Bionomics of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan National Park, a Biosphere Reserve, Northeastern Iran
Abstract
Background: Golestan National Park is the first, oldest and most vast national park in Iran. It was registered as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1977. The park is located in Golestan, North Khorasan and Semnan Provinces. There is no information about the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in this park.
Methods: The larvae of mosquitoes were captured from various habitats using the standard 350 ml capacity dippers and also by pipettes, for small larval breeding sites, and buckets, for wells, during spring–autumn 2019. Larvae were preserved in lactophenol and mounted on microscope slides in Berlese medium and identified by morphological characters. The altitude and coordinates of the sampling localities, larval habitat characteristics and physicochemical features of habitat waters were recorded. Association and affinity indices were calculated.
Results: In total, 1349 larvae including 13 species across four genera were collected: Anopheles claviger, An. maculipennis s.l., An. moghulensis, An. superpictus s.l., Culex hortensis, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. torrentium, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. subochrea and Uranotaenia unguiculata. Anopheles moghulensis and Cx. torrentium were new to the region. Culiseta longiareolata (62.6%) displayed the most abundance. Anopheles maculipennis s.l., An. moghulensis and Cs. subochrea were the least specimens (0.1%). Larval habitat characteristics, physicochemical features of habitat waters, association occasions, and percentages were presented. The nitrate of water samples displayed a significant difference among the species (P= 0.003).
Conclusion: The study of bionomics of adult mosquitoes and detection of the vectors of different pathogens using serological or molecular-specific tests are recommended.
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2- Akhani H (1998) Plant Biodiversity of Golestan National Park, Iran. Biolo-giezentrum des OÖ Landesmuseums, Stapfia. 53: 1–411.
3- Samin N, Ghahari H, Jedryczkowski WB (2015) A study on the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from the Golestan Province, northern Iran. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung. 49(2): 253–260.
4- Khanahmadi S, Shayanmehr M, Bahmanyar MA (2018) New record of Friesea afurcata Tullberg, 1869 (Collembola, Neanu-ridae) in Golestan National Park (Hyrcanian forests), Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 4(3): 141–146.
5- Rogers DC, Soufi M (2013) A new species of Chirocephalus (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Iran. Zootaxa. 3609(3): 319–326.
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9- Samin N, Ghahari H, Bagriacik N (2015) A contribution to the study of Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Nat Somogy. 27: 63–68.
10- Alipanah H (2019) Ratasa alienalis (Eversmann, 1844) (Lep.: Pyralidae: Phycitinae), a genus and species new to Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 5(4): 263–267.
11- Namroodi S, Arabkhazaeli F, Mills JN (2018) First report of Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus turanicus infestation in Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxi-color), Golestan National Park, Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 12(4): 381–385.
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15- Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species new to southwestern Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772: 385–395.
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31- Sofizadeh A, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Ozbaki GM, Gharaninia A, Sahneh E, Dankoob R, Malaka A, Fallah S, Nemani S (2018) Fauna and larval habitats characteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan Province, northeast of Iran, 2014–2015. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 12(3): 240–251.
32- Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Vertical distribution, biodiversity, and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval habitats of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Inter J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
33- Shoraka HR, Sofizadeh A, Mehravaran A (2020) Larval habitat characteristics and predicting the distribution of Culex tri-taeniorhynchus using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model in Golestan Province (north of Iran). J Vector Borne Dis. 57: 259–267.
34- Asgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Seda-ghat MM, Dehghani R, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2021) Fauna and larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kashan County, central Iran, 2019. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 15(1): 69–81.
35- Poudat A, Edalat H, Zaim M, Rezaei F, Sal¬im Abadi Y, Basseri HR (2023) Species composition and geographic distri-bution of Culicinae mosquitoes and their possible infection with West Nile Virus in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 52(4): 809–817.
36- Ghanbari MR, Rakhsh Khorshid A, Salehi M, Hassanzehi A (2005) The study of physical and chemical factors affecting breeding places of Anopheles in Iranshahr. Tabib-e-Shargh, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci. 7: 221–227 (Persian).
37- Abai MR, Saghafipour A, Ladonni H, Jesri N, Omidi S, Azari-Hamidian S (2016) Physicochemical characteristics of larval habitat waters of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qom Province, central Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10(1): 65–77.
38- Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Mousavinasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Esfandyari SY, Enayati A (2017) Correlation between mosquito larval density and their habitat physico-chemical characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11(8): e0005835.
39- Nikookar SH, Azari-Hamidian S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Nasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A (2016) Species composi-tion, cooccurrence, association and affinity indices of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mazandaran Province, north¬ern Iran. Acta Trop. 157: 20–29.
40- World Health Organization (1975) Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. WHO, Geneva.
41- Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078: 1–33.
42- Tischler W (1949) Grundzüge der ter-restrischen Tierökologie. Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig.
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44- Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Chapman and Hall, London.
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48- Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of dirofilariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 23: 111–121.
49- Danilov VN (1975) Mosquito fauna of northwestern Iran. Med Parasitol Para¬sitic Dis. 44: 732 (Russian with English abstract).
50- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B (2018) A checklist of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Guilan Province and their medical and veterinary importance. Caspian J Health Res. 3(3): 91–96.
51- Khoobdel M, Keshavarzi D, Mossa-Kazemi SH, Sobati H (2019) Species diversity of mosquitoes of the genus Cu-lex (Diptera, Culicidae) in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. AIMS Public Health. 6: 99–106.
52- Lotfi MD (1970) Iranian species of genus Culex ([Culinae]: Diptera). Bull Soc Path Exot. 63: 399–403.
53- Soltani A, Hoseini Z, Azizi K, Alipour H (2021) A faunal study on medically important mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qir and Karzin from Fars Province, southern Iran, during 2017–2018. J Entomol Acarol Res. 53: 9378.
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56- Hanafi-Bojd AA, Motazakker M, Vatan-doost H, Dabiri F, Chavshin AR (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito spe-cies in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological niches of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Trop. 220: 105952.
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2- Akhani H (1998) Plant Biodiversity of Golestan National Park, Iran. Biolo-giezentrum des OÖ Landesmuseums, Stapfia. 53: 1–411.
3- Samin N, Ghahari H, Jedryczkowski WB (2015) A study on the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from the Golestan Province, northern Iran. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung. 49(2): 253–260.
4- Khanahmadi S, Shayanmehr M, Bahmanyar MA (2018) New record of Friesea afurcata Tullberg, 1869 (Collembola, Neanu-ridae) in Golestan National Park (Hyrcanian forests), Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 4(3): 141–146.
5- Rogers DC, Soufi M (2013) A new species of Chirocephalus (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Iran. Zootaxa. 3609(3): 319–326.
6- Gogala M, Schedl W (2008) A new Tettigetta species from Iran and its song (Hemip¬tera: Cicadidae, Cicadettinae). In: Makarov SE, Dimitrijević RN (Eds) Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology, Monographs, Volume 12, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, pp. 395–404.
7- Ghahari H (2013) A study on Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Linzer Biol Beitr. 45(2): 1983–1989.
8- Ghahari H, Fischer M (2011) A contribution to the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Z Arb Gem Ost Ent. 63: 78–80.
9- Samin N, Ghahari H, Bagriacik N (2015) A contribution to the study of Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Nat Somogy. 27: 63–68.
10- Alipanah H (2019) Ratasa alienalis (Eversmann, 1844) (Lep.: Pyralidae: Phycitinae), a genus and species new to Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 5(4): 263–267.
11- Namroodi S, Arabkhazaeli F, Mills JN (2018) First report of Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus turanicus infestation in Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxi-color), Golestan National Park, Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 12(4): 381–385.
12- Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Strickman DA (2021) Mosquitoes of the World. Volumes 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltomore.
13- Harbach RE (2024) Mosquito taxonomic inventory. Available at: http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory. (accessed 19 March 2024).
14- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106–122.
15- Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species new to southwestern Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772: 385–395.
16- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of Aedes (Aedes) cinereus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Zool Middle East. 70(2): 136–142.
17- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of a medically important vector, the Asian tiger mosqui-to Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), using morphological and molecular data in northern Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 10(4): 953–963.
18- Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2023) Arthropod-borne and arthropod-related viruses in Iran and neighboring countries. Parazitol. 57(5): 356–440.
19- Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic-inae. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc. 3: 568–573.
20- Azari-Hamidian S (2005) Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) in the Caspian Sea littoral, Iran. Zool Middle East. 36: 59–66.
21- Azari-Hamidian S (2007) Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the ge¬nus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Guilan Province, Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 1 (1): 9–20.
22- Azari-Hamidian S (2011) Larval habitat characteristics of the genus Anopheles (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) and a checklist of mosquitoes in Guilan Province, northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 37–53.
23- Dehghan H, Moosa-Kazemi S, Zahirnia AH, Davari B, Sharifi F (2011) Larval habitat diversity and species composition of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hamadan Province. J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 18 (3): 50–58 (Persian).
24- Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49: 91–100.
25- Hanafi-Bojd A-A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Doosti S, Azari-Hamidian S (2017) Larval habitats, affinity and diversity indices of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Inter J Mosq Res. 4: 27–38.
26- Banafshi O, Abai MR, Ladonni H, Bakhshi H, Karami H, Azari-Hamidian A (2013) The fauna and ecology of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. Turk J Zool. 37: 298–307.
27- Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Zare M (2014) Characterization of lerval habitats for anopheline mosquitoes in a malarious area under elimination program in the southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl. 1): 73–80.
28- Ladonni H, Azari-Hamidian S, Alizadeh M, Abai MR, Bakhshi H (2015) The Fauna, habitats, and affinity indices of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iran. North-West J Zool. 11(1): 76–85.
29- Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2015) The fauna and ecology of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (1): 49–59.
30- Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Mousavinasab SN, Arabi M, Ziapour SP, Shojaee J, Enayati A (2017) Species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their habitat characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Bull Entomol Res. 107 (5): 598–610.
31- Sofizadeh A, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Ozbaki GM, Gharaninia A, Sahneh E, Dankoob R, Malaka A, Fallah S, Nemani S (2018) Fauna and larval habitats characteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan Province, northeast of Iran, 2014–2015. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 12(3): 240–251.
32- Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Vertical distribution, biodiversity, and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval habitats of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Inter J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
33- Shoraka HR, Sofizadeh A, Mehravaran A (2020) Larval habitat characteristics and predicting the distribution of Culex tri-taeniorhynchus using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model in Golestan Province (north of Iran). J Vector Borne Dis. 57: 259–267.
34- Asgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Seda-ghat MM, Dehghani R, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2021) Fauna and larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kashan County, central Iran, 2019. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 15(1): 69–81.
35- Poudat A, Edalat H, Zaim M, Rezaei F, Sal¬im Abadi Y, Basseri HR (2023) Species composition and geographic distri-bution of Culicinae mosquitoes and their possible infection with West Nile Virus in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 52(4): 809–817.
36- Ghanbari MR, Rakhsh Khorshid A, Salehi M, Hassanzehi A (2005) The study of physical and chemical factors affecting breeding places of Anopheles in Iranshahr. Tabib-e-Shargh, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci. 7: 221–227 (Persian).
37- Abai MR, Saghafipour A, Ladonni H, Jesri N, Omidi S, Azari-Hamidian S (2016) Physicochemical characteristics of larval habitat waters of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qom Province, central Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10(1): 65–77.
38- Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Mousavinasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Esfandyari SY, Enayati A (2017) Correlation between mosquito larval density and their habitat physico-chemical characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11(8): e0005835.
39- Nikookar SH, Azari-Hamidian S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Nasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A (2016) Species composi-tion, cooccurrence, association and affinity indices of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mazandaran Province, north¬ern Iran. Acta Trop. 157: 20–29.
40- World Health Organization (1975) Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. WHO, Geneva.
41- Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078: 1–33.
42- Tischler W (1949) Grundzüge der ter-restrischen Tierökologie. Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig.
43- Heydemann B (1955) Die Frage der topographischen Übereinstimmung des Lebensraumes von Pflanzen- und Tierg-esellschaften. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges Er-langen. 19: 444–452.
44- Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Chapman and Hall, London.
45- Silver JB (2008) Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods. Third Edition. Springer, Dordrecht.
46- Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS (2012) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22 nd Edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Cenveo Publisher Services, Richmond.
47- Saebi ME (1987) Morphological Study on Anopheline Larvae and their Distribution in Iran. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.
48- Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of dirofilariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 23: 111–121.
49- Danilov VN (1975) Mosquito fauna of northwestern Iran. Med Parasitol Para¬sitic Dis. 44: 732 (Russian with English abstract).
50- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B (2018) A checklist of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Guilan Province and their medical and veterinary importance. Caspian J Health Res. 3(3): 91–96.
51- Khoobdel M, Keshavarzi D, Mossa-Kazemi SH, Sobati H (2019) Species diversity of mosquitoes of the genus Cu-lex (Diptera, Culicidae) in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. AIMS Public Health. 6: 99–106.
52- Lotfi MD (1970) Iranian species of genus Culex ([Culinae]: Diptera). Bull Soc Path Exot. 63: 399–403.
53- Soltani A, Hoseini Z, Azizi K, Alipour H (2021) A faunal study on medically important mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qir and Karzin from Fars Province, southern Iran, during 2017–2018. J Entomol Acarol Res. 53: 9378.
54- Shahhosseini N, Chinikar S, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM, Kayedi MH, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2017) West Nile Virus lineage-2 in Culex specimens from Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 22: 1343–1349.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Articles In Press | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dominance; Larval habitat characteristics; Water physicochemical features; Affinity index; Association index | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sofizadeh A, Arzamani K, Bahlekeh Y, Soudmand M, Azari-Hamidian S. Bionomics of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan National Park, a Biosphere Reserve, Northeastern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;.
