Repellency Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Ricinus communis (Castor) Leaf Extract against Phlebotomus papatasi under Laboratory Conditions
-
Abbas Aghaei-Afshar
,
Leila Shirani-Bidabadi
,
Hedieh Zadeh-Abbasi
,
Godwin Nutifafa Gidiglo
,
Jafar Zolala
,
Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
,
Ismaeil Alizadeh
,
Mansour Mirtadzadini
Abstract
Background: The extract of seed and leave of Ricinus communis (castor plant) is rich in glycerides and fatty acids, including ricin, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and dihydroxy-stearic. This study aimed to evaluate the repellency effect of R. communis leaf extract (castor extract, CE) on Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies and compare its effectiveness with a commercial insect repellent, 10% DEET spray (positive control), under laboratory conditions.
Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extract of castor leaves was prepared, and the repellency effect and mortality rates were evaluated at different doses. The study also assessed 10% DEET (positive control) and 50 μl of 70% ethanol (negative control). The modified Wirtz method was applied using the K and D apparatus.
Results: The repellency effect of various doses of hydro-alcoholic castor extract (CE) on Ph. papatasi sand flies were evaluated. The ED50 (95% CL) was calculated as 4.17 mg/cm2, and ED90 (95% CL) as 7.9 mg/cm2 after 24 hours of exposure. At 1.6 mg/cm2, the repellency effect of hydro-alcoholic CE was greater than that of 10% DEET. However, DEET exhibited higher repellency than CE at concentrations below than 1.6 mg/cm2 (i.e. 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/cm2). Mortality among sand flies was observed only at high doses (1.6mg/cm2) of hydro-alcoholic CE, with the highest mortality rate recorded at 17.7%.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 10% DEET and hydro-alcoholic castor extract exhibit strong repellency effects against Ph. papatasi sand flies, the primary vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. The findings highlight castor extract's potential as an effective sand fly repellent.
1. Azarmi S, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Mohebali M, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Azarm A, Dehghan O, Elikaee S, Abdoli R, Mahmoudi M (2022) PCR positivity of gerbils and their ectoparasites for Leish¬mania spp. in a hyperendemic focus of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishmania¬sis in Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16(2): 124–135.
2. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 45(4): 255–272.
3. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Leshan WD (2016) Phlebotominae sand flies: Morphological and molecular approaches. Lap Lambert Acad. Pub, pp. 244.
4. Müller GC, Kravchenko VD, Rybalov L, Schlein Y (2011) Characteristics of rest¬ing and breeding habitats of adult sand flies in the Judean Desert. J Vector Ecol. 36 Suppl 1: S195–205.
5. Dinesh DS, Kumari S, Kumar V, Das P (2014) the potentiality of botanicals and their products as an alternative to chemi¬cal insecticides to sandflies (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae): a review. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 1–7.
6. Rana M, Dhamija H, Prashar B, Sharma S (2012) Ricinus communis L. A review. Int J PharmTech Res. 4(4): 1706–1711.
7. Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Kren¬zelok EP (1986) Castor bean poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 4(3): 259–261.
8. Moshiri M, Hamid F, Etemad L (2016) Ri¬cin toxicity: clinical and molecular as¬pects. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 4(2): 60–65.
9. European Pharmacopoeia (2008) Monographs of castor oil virgin, castor oil hydrogen¬ated and castor oil refined. 6th edition. Vol. 2.
10. Coopman V, De Leeuw M, Cordonnier J, Jacobs W (2009) Suicidal death after in¬jec¬tion of a castor bean extract (Ricinus com¬munis L.). Forensic Sci Int. 189(1–3): e13–20.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Jahanifard E, Vatandoost H, Amin Gh, Moosavi L, Zahraei Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Arandian MH (2006) Repellency ef¬fect of myrtle essential oil and DEET against Phlebotomus papatasi, under la¬bor¬atory conditions. Iran J Public Health. 35(3): 7–13.
12. McCabe ET, Barthel WF, Gertler SI, Hall SA (1954) Insect Repellents. Iii. N, N-Di-ethylamides1. J Org Chem. 19(4): 493–498.
13. Debboun M, Strickman DA, Klun JA (2005) Repellents and the military: our first line of defense. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 21 (4 Suppl): 4–6.
14. Zadeh-Abbasi Zarandi H, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Aghaei-Afshar A, Eghbalian M, Zolaala J, Mirtadjedini SM, Saghafipour A, Salarkia E, Alizadeh I (2022) In vitro evaluation of hydro alcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa L., Ricinus communis, and Solanum luteum on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/ 75/ER) promastigotes. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 17(2): e115306.
