The Effects of Different Lunar Phases on Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Biodiversity in an Important Focus of Leishmaniasis, Southeast Iran
-
Saideh Yousefi
,
Madineh Abbasi
,
Reza Sadeghi
,
Mozafar Vahedi
,
Parniya Abolghaseminejad
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
Abstract
Background: Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica is endemic in most parts of Iran; however, its vector ecology has not been extensively studied. This study investigates the effects of lunar phases and climatic factors on the biodiversity and frequency of sand flies in various biotopes, with and without artificial light.
Methods: Sand flies were collected using sticky paper traps in four lunar phases (new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter). Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated using the relevant formulas. Poisson regression analysis was used to study the relationship between lunar phases and climatic factors with the sand fly frequency.
Results: In places with artificial light, the highest richness was observed in the new moon and the first quarter (S= 7), and the highest species evenness and Shannon-Wiener indices were observed in the last quarter (E= 0.464, H= 0.832) phases. But in areas without artificial light, the maximum value of richness was in the first quarter and full moon (S= 9), and the highest value of evenness and Shannon–Wiener was in the first quarter (E= 0.748, H= 1.645). Non-parametric tests revealed that among climatic factors, only wind speed exhibited a significant correlation with sand fly frequency.
Conclusion: The highest diversity in biotopes with and without artificial light was observed in the last quarter and first quarter, respectively, and also, wind speed influenced the frequency and diversity of sand flies in different habitats, so in sand fly surveillance, it is crucial to consider these important factors.
1. Ready PD (2013) Biology of phlebotom¬ine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annu Rev Entomol. 58: 227–250.
2. World Health Organization (2023) Leish-maniasis Geneva, Switzerland, Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
3. Waller MM, Warr HM, Goodman GB, Bush SE, Clayton DH (2024) Influence of Groom¬ing on Permanent Arthropod As¬so¬ciates of Birds: Cattle Egrets, Lice, and Mites. J Parasitol. 110(2): 143–149.
4. Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasibi F, Jafari R, Abdoli H, Arandian M, So¬leimani H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mohe¬bali M, Hajjaran H (2007) Emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishma¬nia major in a new focus of southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 1(1): 1–8.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2012) Phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role in Leishmania transmis¬sion. Journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 6(1): 1–17.
6. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Ed-ucation (2023) Leishmaniasis status in Iran, 2022. Center for Disease Control and Pre¬vention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID): Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Ed¬ucation, Available at: https://icdc.behdasht.gov.ir/Leishmaniasisstatus.
7. Afshar PJ, Bahrampour A, Shahesmaeili A (2022) Determination of the trend of inci-dence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ker-man province 2014–2020 and forecasting until 2023. A time series study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(4): e0010250.
8. Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri AR, Ha-kimi Parizi M, Aghaei Afshar A, Khosra¬vi A, Sharifi F, Aflatoonian B, Khamesipour A, Dowlati Y, Modabber F, Nadim A (2015) A comprehensive review of cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, southeastern iran-narrative review article. Iran J Pub Health. 44(3): 299–307.
9. Yousefi S, Paksa A, Gorouhi MA, Aliza¬deh I, Amin M, Vahedi M, Saberi N, Zahraei-Ramazani AR (2022) Determination of the feeding behavior of Phlebotomus ser-genti using multiplex PCR and tent-bait¬ed traps in a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the southeast of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 244: 108426.
10. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aflatoonian MR, Akhavan AA, Aghaei-Afshar A, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Eval-uation of different attractive traps for Ccp¬turing sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of leishmaniasis, South¬east of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(2): 202–213.
11. Colacicco-Mayhugh MG, Grieco JP, Put-nam JL, Burkett DA, Coleman RE (2011) Im¬pact of phlebotomine sand flies on United States military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 5. Impact of weather on sand fly ac¬tivity. Iran J Public Health. 48(3): 538–545.
