Entomological Surveillance System for Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes at Points of Entry in West Azerbaijan Province: Strengths and Weaknesses
Abstract
Background: Global trade and travel are key factors affecting the initial introduction of vectors and VBDs (vector-borne diseases) in a country. Vectors know no borders; it is essential to establish systems for the surveillance of vectors and vector-borne diseases (VBDs). This study was conducted to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of a newly established entomological surveillance system for Aedes mosquitoes at points of entry (PoE) in West Azerbaijan Province.
Methods: The Aedes surveillance system was implemented in West Azerbaijan Province from 2019 to 2023. Following national guidelines, Aedes eggs and larvae were surveyed at eight international PoEs using ovitraps and by collecting larvae from natural or artificial habitats. A specific checklist designed for this study was employed to evaluate the program.
Results: Over 9008 ovitraps were deployed, while 552 had eggs, including species from the families Phasmatidae and Psychodidae, as well as species from the genus Culex and Aedes caspius. Additionally, 506 larvae were collected during the surveillance period. The program had several key strengths, including a well-structured reporting system, robust technical support, knowledgeable personnel, designated health staff spaces at PoE, standardized surveillance tools, initiatives for environmental enhancement, the establishment of an entomology laboratory, cross-border collaborations, and public health education campaigns. Identified weaknesses comprised staff and entomologist shortages, the absence of a functional insectary, limited engagement of volunteer groups, and inadequate availability of insecticides and tools for emergency vector control.
Conclusions: The study outcomes shed light on the challenges and suggest operational and practical solutions to address the identified shortcomings.
1. Chandra G, Mukherjee D (2022) Effect of climate change on the mosquito popula-tion and changing pattern of some diseas-es transmitted by them. AMEM. pp. 455–460.
2. WHO (30 May 2024) Dengue - Global sit-uation (https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON518).
3. World Health Organization (2020) Guid-ance framework for testing the sterile in-sect technique as a vector control tool against Aedes-borne diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240002371.
4. Bettis AA, L’Azou Jackson M, Yoon I-K, Breugelmans JG, Goios A, Gubler DJ, Powers AM (2022) The global epidemi-ology of chikungunya from 1999 to 2020: A systematic literature review to inform the development and introduction of vac-cines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(1): e0010069.
5. Puntasecca CJ, King CH, LaBeaud AD (2021) Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A system-atic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(3): e0009055.
6. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, Beltran M, Muñoz J (2019) A comparison of mosquito densities, weather and infection rates of Aedes aegypti during the first ep-idemics of Chikungunya (2014) and Zika (2016) in areas with and without vector control in Puerto Rico. Med Vet Ento-mol. 33(1): 68–77.
7. Ponlawat A, Harrington LC (2005) Blood feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand. J Med En-tomol. 42(5): 844–849.
8. Lwande OW, Obanda V, Lindström A, Ahlm C, Evander M, Näslund J (2020) Globe-trotting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopic¬tus: risk factors for arbovirus pan-demics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 20(2): 71–81.
9. Akiner MM, Demirci B, Babuadze G, Robert
V, Schaffner F (2016) Spread of the inva-sive mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea re¬gion in-creases risk of chikungunya, den¬gue, and Zika outbreaks in Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10(4): e0004664.
10. Prioteasa LF, Dinu S, Fălcuţă E, Ceianu CS (2015) Established population of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopic-tus in Romania, 2012–2014. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 31(2): 177–1781.
11. Bega A, Vu T, Goryacheva I, Moskaev A, Andrianov B (2022) A barcoding and mor¬phological identification of mosquito spe¬cies of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) of the Russian Far East and North¬ern Vietnam. Russ J Genet. 58(3): 314–325.
12. Maletskaya O, Dubyansky V, Belyaeva A, Shaposhnikova L, Agapitov D, Er-molo¬va N (2017) Estimate of virus zika spread risk in the Republic of Abkhazia associat¬ing the local population of mos-quitoes Ae¬des aegypti and Aedes albopic-tus. J Mi¬crobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 94(6): 10–15.
13. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM (2015) The global distribution of the ar-bovirus vec¬tors Aedes aegypti and Ae. al-bopictus. eLife. 4: e08347.
14. Sahak MN (2020) Dengue fever as an emerg¬ing disease in Afghanistan: Epide-miology of the first reported cases. Int J Infect Dis. 99: 23–27.
15. Hyams KC, Oldfield EC, Scott RM, Bour¬geois AL, Gardiner H, Pazzaglia G, Mous¬sa M, Saleh AS, Dawi OE, Daniell FD (1986) Evaluation of febrile patients in Port Sudan, Sudan: isolation of dengue virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 35(4): 860–865.