15. Zadeh-Abbasi Zarandi H, Shirani-Bidabadi
L, Zolala J, Aghaei-Afshar A, Faghihi-Zarandi A, Salarkia E, Eghbalian M (2023) Gas chromatography analysis of plant ex-tracts to examine ingredients: Turmeric extracts on Leishmania promastigotes and anti-Leishmania effect of Ginger. Anal Methods Environ Chem J. 6(02): 5–17.
16. Mirheydar H (1996) Plant knowledge, ap¬pli¬cation of plants and natural materials and foods and herbal drinks for the pre-ven¬tion and treatment of diseases. Islamic Cul¬ture Publishing. Tehran.
17. Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R (1991) The initial establishment of sand¬fly colonies. Parassitologia. 33: 315–320.
18. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Zeraati H, Shariat S (2010) Labora¬tory rearing of Phlebotomus papa¬tasi Sco¬poli (Diptera: Psychodidae) and problems in Iran. Electronic J Environ Sci. 3: 61–63.
19. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Zeraati H (2007) Colonization and biolo¬gy of Phleboto¬mus papatasi, the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishma¬nia major. Iranian J Publ Health. 3(3): 21–26.
20. Modi GB, Tesh RB (1983) A simple tech¬nique for mass rearing Lutzomyia long¬i¬palpis and Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) in the laboratory. J Med En¬tomol. 20(5): 568–569.
21. Volf P, Volfova V (2011) Establishment and maintenance of sand fly colonies. J Vector Ecol. 36 Suppl 1: S1–9.
22. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 11–50.
23. Tabanca NMG, Pasco DS, Bedir E, Kirimer
N, Baser KH, Khan IA, Khan SI (2007) Effect of essential oils and isolated com¬pounds from Pimpinella species on NF-kappaB: a target for antiinflammatory ther¬apy. Phytother Res. 21(8): 741–745.
24. Wirtz RA, Rowton ED, Hallam JA, Perkins PV, Rutledge LC (1986) Laboratory test¬ing of repellents against the sand fly Phleboto¬mus papatasi (Diptera: Psycho¬didae). J Med Entomol. 23(1): 64–67.
25. Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F (2013) The pre¬vention of canine leishmaniasis and its im¬pact on public health. Trends Parasitol. 29(7): 339–345.
26. Seyoum A, Pålsson K, Kung'a S, Kabiru EW, Lwande W, Killeen GF, Hassanali A, Knols BG (2002) Traditional use of mos¬quito-repellent plants in western Ken¬ya and their evaluation in semi-field ex¬peri¬mental huts against Anopheles gambi¬ae: ethno¬bo¬tanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 96(3): 225–231.
27. Cross HE (1917) Experiments with emul¬sions for protecting camels against the at¬tacks of blood-sucking flies. Bull., Cal¬cutta Superintendent Government Print¬ing, Calcutta, India.
28. Rozendaal JA (1997) Vector control: meth¬ods for use by individuals and com¬muni¬ties. World Health Organization. Availa¬ble at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/41968.
29. Rutledge LC, Gupta RK, Wirtz RA, Buesch¬er MD (1994) Evaluation of the labora¬to¬ry mouse model for screening topical mos¬quito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 10(4): 565–571.
30. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Glackin KB, Moussa MA (1982) Labora¬tory tests of repellents against Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med
Entomol. 19(2): 176–180.
31. Mehr ZA, Rutledge LC, Morales EL, Meixsell VE, Korte DW (1985) Labora-tory evaluation of controlled-release in-sect repellent formulations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1 (2): 143–147.
32. Rutledge LC, Gupta RK, Mehr ZA, Buesch¬er MD, Reifenrath WG (1996) Evaluation of the laboratory rabbit model for screen¬ing topical mosquito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 12(1): 142–143.
33. Wirtz RA, Roberts LW, Hallam JA, Macken LM, Roberts DR, Buescher MD, Rutledge LC (1985) Laboratory testing of repel¬lents against the tsetse Glossina morsi¬tans (Dip¬tera: Glossinidae). J Med Entomol. 22(3): 271–275.
34. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Nelson JH (1985) Laboratory repellent tests against Rhodnius prolixus (Heterop¬tera: Re¬duviidae). J Med Entomol. 22(1): 49–53.
35. Srinivasan R, Kalyanasundaram M (2001) Relative efficacy of DEPA and neem oil for repellent activity against Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of leishmaniasis. J Commun Dis. 33(3): 180–184.
36. Dhiman RC, Sharma VP (1994) Evalua¬tion of neem oil as sandfly, Phlebotomus pa¬patasi (Scopoli) repellent in an oriental sore endemic area in Rajasthan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 25(3): 608–610.
37. Sharma VP, Dhiman RC (1993) Neem oil as a sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) re¬pellent. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 9(3): 364–366.