12. Hesam-Mohammadi M, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Akhavan AA, Karimi F, Rafizadeh S, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Sharafkhah M (2014) Efficacy of different sampling methods of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in endem¬ic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan District, Isfahan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 156–162.
13. Aklilu E, Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Kindu M, Tekie H, Balkew M, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T (2017) Comparative study on the nocturnal activity of phlebotom¬ine sand flies in a highland and lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in north-western Ethiopia with special refer¬ence to Phlebotomus orientalis. Parasit Vec¬tors. 10(1): 393.
14. Oshaghi M, Yaghobi-Ershadi M, Abbassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan A, Rahimi Foroshani A, Zahraei A, Rassi Y, Mohtarami F (2008) Detection of Leishmania major in natu¬ral¬ly infected sand flies using semi nest¬ed-PCR. Iran J Public Health. 37(4): 59–64.
15. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in moun¬tainous and plain areas of an endemic focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 10(5): 201–207.
16. Gaggiotti OE, Chao A, Peres-Neto P, Chiu CH, Edwards C, Fortin MJ, Jost L, Rich¬ards CM, Selkoe KAag (2018) Diversity from genes to ecosystems: A unifying frame¬work to study variation across bi¬o¬logical metrics and scales. Evol Appl. 11 (2): 203–214.
17. Scheiner SM, editor )2023( Encyclopedia of biodiversity. 3rd ed. Academic Press; Hardback ISBN: 9780128225622; eBook ISBN: 9780323984348.
18. Fontana V, Guariento E, Hilpold A, Nie-drist G, Steinwandter M, Spitale D, Nas-cimbene J, Tappeiner U, Seeber J (2020) Species richness and beta diversity pat-terns of multiple taxa along an elevational gra¬dient in pastured grasslands in the Euro¬pean Alps. Sci Rep. 10(1): 12516.
19. Magurran AE (2021) Measuring biologi¬cal diversity. Curr Biol. 31(19): R1174–r7.
20. Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Moncaz A, Tekie H, Balkew M, War¬burg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T (2015) The influence of moonlight and lunar pe¬riodicity on the efficacy of CDC light trap in sampling Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ori¬entalis Parrot, 1936 and other Phleboto¬mus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 8: 106.
21. Santos-De Marco T, De Mello Gaia MC, Peçanha Brazil R (2002) Influence of the lunar cycle on the activity of phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 18(2): 114–118.
22. Gupta R, Nolan DR, Bux DA, Schneeberger AR (2019) Is it the moon? Effects of the lunar cycle on psychiatric admissions, dis¬charges and length of stay. Swiss Med Wkly. 149: w20070.
23. Nissani M (1994) Phases of the Moon. Sci¬ence Activities. 31(3): 26–29.
24. Redfern GI (2020) The Moon. In: Astro-photography is Easy! The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. Cham: Spring¬-er; pp. 199–228.
25. Khanjani N, Ahmadzadeh A, Bakhtiari B,
Madadizadeh F (2017) The role of season and climate in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 30(2): 149–157
26. Spellerberg IF, Fedor PJ (2003) A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon–Wie¬ner’Index. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 12(3): 177–179.
27. Aghaei-Afshar A, Hojjat F, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Gorouhi MA, Yousefi S, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2020) Modelling and evaluating the risk of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in select¬ed areas of Kerman Province, south of Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. 67(3): 1271–1283.
28. Miranda DEdO, Sales KGdS, Faustino MAdG, Alves LC, Brandão-Filho SP, Dan¬tas-Torres F, Carvalho GAd (2015) Ecol¬ogy of sand flies in a low-density residen¬tial rural area, with mixed forest/agricul¬tural exploitation, in north-eastern Brazil. Acta Trop. 146: 89–94.
29. Hassaballa IB, Torto B, Sole CL, Tchouas-si DP (2021) Exploring the influence of dif¬ferent habitats and their volatile chemis¬try in modulating sand fly population struc¬ture in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Ken¬ya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(2): e0009062.
30. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2021) Species di-versity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors: assessing bioclimatic effect on ex¬pression plasticity of genes possessing vac¬cine properties isolated from wild-col-lected sand flies in endemic areas of Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 21(1): 455.
31. Chaniotis BN, Correa MA, Tesh RB, John¬son KM (1971) Daily and seasonal man-biting activity of phlebotomine sandflies in Panama. J Med Entomol. 8(4): 415–420.
32. Morrison AC, Ferro C, Pardo R, Torres M, Wilson ML, Tesh RB (1995) Nocturnal activity patterns of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an endemic fo-cus of visceral leishmaniasis in Colom¬bia. J Med Entomol. 32(5): 605–617.
33. Bessat M, Okpanma A, Shanat E (2015) Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, control and future perspectives with special emphasis
on Egypt. J Trop Dis. 2(153): 1–10.
34. Aghasi M, Sharifi I (2003) Survey of the fauna and monthly activity of the sandfly as the vectors of the Cutaneous Leish-man¬iasis in the City of Bam. JKUMS. 10(4): 85–91.
35. Thies SF, Bronzoni RV, Espinosa MM, Sou¬za CO, Ribeiro AL, Santos ES, Dias ES, Damazo AS (2016) Frequency and diver¬sity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sinop, State of Mato Gros¬so, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 49 (5): 544–552.
36. Dias ES, França-Silva JC, Silva JCd, Mon-teiro ÉM, Paula KMd, Gonçalves CM, Bar¬ata RA (2007) Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae) de um foco de leishmaniose teg¬umentar no Estado de Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 40: 49–52.
37. Missawa NA, Dias ES (2007) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the mu¬nicipality of Varzea Grande: an area of trans¬mission of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 102(8): 913–918.
38. Souza NA, Andrade-Coelho CA, Silva VC, Peixoto AA, Rangel EF (2005) Moon¬light and blood-feeding behaviour of Lutzomy¬ia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vec¬tors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100 (1): 39–42.
39. Kassem HA, El-Sayed YA, Baz MM, Ke-nawy MA, El Sawaf BM (2009) Phleboto¬mus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psycho¬didae). J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 39(1): 305–316.
40. Kasili S, Ngumbi PM, Koka H, Ngere FG, Kioko E, Odemba N, Kutima HL (2010) Comparative performance of light trap types, lunar influence and sandfly abun-dance in Baringo district, Kenya. J Vec¬tor Borne Dis. 47(2): 108–112.
2. World Health Organization (2023) Leish-maniasis Geneva, Switzerland, Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
3. Waller MM, Warr HM, Goodman GB, Bush SE, Clayton DH (2024) Influence of Groom¬ing on Permanent Arthropod As¬so¬ciates of Birds: Cattle Egrets, Lice, and Mites. J Parasitol. 110(2): 143–149.
4. Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasibi F, Jafari R, Abdoli H, Arandian M, So¬leimani H, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mohe¬bali M, Hajjaran H (2007) Emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishma¬nia major in a new focus of southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 1(1): 1–8.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2012) Phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role in Leishmania transmis¬sion. Journal of arthropod-borne diseases. 6(1): 1–17.
6. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Ed-ucation (2023) Leishmaniasis status in Iran, 2022. Center for Disease Control and Pre¬vention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID): Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Ed¬ucation, Available at: https://icdc.behdasht.gov.ir/Leishmaniasisstatus.
7. Afshar PJ, Bahrampour A, Shahesmaeili A (2022) Determination of the trend of inci-dence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ker-man province 2014–2020 and forecasting until 2023. A time series study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(4): e0010250.
8. Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri AR, Ha-kimi Parizi M, Aghaei Afshar A, Khosra¬vi A, Sharifi F, Aflatoonian B, Khamesipour A, Dowlati Y, Modabber F, Nadim A (2015) A comprehensive review of cuta-neous leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, southeastern iran-narrative review article. Iran J Pub Health. 44(3): 299–307.