16. Ghouth ASB (2018) Dengue in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: challeng¬es to understand its epidemiology. Heal Prim Care. 2(2): 1–2.
17. Paronyan L, Babayan L, Manucharyan A, Manukyan D, Vardanyan H, Melik-An-drasyan G (2020) The mosquitoes of Ar-menia: review of knowledge and re¬sults of a field survey with first report of Aedes albopictus. Parasite. 27: 42.
18. Gangmei K, Bora B, Mandodan S, Abhi-subesh V, Aneha K, Manikandan S (2023) A review on vector borne diseases and various strategies to control mosquito vec¬tors: Current strategies to control mos-quito vectors. Indian J Entomol. 329-338.
19. Nejati J, Zaim M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bueno-Marí R, Azari-Ha-midian S (2020) Employing different traps for collection of mosquitoes and de-tec¬tion of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika vector, Aedes albopictus, in borderline of Iran and Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(4): 376–390.
20. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R, Collantes F, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Char-rahy Z, Tabatabaei SM, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasanzehi A, Shirzadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat M (2017) Potential risk ar¬eas of Aedes albopictus in south-eastern Iran: a vector of dengue fe-ver, zika, and chikungunya. Front Micro-biol. 8: 1660.
21. Firooziyan S, Sadeghi R, Sabouri M, Tol A, Rikhtehgar E, Fathi B (2022) Predic-tors of Dengue preventive practices based on precaution adoption process model among health care professionals in North-west of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16 (4): 340–349.
22. Dorzaban H, Soltani A, Alipour H, Hatami J, Jaberhashemi SA, Shahriari-Namadi M (2022) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and molecular-based identification of inva¬sive species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Cu¬licidae), southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 236: 108235.
23. Nikookar SH, Moosazadeh M, Fazeli-Dinan M, Zaim M, Sedaghat MM, Enayati A (2023) Knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers re-garding dengue fever in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Front Public Health. 11: 1129056.
24. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of a medically im¬portant vector, the Asian tiger mosqui-to Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895)(Diptera: Culicidae), using morpho-logical and mo¬lecular data in northern Iran. J Insect Bi¬odivers Syst. 10(4): 953–963.
25. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R (2024) Malaria and dengue outbreaks: A double health threat in southeastern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 61(3): 501–502.
26. Nejati J, Baygi MZ, Bueno-Mari R (2022) Dengue fever: The threat of emerging diseases coinciding the Corona crisis in Southeastern Iran. Health Scope. 11(2): e122450.
27. Roiz D, Wilson AL, Scott TW, Fonseca DM, Jourdain F, Müller P (2022) Correc-tion: Integrated Aedes management for the control of Aedes-borne diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(3): e0010310.
28. Zaim M, Enayati A, Sedaghat M, Gouya M (2020) Guidelines for prevention and control of Aedes aegypti and Aedes al-bopictus in Iran. Available at: file:///C:/Users/0079015451/Downloads/GuidelinesforpreventionandcontrolofAedesaegyptiandAe.albopictusinIran.pdf
29. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-in-star larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Dip-tera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
30. World Health Organization, UNICEF (2017) Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. Available at: https://who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512978.
31. World Health Organization, UNICEF (2017) Framework for a national vector control needs assessment. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/259405/WHO-HTM-GVCR-2017.02-eng.
32. World Health Organization (2016) Ento-mological surveillance for Aedes spp. in the context of Zika virus. Available at: https://who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-ZIKV-VC-16.21236.
33. Organization WH (2008) WHO position statement on integrated vector manage-ment. Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 83(20): 177–181.
34. James LD, Winter N, Stewart A, Feng RS, Nandram N, Mohammed A (2022) Field trials reveal the complexities of de-ploy¬ing and evaluating the impacts of yeast-baited ovitraps on Aedes mosquito densi¬ties in Trinidad, West Indies. Sci Rep. 12(1): 1–13.
35. A Polson K, Curtis C, Moh Seng C, G Olson J, Chantha N, C Rawlins S (2002) The use of ovitraps baited with hay infu-sion as a surveillance tool for Aedes ae-gypti mosquitoes in Cambodia. Dengue Bull 26: 178–184.
36. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Bavani MM, Dabiri F, Entezar-Mahdi R (2014) Fauna and larval habitats of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) of West Azerbaijan Province, northwest¬ern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 163–173.
37. Tourapi C, Tsioutis C (2022) Circular pol-icy: a new approach to vector and vec¬tor-borne diseases’ management in line with the global vector control response (2017–2030). Trop Med Infect Dis. 7(7): 125–136.
