Bionomics of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan National Park, a Biosphere Reserve, Northeastern Iran†
Abstract
Background: Golestan National Park is the first, oldest, and most vast national park in Iran. It was registered as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1977. The park is located in Golestan, North Khorasan and Semnan Provinces. There is no information about the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in this park.
Methods: The larvae of mosquitoes were captured from various habitats using the standard 350 ml capacity dippers and also by pipettes, for small larval breeding sites, and buckets, for wells, during spring–autumn 2019. Larvae were preserved in lactophenol and mounted on microscope slides in Berlese medium and identified by morphological characters. The altitude and coordinates of the sampling localities, larval habitat characteristics and physicochemical features of habitat waters were recorded. Association and affinity indices were calculated.
Results: In total, 1349 larvae including 13 species across four genera were collected: Anopheles claviger, An. maculipennis s.l., An. moghulensis, An. superpictus s.l., Culex hortensis, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. torrentium, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. subochrea and Uranotaenia unguiculata. Anopheles moghulensis and Cx. torrentium were new to the region. Culiseta longiareolata (62.6%) displayed the most abundance. Anopheles maculipennis s.l., An. moghulensis and Cs. subochrea were the least specimens (0.1%). Larval habitat characteristics, physicochemical features of habitat waters, association occasions, and percentages were presented. The nitrate of water samples displayed a significant difference among the species (P= 0.003).
Conclusion: The study of bionomics of adult mosquitoes and detection of the vectors of different pathogens using serological or molecular-specific tests are recommended.
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3- Samin N, Ghahari H, Jedryczkowski WB (2015) A study on the Chrysomelidae (Col¬eoptera) from the Golestan Prov¬ince, northern Iran. Acta Phytopathol Ento¬mol Hung. 49(2): 253–260.
4- Khanahmadi S, Shayanmehr M, Bahman¬yar MA (2018) New record of Friesea afur-cata Tullberg, 1869 (Collembola, Neanu-ridae) in Golestan National Park (Hyrca-nian forests), Iran. J Insect Bio¬divers Syst. 4(3): 141–146.
5- Rogers DC, Soufi M (2013) A new species of Chirocephalus (Crustacea: Anostra¬ca) from Iran. Zootaxa. 3609(3): 319–326.
6- Gogala M, Schedl W (2008) A new Tettigetta species from Iran and its song (Hemip¬tera: Cicadidae, Cicadettinae). In: Makarov SE, Dimitrijević RN (Eds) Ad-vances in Arachnology and Devel¬op¬men-tal Biology, Monographs, Vol¬ume 12, In-stitute of Zo¬ology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Bel¬grade, pp. 395–404.
7- Ghahari H (2013) A study on Miridae (He-miptera: Heteroptera) from Golestan Na-tional Park, northern Iran. Linzer Biol Beitr. 45(2): 1983–1989.
8- Ghahari H, Fischer M (2011) A contribu-tion to the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Z Arb Gem Ost Ent. 63: 78–80.
9- Samin N, Ghahari H, Bagriacik N (2015) A contribution to the study of Megachi¬lidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Go¬lestan National Park, northern Iran. Nat So-mogy. 27: 63–68.
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15- Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Cu-licidae), a genus and species new to south¬western Asia, with a review of its medi¬cal and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772: 385–395.
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29- Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2015) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (1): 49–59.
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31- Sofizadeh A, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Ozbaki GM, Gharaninia A, Sahneh E, Dankoob R, Malaka A, Fallah S, Ne¬mani S (2018) Fauna and larval habitats char-acteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Golestan Province, north¬east of Iran, 2014–2015. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 12(3): 240–251.
32- Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Ver¬tical distribution, biodiversity, and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval habitats of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Chahar¬ma¬hal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Inter J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
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2- Akhani H (1998) Plant Biodiversity of Go-lestan National Park, Iran. Biolo-giezentrum des OÖ Landesmuseums, Stapfia. 53: 1–411.
3- Samin N, Ghahari H, Jedryczkowski WB (2015) A study on the Chrysomelidae (Col¬eoptera) from the Golestan Prov¬ince, northern Iran. Acta Phytopathol Ento¬mol Hung. 49(2): 253–260.
4- Khanahmadi S, Shayanmehr M, Bahman¬yar MA (2018) New record of Friesea afur-cata Tullberg, 1869 (Collembola, Neanu-ridae) in Golestan National Park (Hyrca-nian forests), Iran. J Insect Bio¬divers Syst. 4(3): 141–146.
5- Rogers DC, Soufi M (2013) A new species of Chirocephalus (Crustacea: Anostra¬ca) from Iran. Zootaxa. 3609(3): 319–326.
6- Gogala M, Schedl W (2008) A new Tettigetta species from Iran and its song (Hemip¬tera: Cicadidae, Cicadettinae). In: Makarov SE, Dimitrijević RN (Eds) Ad-vances in Arachnology and Devel¬op¬men-tal Biology, Monographs, Vol¬ume 12, In-stitute of Zo¬ology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Bel¬grade, pp. 395–404.
