Species Composition of Phlebotominae Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Mashhad City, an Endemic Focus of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Northeastern Iran
-
Fatemeh Shahidi-Hakak
,
Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
,
Amrollah Azarm
,
Mohammad Motaharinezhad
,
Hossein Abbassian
Abstract
Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are the primary vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We conducted a field survey and comprehensive literature review to investigate the species composition and bionomics of sand flies in Mashhad, a major pilgrimage and tourist city in northeastern Iran. This location is critical due to its high population mobility, which can influence disease dynamics.
Methods: Sand flies were collected monthly from spring to winter 2022 using sticky paper traps at 108 sites across Mashhad's diverse ecological zones. Species were identified, and population densities were calculated. Climatic data for 2022 were sourced from the Mashhad Meteorological Station. Using SPSS version 26, we employed ANOVA to compare seasonal species densities and Pearson correlation to analyses relationships between climatic parameters and sand fly abundance.
Result: A total of 3,270 sand fly specimens were collected, representing two genera. The majority (98%) belonged to the genus Phlebotomus, while the remaining 2% were classified under Sergentomyia. The identified species and their respective relative abundances were as follows: Ph. sergenti (76.29%), Ph. papatasi (18.53%), Ph. alexandri (1.10%), Ph. ansari (1.00%), Se. sumbarica (1.31%), Ph. caucasicus (0.73%), Ph. major group (0.61%), and Se. sintoni (0.42%). Statistical analysis revealed significant seasonal variations in the abundance and distribution of sand fly species, which were strongly associated with environmental parameters such as temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity.
Conclusion: The bionomics, diversity, and population density of sand flies vary across different locations and times, a factor that must be considered in advanced studies, prevention, and control programs.
1. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Af¬la¬toonian MR, Akhavan AA, Aghaei-Af¬shar A, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Evalua¬tion of differ¬ent attractive traps for cap¬turing sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of leishmaniasis, south¬east of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14 (2): 202–213.
2. World Health Organization (2022) WHO guideline for the treatment of visceral leish¬maniasis in HIV co-infected patients in East Africa and South-East Asia. World Health Or¬ganization. Available at: who.int/ pub¬lica-tions/i/item/9789240048294.
3. Senanayake S, Liyanage P, Pathirage D, Si-raj R, Kolitha De Silva N, Karunaweera N (2023) Impact of climatic factors on temporal variability of sand fly abun-dance in Sri Lanka: longitudinal study (2018 to 2020) with two-stage hierarchical analy¬sis. Res Sq. 1(1): 1–20.
4. Yanase R, Moreira-Leite F, Rea E, Wilburn L, Sádlová J, Vojtkova B, Pružinová K, Taniguchi A, Nonaka S, Volf P, Sunter J (2023) Formation and three-dimensional archi¬tecture of Leishmania adhesion in the sand fly vector. Elife. 12: e84552.
5. Sangenito LS, Santos VDS, Avila-Levy CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS, Olivera S (2019) Leishmaniasis and Chagas Dis¬ease - Neglected Tropical Diseases: Treatment Up¬dates. Curr Top Med Chem. 19(3): 174–177.
6. Songumpai N, Promrangsee C, Noopetch P, Siriyasatien P, Preativatanyou K (2022) First evidence of co-circulation of emerg-ing Leish¬mania martiniquensis, Leishma-nia orientalis and Crithidia sp. in Culi-coides biting midges (Diptera: Cerato¬po-gonidae), the putative vec¬tors for autoch-thonous transmission in south¬ern Thai-land. Trop Med Infec Dis J. 7(11): 379─399.
7. Yurchenko V, Daniil S. Chistyakov, Akh-madishina L, Lukashev A, Sádlová J, Strelko¬va M (2023) Revisiting epidemi-ology of leishmaniasis in central Asia: les-sons learnt. Parasitology. 150(2): 129─136.
8. Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M, Pourmo-hammadi B (2022) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in phlebotomine sand flies from an endemic focus of zo-onotic cuta¬neous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16(3): 233–242.
9. Feiz Haddad MH, Gharae A, Sharify (2021) Epidemiological study of leish-maniasis in Iran and the Middle East in the last two decades. Jun Sci Med J. 20(2): 86–101.
10. Yahaghi N, Fatemi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Naghian A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani AR, Rassi Y, So-leimani H, Dehghan H, Veysi A, Akbar-zadeh K, Akha¬van AA (2022) A Com-parative Study on the Biodiver¬sity and Species Richness of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psycho¬didae) in Kerman-shah and Khuzestan Prov¬inces of Iran. J Ar¬thropod Borne Dis. 16 (4): 278─287.
11. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani1 AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of Phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in moun¬tain¬ous and plain areas of an endem¬ic focus of an¬throponotic cu-taneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Bio¬med. 10(5): 201─207.
12. Pal M, Gutama K, Steinmetz C, Dave P (2022) An Emerging and Re-emerging Disease of Global Public Health Concern. Sci EP J. 10(1): 22─25.
13. Azarmi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Akha-van AA, Rassi Y, M,Saboori AR, Zarei Z, Azarm A, Abdoli R, Abdoli H (2019) An envi¬ronmental study on ectoparasites of Rhom¬bomys opimus (Rodentia: Ger-billinae); the main reservoir host of Zo-onotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a hy-perendemic foci in Segzi, Esfahan Prov-ince. J Res Environ Health. 29(4): 291–301.
14. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Aghaei-Af¬shar A, Koosha M, Arandian MH (2022) Mo¬lecular and biochemical detection of in¬secti¬cide resistance in the Leishmania vec¬tor, Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psycho¬didae) to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyre¬throids, in Central Iran. 2022. J Med Entomol. 59(4): 1347–1354.
15. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Jafari R, Jlali-Zand AR, Arandian MH, Shareghi N, Ghanei M (2008) Some ecological as-pects of Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psy¬chodi¬dae) in an endemic focus of anthro¬ponotic cu¬taneous leishmaniasis of Iran. Entomol J. 5(1): 17─23.
16. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Kumar D, Mir-hendi H, Sundar S, Mishra R, Moin-Vaziri V, Soleimani H, Shirzadi MR, Jafari R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hamedi Shahraky S, Yaghoobi-Er¬shadi MR (2014) Morphological and gen¬o¬typic variations among the species of the sub-genus Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 84–97.
17. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Zahraei-Rama¬zani AR, Jafari R, Houshmand B, Nadim A, Hosseini M (2007) Deltametrin-impreg¬nated bed nets and curtain in an anthro¬ponotic cuta¬neous leishmaniasis control pro¬gram in north-eastern Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 27(1): 6–12.
18. Hosseini Farash BR, Shamsian SAA, Mo-hajery M, Fata AB, Sadabadi F, Berenji F, Mastroeni P, Poustchi E, Moghaddas E, Salehi Sangani, Gholamreza F (2020) Chang¬es in the epidemiology of Cutane-ous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 44(1): 52–57.
19. Adelikhah M, Shahrokhi A, Imani M, Cha¬lupnik S, Kovács T (2021) Radiolog-ical as¬sessment of indoor radon and tho-ron concen¬trations and indoor radon map of dwellings in Mashhad, Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(1): 141.
20. Naserikia M, Asadi Shamsabadi E, Rafieian M, Filho WL (2019) The urban heat is¬land in an urban context: A case study of Mashhad, Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(3): 313–334.
21. Mashhad City Statistical Yearbook 2020,
Volume One. Available at: https://plan-ning.mashhad.ir/s/mfacIs0
22. Jarahi L, Tayarani Bathaee A, Erfanian Tagh¬vayi M (2015) A study on the effect of physical environment conditions on the preva¬lence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Leishma¬nia hyperendemic area in Mash-had. JREH. 1(3): 228–233.
23. Zarei Cheghabalaki Z, Yarahmadi D, Karam¬pour M, Shamsipour AA (2019) Cu¬taneu¬ous leishmaniasis incidence and annual climatic variation s: a statistical analysis, case study of Mashhad, Iran. Iran South Med J. 22(1): 41─53.
24. Abdoli H, Hejazi S, Akhavan A, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Jalali-Zand A (2007) Some ecological aspects of phlebotomine sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod-Borne Dis. 1(2): 34─39.
25. Kumari I, Lakhanpal D, Swargam S, NathJha A (2023) Leishmaniasis: Omics ap¬proach¬es to understand its biology from mole¬cule to cell level. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 24(3): 229–239.
26. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in mountain¬ous and plain areas of an endem¬ic focus of an-throponotic cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Asian Pac. J Trop Bio¬med. 10(5): 201–207.
27. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Saghafipour A, Seda¬ghat MM, Absavaran A, Azarm A (2017) Molecular identification of Phleboto¬mus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendem¬ic area of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmania¬sis in Iran. J Med Entomol. 54(6): 1525–1530.
28. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Sedaghat M (2016) Checklist and geographical distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho-di¬dae) vectors of leishmaniasis in Esfahan
Prov¬ince. J Entomol Res. 7(4): 69–82.
29. Tabbabi A, Bousslimi N, Rhim A, Aoun K, Bouratbine A (2011) Short Report: First report on natural infection of Phleboto¬mus sergenti with Leishmania pro¬mastigotes in the cutane¬ous leishmaniasis focus in Southeastern Tuni-sia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 85(4): 646–647.
30. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AH, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Akhavan AH, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-cho¬di¬dae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
31. Lewis DJ (1957) Some Phlebotominae from Iran. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10(1): 689–694.
32. Mesghali A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1967) Epidemiology of cutaneous leish-man¬i¬asis in Iran. II. Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Mashhad and Lotfabad areas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Fil¬iales. 60(6): 514–518.
33. Nadim A, Mesghali A (2007) Redescrip-tion of the female of Phlebotomus (Paraph¬leboto¬mus) kazeruni (Theodor and Mesghali) with some notes on the dis¬tribution of the spe¬cies in Iran. J Nat Hist. 2(1): 239–240.
34. Nadim A, Tahvildari-Bidruni GH (1977) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, B. Khorassan, Part VI: Cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Neishabur, Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 70(1): 171–177.
35. Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar–Bidruni G, Mottaghi M (1992) Epidemiological as¬pects of kala-azar in Meshkin shar, Iran: inves¬tigation on vectors. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 61–72.
36. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abai MR, Ebrahi-mi B, Vafaei-Nezhad R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Jafari R (2003) Epidemiologi¬cal study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Islamic Re¬public of Iran. East Medi¬terr Health J. 9(1): 816–826.
37. Mogaddam MY, Borna H, Shayesteh M, Davari AR, Younesi Z, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hos¬seini-Vasoukolaei N, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati AA (2015) Fauna and fre¬quency of sand flies in Southern Khora¬san Prov-ince. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 25 (125): 121–130.
38. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 10(4): 429–444.
39. Shoraka HR, Taheri Soodejani M, Allah Kalteh E, Chegeni M, Mahmudimanesh M, So¬fizadeh A (2021) Prevalence of Leish¬mania major Yakimoff and Schokhor (Ki¬netoplas¬tida: Trypanoso-matidae) in sand¬flies in Iran: a systematic review and me¬ta-analysis. J Med Ento-mol. 58(1): 26–36.
40. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mokhtari AR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Arandian MH (2006) Composition of the Phlebotomine fauna (Dip¬tera: Psy¬cho-didae), in Isfahan City, Cen¬tral Iran: First record of Sergntomyia baghdadis, S. clydei and S. den¬tata. En¬tomol J. 3(4): 319–324.
41. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role in Leishmania transmis¬sion. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
42. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mokhtari AR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli A, Arandian MH (2007) Anthroponotic cu¬taneous leishmaniasis in nonendemic quar¬ters of a cen¬tral city in Iran. Iranian J Publ Health. 36(2): 7–11.
2. World Health Organization (2022) WHO guideline for the treatment of visceral leish¬maniasis in HIV co-infected patients in East Africa and South-East Asia. World Health Or¬ganization. Available at: who.int/ pub¬lica-tions/i/item/9789240048294.
3. Senanayake S, Liyanage P, Pathirage D, Si-raj R, Kolitha De Silva N, Karunaweera N (2023) Impact of climatic factors on temporal variability of sand fly abun-dance in Sri Lanka: longitudinal study (2018 to 2020) with two-stage hierarchical analy¬sis. Res Sq. 1(1): 1–20.
4. Yanase R, Moreira-Leite F, Rea E, Wilburn L, Sádlová J, Vojtkova B, Pružinová K, Taniguchi A, Nonaka S, Volf P, Sunter J (2023) Formation and three-dimensional archi¬tecture of Leishmania adhesion in the sand fly vector. Elife. 12: e84552.
5. Sangenito LS, Santos VDS, Avila-Levy CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS, Olivera S (2019) Leishmaniasis and Chagas Dis¬ease - Neglected Tropical Diseases: Treatment Up¬dates. Curr Top Med Chem. 19(3): 174–177.
6. Songumpai N, Promrangsee C, Noopetch P, Siriyasatien P, Preativatanyou K (2022) First evidence of co-circulation of emerg-ing Leish¬mania martiniquensis, Leishma-nia orientalis and Crithidia sp. in Culi-coides biting midges (Diptera: Cerato¬po-gonidae), the putative vec¬tors for autoch-thonous transmission in south¬ern Thai-land. Trop Med Infec Dis J. 7(11): 379─399.
