment agenda. Lancet Infect Dis. 2(8): 494–501.
9. Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O (2009) Trans mission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasi tol. 136(14): 1915–1934.
10. Tesh RB (1995) Control of zoonotic vis ceral leishmaniasis: is it time to change strategies? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 52(3): 287–292.
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12. Edrisian GH, Nadim A, Alborzi A, Ar dehali S (1998) Visceral leishmaniasis: The Iranian experience. Arch Iran Med. 1(1): 22–26.
13. Mohebali M, Edrisian GH, Nadim A, Haja ran H, Akhoundi B, Houshmand B, Zarei Z, Arshi Sh, Mirsamadi N, Manouchehri Naeini K, Mamishi S, Sanati AA, Moshfe AA, Charehdar S, Fakhar M (2006) Ap plication of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiologi cal studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iranian J Parasitol. 1(1): 15–25.
14. Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Shirzadi M, Hosseingholizadeh G, Pashaei M, Ganji A, Zarei Z, Kousha A, Akhoundi B, Haj jaran H, Malekafzal H (2010) Integrated visceral leishmaniasis surveillance system in primary care for children in Meshkin Shahr District, north-western Islamic Re public of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 16(10): 1050–1054.
15. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Zahraeii AR, Vatandoost H (2005) Phlebotomus (Larroussius) kandelakii, the principal and proven vector of visceral leishmani asis in north west of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 80: 1–5.
16. Oshaghi MA, Maleki Ravasan N, Hide M, Javadian E, Rassi Y, Sadraei J, Mohe bali M, Sedaghat MM, Hajjaran H, Za rei Z, Mohtarami F (2009) Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and L. infan tum in northwest Iran. Exp Parasitol. 123: 218–225.
17. Oshaghi MA, Maleki Ravasan N, Javadi an E, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Zare Z, Mohtarami F, Rassi Y (2009) Vector in crimination of sand flies in the most im portant visceral leishmaniasis focus in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 81(4): 572–577.
18. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Rafizadeh S, Zahirii A (2009) Phlebotomus perfil iewi transcaucasicus, a vector of Leish mania infantum in northwestern Iran. J Med Entomol. 46: 1094–1098.
19. Sanei Dehkordi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Er shadi MR, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, F Moh tarami F, Jafarzadeh B, Ranjbarkhah A, Javadian E (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally in fected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcau casicus in Bilesavar District, northwest ern Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 5: 20–27.
20. Oshaghi MA, Rassi Y, Hazratian T, Fallah E, Rafizadeh S (2013) Natural infection of wild caught Phlebotomus tobbi to Leishmania infantum in East Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 50: 24–29.
21. Sahabi Z, Seyedi Rashti MA, Nadim A, Ja vadian E, Kazemeini M, Abai MR (1992) A preliminary study on the natural lep tomonad infection of Phlebotomus ma jor in an endemic focus of visceral leish maniasis in Fars Province, south of Iran. Iranian J Publ Health. 21: 87–93.
22. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2008) First detection of Leishmania in fantum in Phlebotomus (Larroussiuss) ma jor (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Iran. J Med Entomol. 45: 726–731.
23. Seyedi Rashti MA, Sahabi Z (1995) Phleboto mus (Larroussius) Keshishiani, Shchuren kova another vector of visceral leishman iasis in Iran. Iranian J Publ Health. 24: 25–30.
24. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraph lebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100: 63–68.
25. Lewis DJ (1982) A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist Entomol. 45: 121–209.
26. Özbel Y, Karakuş M, Arserim SK, Kalkan ŞO, Töz S (2016) Molecular detection and identification of Leishmania spp. in naturally infected Phlebotomus tobbi and Sergentomyia dentata in a focus of hu man and canine leishmaniasis in western Turkey. Acta Trop. 155: 89–94.
27. Svobodová M, Alten B, Zídková L, ák V D, Hlavacková J, Myšková J, Šeblová V, Erisoz Kasap O, Belen A,´pka JV, Volf P (2009) Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomus tobbi. Int J Parasitol. 39: 251–256.
28. Rioux J A, Lanotte G, Maazoun R, Perello R, Pratlong F (1980) Leishmania infan tum Nicolle, 1908, the agent of the au tochthonous oriental sore. Apropos of the biochemical identification of 2 strains iso lated in the eastern Pyrenees. C R Se ances Acad Sci D. 291(8): 701–703.
29. Léger N, Depaquit J, Ferté H, Rioux JA, Gantier JC, Gramiccia M, Ludovisi A, Michaelides A, Christophi N, Economides P (2000) Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the isle of Cyprus. II. Isolation and typing of Leishmania (Leish mania infantum) Nicolle, 1908 (zymodeme MON 1) from Phlebotomus (Larrous sius) tobbi Adler and Theodor, 1930. J Parasite. 7: 143–146.
30. Velo E, Paparisto A, Bongiorno G, Di Muc cio T, Khoury C, Bino S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Maroli M (2005) Entomo logical and parasitological study on phlebotomine sandflies in central and northern Albania. J Parasite. 12(1): 45–49.
31. Ready PD (2010) Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe. Euro Surveill. 15(10): 19505.
32. Rassi Y, Sanei Dehkordi A, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A, Za rei Z, Javadian E (2012) First report on natural infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 131: 344–349.
33. Bahrami A, Rassi Y, Maleki N, Oshaghi M, Akhavan A, Yagoobi-Ershadi M, Ra fizadeh S (2014) Leishmania infantum DNA detection in Phlebotomus tobbi in a new northern focus of visceral leish maniasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(2): 110–114.
34. Babuadze G, Alvar J, Argaw D, Koning HPde, Iosava M, Kekelidze M, Tsertsvadze N, Tsereteli D, Chakhunashvili G, Mamatsashvili T, Beria N, Kalandadze I, Ejov M, Imnadze P (2014) Epidemiol ogy of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Geor gia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8(3): e2725.
35. Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar-Bidruni GH, Mottaghi M, Abaei MR (1992) Ep idemiological aspects of kala-azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: investigation on vec tors. Iranian J Publ Health. 21: 61–72.
36. Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Zahraii AR, Vatandoost H, Moatazedian H, Azizi K, Mohebali M (2005) Phlebotomus (Lar roussius) kandelakii the principal and proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 8(12): 1802–1806.
37. Rassi Y, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Javadian E, Sanei A, Rafizadeh S, Arzamani K (2012) First detection of Leishmania in fantum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north-eastern Is lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 18(4): 387–392.
38. Artemiev MM, Neronov V (1984) Distri bution and ecology of sand flies of the world (genus Phlebotomus). Institute of Evolution. Morphology and Animal Ecol ogy, Moscow, pp. 1–208
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v18i1.15667 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sand flies; Vectors; Visceral leishmaniasis; Old worlds; Iran Sand flies Vectors Visceral leishmaniasis Old worlds | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rassi Y, Parkhideh SZ, Rafizadeh S, Jalil-Navaz MR. A comprehensive review of the situation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;18(1):1–11.