9. Yousefi S, Paksa A, Gorouhi MA, Aliza¬deh I, Amin M, Vahedi M, Saberi N, Zahraei-Ramazani AR (2022) Determination of the feeding behavior of Phlebotomus ser-genti using multiplex PCR and tent-bait¬ed traps in a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the southeast of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 244: 108426.
10. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aflatoonian MR, Akhavan AA, Aghaei-Afshar A, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Eval-uation of different attractive traps for Ccp¬turing sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of leishmaniasis, South¬east of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(2): 202–213.
11. Colacicco-Mayhugh MG, Grieco JP, Put-nam JL, Burkett DA, Coleman RE (2011) Im¬pact of phlebotomine sand flies on United States military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 5. Impact of weather on sand fly ac¬tivity. Iran J Public Health. 48(3): 538–545.
12. Hesam-Mohammadi M, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Akhavan AA, Karimi F, Rafizadeh S, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Sharafkhah M (2014) Efficacy of different sampling methods of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in endem¬ic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan District, Isfahan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 156–162.
13. Aklilu E, Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Kindu M, Tekie H, Balkew M, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T (2017) Comparative study on the nocturnal activity of phlebotom¬ine sand flies in a highland and lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in north-western Ethiopia with special refer¬ence to Phlebotomus orientalis. Parasit Vec¬tors. 10(1): 393.
14. Oshaghi M, Yaghobi-Ershadi M, Abbassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan A, Rahimi Foroshani A, Zahraei A, Rassi Y, Mohtarami F (2008) Detection of Leishmania major in natu¬ral¬ly infected sand flies using semi nest¬ed-PCR. Iran J Public Health. 37(4): 59–64.
15. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in moun¬tainous and plain areas of an endemic focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 10(5): 201–207.
16. Gaggiotti OE, Chao A, Peres-Neto P, Chiu CH, Edwards C, Fortin MJ, Jost L, Rich¬ards CM, Selkoe KAag (2018) Diversity from genes to ecosystems: A unifying frame¬work to study variation across bi¬o¬logical metrics and scales. Evol Appl. 11 (2): 203–214.
17. Scheiner SM, editor )2023( Encyclopedia of biodiversity. 3rd ed. Academic Press; Hardback ISBN: 9780128225622; eBook ISBN: 9780323984348.
18. Fontana V, Guariento E, Hilpold A, Nie-drist G, Steinwandter M, Spitale D, Nas-cimbene J, Tappeiner U, Seeber J (2020) Species richness and beta diversity pat-terns of multiple taxa along an elevational gra¬dient in pastured grasslands in the Euro¬pean Alps. Sci Rep. 10(1): 12516.
19. Magurran AE (2021) Measuring biologi¬cal diversity. Curr Biol. 31(19): R1174–r7.
20. Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Moncaz A, Tekie H, Balkew M, War¬burg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T (2015) The influence of moonlight and lunar pe¬riodicity on the efficacy of CDC light trap in sampling Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ori¬entalis Parrot, 1936 and other Phleboto¬mus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 8: 106.
21. Santos-De Marco T, De Mello Gaia MC, Peçanha Brazil R (2002) Influence of the lunar cycle on the activity of phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 18(2): 114–118.
22. Gupta R, Nolan DR, Bux DA, Schneeberger AR (2019) Is it the moon? Effects of the lunar cycle on psychiatric admissions, dis¬charges and length of stay. Swiss Med Wkly. 149: w20070.
23. Nissani M (1994) Phases of the Moon. Sci¬ence Activities. 31(3): 26–29.
24. Redfern GI (2020) The Moon. In: Astro-photography is Easy! The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. Cham: Spring¬-er; pp. 199–228.