7. Yurchenko V, Daniil S. Chistyakov, Akh-madishina L, Lukashev A, Sádlová J, Strelko¬va M (2023) Revisiting epidemi-ology of leishmaniasis in central Asia: les-sons learnt. Parasitology. 150(2): 129─136.
8. Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M, Pourmo-hammadi B (2022) Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in phlebotomine sand flies from an endemic focus of zo-onotic cuta¬neous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16(3): 233–242.
9. Feiz Haddad MH, Gharae A, Sharify (2021) Epidemiological study of leish-maniasis in Iran and the Middle East in the last two decades. Jun Sci Med J. 20(2): 86–101.
10. Yahaghi N, Fatemi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Naghian A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani AR, Rassi Y, So-leimani H, Dehghan H, Veysi A, Akbar-zadeh K, Akha¬van AA (2022) A Com-parative Study on the Biodiver¬sity and Species Richness of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psycho¬didae) in Kerman-shah and Khuzestan Prov¬inces of Iran. J Ar¬thropod Borne Dis. 16 (4): 278─287.
11. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani1 AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of Phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in moun¬tain¬ous and plain areas of an endem¬ic focus of an¬throponotic cu-taneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Bio¬med. 10(5): 201─207.
12. Pal M, Gutama K, Steinmetz C, Dave P (2022) An Emerging and Re-emerging Disease of Global Public Health Concern. Sci EP J. 10(1): 22─25.
13. Azarmi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Akha-van AA, Rassi Y, M,Saboori AR, Zarei Z, Azarm A, Abdoli R, Abdoli H (2019) An envi¬ronmental study on ectoparasites of Rhom¬bomys opimus (Rodentia: Ger-billinae); the main reservoir host of Zo-onotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a hy-perendemic foci in Segzi, Esfahan Prov-ince. J Res Environ Health. 29(4): 291–301.
14. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Aghaei-Af¬shar A, Koosha M, Arandian MH (2022) Mo¬lecular and biochemical detection of in¬secti¬cide resistance in the Leishmania vec¬tor, Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psycho¬didae) to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyre¬throids, in Central Iran. 2022. J Med Entomol. 59(4): 1347–1354.
15. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Jafari R, Jlali-Zand AR, Arandian MH, Shareghi N, Ghanei M (2008) Some ecological as-pects of Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psy¬chodi¬dae) in an endemic focus of anthro¬ponotic cu¬taneous leishmaniasis of Iran. Entomol J. 5(1): 17─23.
16. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Kumar D, Mir-hendi H, Sundar S, Mishra R, Moin-Vaziri V, Soleimani H, Shirzadi MR, Jafari R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hamedi Shahraky S, Yaghoobi-Er¬shadi MR (2014) Morphological and gen¬o¬typic variations among the species of the sub-genus Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 84–97.
17. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Zahraei-Rama¬zani AR, Jafari R, Houshmand B, Nadim A, Hosseini M (2007) Deltametrin-impreg¬nated bed nets and curtain in an anthro¬ponotic cuta¬neous leishmaniasis control pro¬gram in north-eastern Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 27(1): 6–12.
18. Hosseini Farash BR, Shamsian SAA, Mo-hajery M, Fata AB, Sadabadi F, Berenji F, Mastroeni P, Poustchi E, Moghaddas E, Salehi Sangani, Gholamreza F (2020) Chang¬es in the epidemiology of Cutane-ous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 44(1): 52–57.
19. Adelikhah M, Shahrokhi A, Imani M, Cha¬lupnik S, Kovács T (2021) Radiolog-ical as¬sessment of indoor radon and tho-ron concen¬trations and indoor radon map of dwellings in Mashhad, Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(1): 141.
20. Naserikia M, Asadi Shamsabadi E, Rafieian M, Filho WL (2019) The urban heat is¬land in an urban context: A case study of Mashhad, Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(3): 313–334.
21. Mashhad City Statistical Yearbook 2020,
Volume One. Available at: https://plan-ning.mashhad.ir/s/mfacIs0
22. Jarahi L, Tayarani Bathaee A, Erfanian Tagh¬vayi M (2015) A study on the effect of physical environment conditions on the preva¬lence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Leishma¬nia hyperendemic area in Mash-had. JREH. 1(3): 228–233.