38. Kalyanasundaram M, Srinivasan R, Subra¬manian S, Panicker KN (1994) Relative po¬tency of DEPA as a repellent against the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi. Med Vet Entomol. 8(1): 68–70.
39. Pitasawat B, Choochote W, Tuetun B, Tip¬pawangkosol P, Kanjanapothi D, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D (2003) Repellency of aro¬matic turmeric Curcuma aromatica under laboratory and field conditions. J Vector Ecol. 28(2): 234–240.
40. Oshaghi MA, Ghalandari R, Vatandoost H, Shayeghi M, Kamali-Nejad M, Tourabi-Khaledi H, Abolhassani M, Hashemzadeh M (2003) Repellent effect of extracts and essential oils of Citrus Limon (Rutaceae) and Melissa officinalis (Labiatae) against main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Iran J Public Health. 32(4): 47–52.
2. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 45(4): 255–272.
3. Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Leshan WD (2016) Phlebotominae sand flies: Morphological and molecular approaches. Lap Lambert Acad. Pub, pp. 244.
4. Müller GC, Kravchenko VD, Rybalov L, Schlein Y (2011) Characteristics of rest¬ing and breeding habitats of adult sand flies in the Judean Desert. J Vector Ecol. 36 Suppl 1: S195–205.
5. Dinesh DS, Kumari S, Kumar V, Das P (2014) the potentiality of botanicals and their products as an alternative to chemi¬cal insecticides to sandflies (Diptera: Psy¬chodidae): a review. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 1–7.
6. Rana M, Dhamija H, Prashar B, Sharma S (2012) Ricinus communis L. A review. Int J PharmTech Res. 4(4): 1706–1711.
7. Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Kren¬zelok EP (1986) Castor bean poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 4(3): 259–261.
8. Moshiri M, Hamid F, Etemad L (2016) Ri¬cin toxicity: clinical and molecular as¬pects. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 4(2): 60–65.
9. European Pharmacopoeia (2008) Monographs of castor oil virgin, castor oil hydrogen¬ated and castor oil refined. 6th edition. Vol. 2.
10. Coopman V, De Leeuw M, Cordonnier J, Jacobs W (2009) Suicidal death after in¬jec¬tion of a castor bean extract (Ricinus com¬munis L.). Forensic Sci Int. 189(1–3): e13–20.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Jahanifard E, Vatandoost H, Amin Gh, Moosavi L, Zahraei Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Arandian MH (2006) Repellency ef¬fect of myrtle essential oil and DEET against Phlebotomus papatasi, under la¬bor¬atory conditions. Iran J Public Health. 35(3): 7–13.
12. McCabe ET, Barthel WF, Gertler SI, Hall SA (1954) Insect Repellents. Iii. N, N-Di-ethylamides1. J Org Chem. 19(4): 493–498.
13. Debboun M, Strickman DA, Klun JA (2005) Repellents and the military: our first line of defense. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 21 (4 Suppl): 4–6.
14. Zadeh-Abbasi Zarandi H, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Aghaei-Afshar A, Eghbalian M, Zolaala J, Mirtadjedini SM, Saghafipour A, Salarkia E, Alizadeh I (2022) In vitro evaluation of hydro alcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa L., Ricinus communis, and Solanum luteum on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/ 75/ER) promastigotes. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 17(2): e115306.
15. Zadeh-Abbasi Zarandi H, Shirani-Bidabadi
L, Zolala J, Aghaei-Afshar A, Faghihi-Zarandi A, Salarkia E, Eghbalian M (2023) Gas chromatography analysis of plant ex-tracts to examine ingredients: Turmeric extracts on Leishmania promastigotes and anti-Leishmania effect of Ginger. Anal Methods Environ Chem J. 6(02): 5–17.
16. Mirheydar H (1996) Plant knowledge, ap¬pli¬cation of plants and natural materials and foods and herbal drinks for the pre-ven¬tion and treatment of diseases. Islamic Cul¬ture Publishing. Tehran.
17. Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R (1991) The initial establishment of sand¬fly colonies. Parassitologia. 33: 315–320.
18. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Zeraati H, Shariat S (2010) Labora¬tory rearing of Phlebotomus papa¬tasi Sco¬poli (Diptera: Psychodidae) and problems in Iran. Electronic J Environ Sci. 3: 61–63.
19. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Zeraati H (2007) Colonization and biolo¬gy of Phleboto¬mus papatasi, the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishma¬nia major. Iranian J Publ Health. 3(3): 21–26.
20. Modi GB, Tesh RB (1983) A simple tech¬nique for mass rearing Lutzomyia long¬i¬palpis and Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) in the laboratory. J Med En¬tomol. 20(5): 568–569.