38. Morley L, Cashell A (2017) Collabora¬tion in health care. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 48(2): 207–216.
39. Hanafi H, Ibrahim S (2018) Impact of em¬ployee skills on service performance. Int J Sci Res. 7(12): 587–598.
40. Doungjan K (2023) Temephos resistance in prevention of Dengue cases: Literature review. J Health Sci. 16(01): 1–7.
41. Osanloo M, Firooziyan S, Abdollahi A, Hatami S, Nematollahi A, Elahi N (2022) Nanoemulsion and nanogel containing Ar¬temisia dracunculus essential oil; lar¬vi-cidal effect and antibacterial activity. BMC Res Notes. 15(1): 276–282.
42. Firooziyan S, Amani A, Osanloo M, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Basseri HR, Haji-pirloo HM (2021) Preparation of nanoemul¬sion of Cinnamomum zeylan-icum oil and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against a main malaria vector Anopheles stephen¬si. J Envi¬ron Health Sci Eng. 19: 1025–1034.
43. Zarenezhad E, Ranjbar N, Firooziyan S, Ghoorkhanian M, Osanloo M (2022) Prom¬ising larvicidal effects of chitosan nano¬particles containing Laurus nobilis and Tra¬chyspermum ammi essential oils against Anopheles stephensi. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 42(1): 895–904.
44. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Basseri HR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hajipirloo HM, Amani A (2022) Nanoemulsion of Myr¬tus com¬munis essential oil and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Anopheles ste¬phensi. Arab J Chem. 15(9): 104064.
45. Ranjbar R, Zarenezhad E, Abdollahi A, Nasrizadeh M, Firooziyan S, Namdar N (2023) Nanoemulsion and nanogel con-taining Cuminum cyminum L essential oil: Antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antilarval properties. J Trop Med. 2023: 5075581.
46. Alipanah H, Abdollahi A, Firooziyan S, Zarenezhad E, Jafari M, Osanloo M (2022) Nanoemulsion and nanogel con-taining Eu¬calyptus globulus essential oil; larvicidal activity and antibacterial prop-erties. In¬terdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 1: 1616149.
47. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Basseri HR, Hajipirloo HM, Sadagh-ianifar A (2021) Preparation of a nanoemul¬sion of essential oil of Acropti-lon repens plant and evaluation of its lar-vicidal ac¬tivity against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 15(3): 333–346.
48. Javaid A, Ijaz A, Ashfaq UA, Arshad M, Irshad S, Saif S (2022) An overview of chikungunya virus molecular biology, ep-idemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention strategies. Future Virol. 1; 17 (8): 593–606.
49. Anbazhagan S, Surekha A (2016) Role of non-governmental organizations in global health. Int J Community Med Public Health. 3(1): 17–22.
50. Freemantle N, Harvey E, Wolf F, Grim-shaw J, Grilli R, Bero L (2000) Printed educational materials: effects on profes-sional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2: CD000172.
2. WHO (30 May 2024) Dengue - Global sit-uation (https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON518).
3. World Health Organization (2020) Guid-ance framework for testing the sterile in-sect technique as a vector control tool against Aedes-borne diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240002371.
4. Bettis AA, L’Azou Jackson M, Yoon I-K, Breugelmans JG, Goios A, Gubler DJ, Powers AM (2022) The global epidemi-ology of chikungunya from 1999 to 2020: A systematic literature review to inform the development and introduction of vac-cines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(1): e0010069.
5. Puntasecca CJ, King CH, LaBeaud AD (2021) Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A system-atic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(3): e0009055.
6. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, Beltran M, Muñoz J (2019) A comparison of mosquito densities, weather and infection rates of Aedes aegypti during the first ep-idemics of Chikungunya (2014) and Zika (2016) in areas with and without vector control in Puerto Rico. Med Vet Ento-mol. 33(1): 68–77.
7. Ponlawat A, Harrington LC (2005) Blood feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand. J Med En-tomol. 42(5): 844–849.
8. Lwande OW, Obanda V, Lindström A, Ahlm C, Evander M, Näslund J (2020) Globe-trotting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopic¬tus: risk factors for arbovirus pan-demics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 20(2): 71–81.
9. Akiner MM, Demirci B, Babuadze G, Robert
V, Schaffner F (2016) Spread of the inva-sive mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea re¬gion in-creases risk of chikungunya, den¬gue, and Zika outbreaks in Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10(4): e0004664.
10. Prioteasa LF, Dinu S, Fălcuţă E, Ceianu CS (2015) Established population of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopic-tus in Romania, 2012–2014. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 31(2): 177–1781.