23. Zarei Cheghabalaki Z, Yarahmadi D, Karam¬pour M, Shamsipour AA (2019) Cu¬taneu¬ous leishmaniasis incidence and annual climatic variation s: a statistical analysis, case study of Mashhad, Iran. Iran South Med J. 22(1): 41─53.
24. Abdoli H, Hejazi S, Akhavan A, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Jalali-Zand A (2007) Some ecological aspects of phlebotomine sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Arthro¬pod-Borne Dis. 1(2): 34─39.
25. Kumari I, Lakhanpal D, Swargam S, NathJha A (2023) Leishmaniasis: Omics ap¬proach¬es to understand its biology from mole¬cule to cell level. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 24(3): 229–239.
26. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Aflatoonian MR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aghaei-Afshar A, Akhavan AA, Amin M, Paksa A (2020) Diversity of phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in mountain¬ous and plain areas of an endem¬ic focus of an-throponotic cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Asian Pac. J Trop Bio¬med. 10(5): 201–207.
27. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Saghafipour A, Seda¬ghat MM, Absavaran A, Azarm A (2017) Molecular identification of Phleboto¬mus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendem¬ic area of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmania¬sis in Iran. J Med Entomol. 54(6): 1525–1530.
28. Zahraei-Ramazani A, Sedaghat M (2016) Checklist and geographical distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psycho-di¬dae) vectors of leishmaniasis in Esfahan
Prov¬ince. J Entomol Res. 7(4): 69–82.
29. Tabbabi A, Bousslimi N, Rhim A, Aoun K, Bouratbine A (2011) Short Report: First report on natural infection of Phleboto¬mus sergenti with Leishmania pro¬mastigotes in the cutane¬ous leishmaniasis focus in Southeastern Tuni-sia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 85(4): 646–647.
30. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AH, Yaghoobi-Er-shadi MR, Akhavan AH, Ghezelbash Z (2014) Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-cho¬di¬dae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop. 132: 131–139.
31. Lewis DJ (1957) Some Phlebotominae from Iran. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10(1): 689–694.
32. Mesghali A, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1967) Epidemiology of cutaneous leish-man¬i¬asis in Iran. II. Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Mashhad and Lotfabad areas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Fil¬iales. 60(6): 514–518.
33. Nadim A, Mesghali A (2007) Redescrip-tion of the female of Phlebotomus (Paraph¬leboto¬mus) kazeruni (Theodor and Mesghali) with some notes on the dis¬tribution of the spe¬cies in Iran. J Nat Hist. 2(1): 239–240.
34. Nadim A, Tahvildari-Bidruni GH (1977) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, B. Khorassan, Part VI: Cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Neishabur, Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 70(1): 171–177.
35. Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar–Bidruni G, Mottaghi M (1992) Epidemiological as¬pects of kala-azar in Meshkin shar, Iran: inves¬tigation on vectors. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 61–72.
36. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abai MR, Ebrahi-mi B, Vafaei-Nezhad R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Jafari R (2003) Epidemiologi¬cal study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Islamic Re¬public of Iran. East Medi¬terr Health J. 9(1): 816–826.
37. Mogaddam MY, Borna H, Shayesteh M, Davari AR, Younesi Z, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hos¬seini-Vasoukolaei N, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati AA (2015) Fauna and fre¬quency of sand flies in Southern Khora¬san Prov-ince. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 25 (125): 121–130.
38. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 10(4): 429–444.
39. Shoraka HR, Taheri Soodejani M, Allah Kalteh E, Chegeni M, Mahmudimanesh M, So¬fizadeh A (2021) Prevalence of Leish¬mania major Yakimoff and Schokhor (Ki¬netoplas¬tida: Trypanoso-matidae) in sand¬flies in Iran: a systematic review and me¬ta-analysis. J Med Ento-mol. 58(1): 26–36.
40. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mokhtari AR, Akhavan AA, Abdoli H, Arandian MH (2006) Composition of the Phlebotomine fauna (Dip¬tera: Psy¬cho-didae), in Isfahan City, Cen¬tral Iran: First record of Sergntomyia baghdadis, S. clydei and S. den¬tata. En¬tomol J. 3(4): 319–324.
41. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role in Leishmania transmis¬sion. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v19i1.19995 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sand flies; Leishmaniasis; Bionomics; Diversity; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Shahidi-Hakak F, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Azarm A, Motaharinezhad M, Abbassian H. Species Composition of Phlebotominae Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Mashhad City, an Endemic Focus of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Northeastern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;19(1):51–61.