21. Volf P, Volfova V (2011) Establishment and maintenance of sand fly colonies. J Vector Ecol. 36 Suppl 1: S1–9.
22. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1992) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 11–50.
23. Tabanca NMG, Pasco DS, Bedir E, Kirimer
N, Baser KH, Khan IA, Khan SI (2007) Effect of essential oils and isolated com¬pounds from Pimpinella species on NF-kappaB: a target for antiinflammatory ther¬apy. Phytother Res. 21(8): 741–745.
24. Wirtz RA, Rowton ED, Hallam JA, Perkins PV, Rutledge LC (1986) Laboratory test¬ing of repellents against the sand fly Phleboto¬mus papatasi (Diptera: Psycho¬didae). J Med Entomol. 23(1): 64–67.
25. Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F (2013) The pre¬vention of canine leishmaniasis and its im¬pact on public health. Trends Parasitol. 29(7): 339–345.
26. Seyoum A, Pålsson K, Kung'a S, Kabiru EW, Lwande W, Killeen GF, Hassanali A, Knols BG (2002) Traditional use of mos¬quito-repellent plants in western Ken¬ya and their evaluation in semi-field ex¬peri¬mental huts against Anopheles gambi¬ae: ethno¬bo¬tanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 96(3): 225–231.
27. Cross HE (1917) Experiments with emul¬sions for protecting camels against the at¬tacks of blood-sucking flies. Bull., Cal¬cutta Superintendent Government Print¬ing, Calcutta, India.
28. Rozendaal JA (1997) Vector control: meth¬ods for use by individuals and com¬muni¬ties. World Health Organization. Availa¬ble at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/41968.
29. Rutledge LC, Gupta RK, Wirtz RA, Buesch¬er MD (1994) Evaluation of the labora¬to¬ry mouse model for screening topical mos¬quito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 10(4): 565–571.
30. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Glackin KB, Moussa MA (1982) Labora¬tory tests of repellents against Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med
Entomol. 19(2): 176–180.
31. Mehr ZA, Rutledge LC, Morales EL, Meixsell VE, Korte DW (1985) Labora-tory evaluation of controlled-release in-sect repellent formulations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1 (2): 143–147.
32. Rutledge LC, Gupta RK, Mehr ZA, Buesch¬er MD, Reifenrath WG (1996) Evaluation of the laboratory rabbit model for screen¬ing topical mosquito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 12(1): 142–143.
33. Wirtz RA, Roberts LW, Hallam JA, Macken LM, Roberts DR, Buescher MD, Rutledge LC (1985) Laboratory testing of repel¬lents against the tsetse Glossina morsi¬tans (Dip¬tera: Glossinidae). J Med Entomol. 22(3): 271–275.
34. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Nelson JH (1985) Laboratory repellent tests against Rhodnius prolixus (Heterop¬tera: Re¬duviidae). J Med Entomol. 22(1): 49–53.
35. Srinivasan R, Kalyanasundaram M (2001) Relative efficacy of DEPA and neem oil for repellent activity against Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of leishmaniasis. J Commun Dis. 33(3): 180–184.
36. Dhiman RC, Sharma VP (1994) Evalua¬tion of neem oil as sandfly, Phlebotomus pa¬patasi (Scopoli) repellent in an oriental sore endemic area in Rajasthan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 25(3): 608–610.
37. Sharma VP, Dhiman RC (1993) Neem oil as a sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) re¬pellent. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 9(3): 364–366.
38. Kalyanasundaram M, Srinivasan R, Subra¬manian S, Panicker KN (1994) Relative po¬tency of DEPA as a repellent against the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi. Med Vet Entomol. 8(1): 68–70.
39. Pitasawat B, Choochote W, Tuetun B, Tip¬pawangkosol P, Kanjanapothi D, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D (2003) Repellency of aro¬matic turmeric Curcuma aromatica under laboratory and field conditions. J Vector Ecol. 28(2): 234–240.
40. Oshaghi MA, Ghalandari R, Vatandoost H, Shayeghi M, Kamali-Nejad M, Tourabi-Khaledi H, Abolhassani M, Hashemzadeh M (2003) Repellent effect of extracts and essential oils of Citrus Limon (Rutaceae) and Melissa officinalis (Labiatae) against main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Iran J Public Health. 32(4): 47–52.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v18i4.19342 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomus papatasi Ricinus communis Insect repellent DEET Vector control | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Aghaei-Afshar A, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zadeh-Abbasi H, Nutifafa Gidiglo G, Zolala J, Gorouhi MA, Alizadeh I, Mirtadzadini M. Repellency Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Ricinus communis (Castor) Leaf Extract against Phlebotomus papatasi under Laboratory Conditions. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;18(4):369–380.