25. Khanjani N, Ahmadzadeh A, Bakhtiari B,
Madadizadeh F (2017) The role of season and climate in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 30(2): 149–157
26. Spellerberg IF, Fedor PJ (2003) A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon–Wie¬ner’Index. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 12(3): 177–179.
27. Aghaei-Afshar A, Hojjat F, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Gorouhi MA, Yousefi S, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2020) Modelling and evaluating the risk of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in select¬ed areas of Kerman Province, south of Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. 67(3): 1271–1283.
28. Miranda DEdO, Sales KGdS, Faustino MAdG, Alves LC, Brandão-Filho SP, Dan¬tas-Torres F, Carvalho GAd (2015) Ecol¬ogy of sand flies in a low-density residen¬tial rural area, with mixed forest/agricul¬tural exploitation, in north-eastern Brazil. Acta Trop. 146: 89–94.
29. Hassaballa IB, Torto B, Sole CL, Tchouas-si DP (2021) Exploring the influence of dif¬ferent habitats and their volatile chemis¬try in modulating sand fly population struc¬ture in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Ken¬ya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(2): e0009062.
30. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2021) Species di-versity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors: assessing bioclimatic effect on ex¬pression plasticity of genes possessing vac¬cine properties isolated from wild-col-lected sand flies in endemic areas of Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 21(1): 455.
31. Chaniotis BN, Correa MA, Tesh RB, John¬son KM (1971) Daily and seasonal man-biting activity of phlebotomine sandflies in Panama. J Med Entomol. 8(4): 415–420.
32. Morrison AC, Ferro C, Pardo R, Torres M, Wilson ML, Tesh RB (1995) Nocturnal activity patterns of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an endemic fo-cus of visceral leishmaniasis in Colom¬bia. J Med Entomol. 32(5): 605–617.
33. Bessat M, Okpanma A, Shanat E (2015) Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, control and future perspectives with special emphasis
on Egypt. J Trop Dis. 2(153): 1–10.
34. Aghasi M, Sharifi I (2003) Survey of the fauna and monthly activity of the sandfly as the vectors of the Cutaneous Leish-man¬iasis in the City of Bam. JKUMS. 10(4): 85–91.
35. Thies SF, Bronzoni RV, Espinosa MM, Sou¬za CO, Ribeiro AL, Santos ES, Dias ES, Damazo AS (2016) Frequency and diver¬sity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sinop, State of Mato Gros¬so, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 49 (5): 544–552.
36. Dias ES, França-Silva JC, Silva JCd, Mon-teiro ÉM, Paula KMd, Gonçalves CM, Bar¬ata RA (2007) Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae) de um foco de leishmaniose teg¬umentar no Estado de Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 40: 49–52.
37. Missawa NA, Dias ES (2007) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the mu¬nicipality of Varzea Grande: an area of trans¬mission of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 102(8): 913–918.
38. Souza NA, Andrade-Coelho CA, Silva VC, Peixoto AA, Rangel EF (2005) Moon¬light and blood-feeding behaviour of Lutzomy¬ia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vec¬tors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100 (1): 39–42.
39. Kassem HA, El-Sayed YA, Baz MM, Ke-nawy MA, El Sawaf BM (2009) Phleboto¬mus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psycho¬didae). J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 39(1): 305–316.
40. Kasili S, Ngumbi PM, Koka H, Ngere FG, Kioko E, Odemba N, Kutima HL (2010) Comparative performance of light trap types, lunar influence and sandfly abun-dance in Baringo district, Kenya. J Vec¬tor Borne Dis. 47(2): 108–112.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v18i4.19343 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis; Ecology; Phlebotomine sand flies; Diversity | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yousefi S, Abbasi M, Sadeghi R, Vahedi M, Abolghaseminejad P, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani A. The Effects of Different Lunar Phases on Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Biodiversity in an Important Focus of Leishmaniasis, Southeast Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;18(4):381–393.