11. Bega A, Vu T, Goryacheva I, Moskaev A, Andrianov B (2022) A barcoding and mor¬phological identification of mosquito spe¬cies of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) of the Russian Far East and North¬ern Vietnam. Russ J Genet. 58(3): 314–325.
12. Maletskaya O, Dubyansky V, Belyaeva A, Shaposhnikova L, Agapitov D, Er-molo¬va N (2017) Estimate of virus zika spread risk in the Republic of Abkhazia associat¬ing the local population of mos-quitoes Ae¬des aegypti and Aedes albopic-tus. J Mi¬crobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 94(6): 10–15.
13. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM (2015) The global distribution of the ar-bovirus vec¬tors Aedes aegypti and Ae. al-bopictus. eLife. 4: e08347.
14. Sahak MN (2020) Dengue fever as an emerg¬ing disease in Afghanistan: Epide-miology of the first reported cases. Int J Infect Dis. 99: 23–27.
15. Hyams KC, Oldfield EC, Scott RM, Bour¬geois AL, Gardiner H, Pazzaglia G, Mous¬sa M, Saleh AS, Dawi OE, Daniell FD (1986) Evaluation of febrile patients in Port Sudan, Sudan: isolation of dengue virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 35(4): 860–865.
16. Ghouth ASB (2018) Dengue in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: challeng¬es to understand its epidemiology. Heal Prim Care. 2(2): 1–2.
17. Paronyan L, Babayan L, Manucharyan A, Manukyan D, Vardanyan H, Melik-An-drasyan G (2020) The mosquitoes of Ar-menia: review of knowledge and re¬sults of a field survey with first report of Aedes albopictus. Parasite. 27: 42.
18. Gangmei K, Bora B, Mandodan S, Abhi-subesh V, Aneha K, Manikandan S (2023) A review on vector borne diseases and various strategies to control mosquito vec¬tors: Current strategies to control mos-quito vectors. Indian J Entomol. 329-338.
19. Nejati J, Zaim M, Vatandoost H, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bueno-Marí R, Azari-Ha-midian S (2020) Employing different traps for collection of mosquitoes and de-tec¬tion of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika vector, Aedes albopictus, in borderline of Iran and Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(4): 376–390.
20. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R, Collantes F, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Char-rahy Z, Tabatabaei SM, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hasanzehi A, Shirzadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat M (2017) Potential risk ar¬eas of Aedes albopictus in south-eastern Iran: a vector of dengue fe-ver, zika, and chikungunya. Front Micro-biol. 8: 1660.
21. Firooziyan S, Sadeghi R, Sabouri M, Tol A, Rikhtehgar E, Fathi B (2022) Predic-tors of Dengue preventive practices based on precaution adoption process model among health care professionals in North-west of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16 (4): 340–349.
22. Dorzaban H, Soltani A, Alipour H, Hatami J, Jaberhashemi SA, Shahriari-Namadi M (2022) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and molecular-based identification of inva¬sive species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Cu¬licidae), southern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 236: 108235.
23. Nikookar SH, Moosazadeh M, Fazeli-Dinan M, Zaim M, Sedaghat MM, Enayati A (2023) Knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers re-garding dengue fever in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Front Public Health. 11: 1129056.
24. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of a medically im¬portant vector, the Asian tiger mosqui-to Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895)(Diptera: Culicidae), using morpho-logical and mo¬lecular data in northern Iran. J Insect Bi¬odivers Syst. 10(4): 953–963.
25. Nejati J, Bueno-Marí R (2024) Malaria and dengue outbreaks: A double health threat in southeastern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 61(3): 501–502.
26. Nejati J, Baygi MZ, Bueno-Mari R (2022) Dengue fever: The threat of emerging diseases coinciding the Corona crisis in Southeastern Iran. Health Scope. 11(2): e122450.
27. Roiz D, Wilson AL, Scott TW, Fonseca DM, Jourdain F, Müller P (2022) Correc-tion: Integrated Aedes management for the control of Aedes-borne diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16(3): e0010310.
28. Zaim M, Enayati A, Sedaghat M, Gouya M (2020) Guidelines for prevention and control of Aedes aegypti and Aedes al-bopictus in Iran. Available at: file:///C:/Users/0079015451/Downloads/GuidelinesforpreventionandcontrolofAedesaegyptiandAe.albopictusinIran.pdf
29. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-in-star larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Dip-tera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078(1): 1–33.
30. World Health Organization, UNICEF (2017) Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. Available at: https://who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512978.
31. World Health Organization, UNICEF (2017) Framework for a national vector control needs assessment. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/259405/WHO-HTM-GVCR-2017.02-eng.
32. World Health Organization (2016) Ento-mological surveillance for Aedes spp. in the context of Zika virus. Available at: https://who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-ZIKV-VC-16.21236.
33. Organization WH (2008) WHO position statement on integrated vector manage-ment. Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 83(20): 177–181.
34. James LD, Winter N, Stewart A, Feng RS, Nandram N, Mohammed A (2022) Field trials reveal the complexities of de-ploy¬ing and evaluating the impacts of yeast-baited ovitraps on Aedes mosquito densi¬ties in Trinidad, West Indies. Sci Rep. 12(1): 1–13.
35. A Polson K, Curtis C, Moh Seng C, G Olson J, Chantha N, C Rawlins S (2002) The use of ovitraps baited with hay infu-sion as a surveillance tool for Aedes ae-gypti mosquitoes in Cambodia. Dengue Bull 26: 178–184.
36. Khoshdel-Nezamiha F, Vatandoost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Bavani MM, Dabiri F, Entezar-Mahdi R (2014) Fauna and larval habitats of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) of West Azerbaijan Province, northwest¬ern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 163–173.
37. Tourapi C, Tsioutis C (2022) Circular pol-icy: a new approach to vector and vec¬tor-borne diseases’ management in line with the global vector control response (2017–2030). Trop Med Infect Dis. 7(7): 125–136.
38. Morley L, Cashell A (2017) Collabora¬tion in health care. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 48(2): 207–216.
39. Hanafi H, Ibrahim S (2018) Impact of em¬ployee skills on service performance. Int J Sci Res. 7(12): 587–598.
40. Doungjan K (2023) Temephos resistance in prevention of Dengue cases: Literature review. J Health Sci. 16(01): 1–7.
41. Osanloo M, Firooziyan S, Abdollahi A, Hatami S, Nematollahi A, Elahi N (2022) Nanoemulsion and nanogel containing Ar¬temisia dracunculus essential oil; lar¬vi-cidal effect and antibacterial activity. BMC Res Notes. 15(1): 276–282.
42. Firooziyan S, Amani A, Osanloo M, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Basseri HR, Haji-pirloo HM (2021) Preparation of nanoemul¬sion of Cinnamomum zeylan-icum oil and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against a main malaria vector Anopheles stephen¬si. J Envi¬ron Health Sci Eng. 19: 1025–1034.
43. Zarenezhad E, Ranjbar N, Firooziyan S, Ghoorkhanian M, Osanloo M (2022) Prom¬ising larvicidal effects of chitosan nano¬particles containing Laurus nobilis and Tra¬chyspermum ammi essential oils against Anopheles stephensi. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 42(1): 895–904.
44. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Basseri HR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hajipirloo HM, Amani A (2022) Nanoemulsion of Myr¬tus com¬munis essential oil and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Anopheles ste¬phensi. Arab J Chem. 15(9): 104064.
45. Ranjbar R, Zarenezhad E, Abdollahi A, Nasrizadeh M, Firooziyan S, Namdar N (2023) Nanoemulsion and nanogel con-taining Cuminum cyminum L essential oil: Antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antilarval properties. J Trop Med. 2023: 5075581.
46. Alipanah H, Abdollahi A, Firooziyan S, Zarenezhad E, Jafari M, Osanloo M (2022) Nanoemulsion and nanogel con-taining Eu¬calyptus globulus essential oil; larvicidal activity and antibacterial prop-erties. In¬terdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 1: 1616149.
47. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Basseri HR, Hajipirloo HM, Sadagh-ianifar A (2021) Preparation of a nanoemul¬sion of essential oil of Acropti-lon repens plant and evaluation of its lar-vicidal ac¬tivity against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 15(3): 333–346.
48. Javaid A, Ijaz A, Ashfaq UA, Arshad M, Irshad S, Saif S (2022) An overview of chikungunya virus molecular biology, ep-idemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention strategies. Future Virol. 1; 17 (8): 593–606.
49. Anbazhagan S, Surekha A (2016) Role of non-governmental organizations in global health. Int J Community Med Public Health. 3(1): 17–22.
50. Freemantle N, Harvey E, Wolf F, Grim-shaw J, Grilli R, Bero L (2000) Printed educational materials: effects on profes-sional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2: CD000172.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v19i1.19993 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus; Points of entry; West Azerbaijan; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Firooziyan S, Enayati AA, Sedaghat MM. Entomological Surveillance System for Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes at Points of Entry in West Azerbaijan Province: Strengths and Weaknesses. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;19(1):24–38.