7- Ghahari H (2013) A study on Miridae (He-miptera: Heteroptera) from Golestan Na-tional Park, northern Iran. Linzer Biol Beitr. 45(2): 1983–1989.
8- Ghahari H, Fischer M (2011) A contribu-tion to the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Golestan National Park, northern Iran. Z Arb Gem Ost Ent. 63: 78–80.
9- Samin N, Ghahari H, Bagriacik N (2015) A contribution to the study of Megachi¬lidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Go¬lestan National Park, northern Iran. Nat So-mogy. 27: 63–68.
10- Alipanah H (2019) Ratasa alienalis (Evers¬mann, 1844) (Lep.: Pyralidae: Phyciti¬nae), a genus and species new to Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 5(4): 263–267.
11- Namroodi S, Arabkhazaeli F, Mills JN (2018) First report of Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus turanicus infestation in Per¬sian leopard (Panthera pardus saxi-color), Golestan National Park, Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 12(4): 381–385.
12- Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Strickman DA (2021) Mosquitoes of the World. Vol-umes 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins Uni¬versity Press, Baltomore.
13- Harbach RE (2024) Mosquito taxonomic inventory. Available at: http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory. (accessed 19 March 2024).
14- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mosqui¬toes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medi¬cal and veterinary im¬portance. Acta Trop. 194: 106–122.
15- Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Norouzi B (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Cu-licidae), a genus and species new to south¬western Asia, with a review of its medi¬cal and veterinary importance. Zootaxa. 4772: 385–395.
16- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of Aedes (Ae¬des) cinereus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Zool Middle East. 70(2): 136–142.
17- Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Maleki H, Rezvani SM, Pourgholami M, Oshaghi MA (2024) First record of a medically important vector, the Asian tiger mos¬qui-to Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Dip-tera: Culicidae), using morphologi¬cal and molecular data in northern Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst. 10(4): 953–963.
18- Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2023) Ar¬thropod-borne and arthropod-related vi¬ruses in Iran and neighboring coun¬tries. Parazitol. 57(5): 356–440.
19- Zaim M (1987) The distribution and lar¬val habitat characteristics of Iranian Cu¬lic-inae. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc. 3: 568–573.
20- Azari-Hamidian S (2005) Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the ge¬nus Culiseta Felt, 1904 (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) in the Caspian Sea littoral, Iran. Zool Mid-dle East. 36: 59–66.
21- Azari-Hamidian S (2007) Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the ge¬nus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Guilan Prov-ince, Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 1 (1): 9–20.
22- Azari-Hamidian S (2011) Larval habitat characteristics of the genus Anopheles (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) and a checklist of mos¬quitoes in Guilan Province, northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 37–53.
23- Dehghan H, Moosa-Kazemi S, Zahirnia AH, Davari B, Sharifi F (2011) Larval habi¬tat diversity and species composi¬tion of mos-quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ham¬adan Prov¬ince. J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 18 (3): 50–58 (Persian).
24- Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49: 91–100.
25- Hanafi-Bojd A-A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Doosti S, Azari-Hamidian S (2017) Lar-val habitats, affinity and diversity indi¬ces of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in south-ern Iran. Inter J Mosq Res. 4: 27–38.
26- Banafshi O, Abai MR, Ladonni H, Bakh-shi H, Karami H, Azari-Hamidian A (2013) The fauna and ecology of mos-quito lar¬vae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. Turk J Zool. 37: 298–307.
27- Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Zare M (2014) Characterization of lerval hab¬itats for anopheline mosquitoes in a ma¬larious area under elimination program in the southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl. 1): 73–80.
28- Ladonni H, Azari-Hamidian S, Alizadeh M, Abai MR, Bakhshi H (2015) The Fau-na, habitats, and affinity indices of mos-quito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iran. North-West J Zool. 11(1): 76–85.
29- Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahirnia AH, Sharifi F, Davari B (2015) The fauna and ecol-ogy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9 (1): 49–59.
30- Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Ha-midian S, Mousavinasab SN, Arabi M, Ziapour SP, Shojaee J, Enayati A (2017) Species composition and abun¬dance of mosquito larvae in relation with their hab-itat characteristics in Ma¬zandaran Prov-ince, northern Iran. Bull Entomol Res. 107 (5): 598–610.
31- Sofizadeh A, Shoraka HR, Mesgarian F, Ozbaki GM, Gharaninia A, Sahneh E, Dankoob R, Malaka A, Fallah S, Ne¬mani S (2018) Fauna and larval habitats char-acteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Golestan Province, north¬east of Iran, 2014–2015. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 12(3): 240–251.
32- Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Ver¬tical distribution, biodiversity, and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval habitats of mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Chahar¬ma¬hal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Inter J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
33- Shoraka HR, Sofizadeh A, Mehravaran A (2020) Larval habitat characteristics and predicting the distribution of Culex tri-taeniorhynchus using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model in Golestan Province (north of Iran). J Vector Borne Dis. 57: 259–267.
34- Asgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Seda-ghat MM, Dehghani R, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2021) Fauna and larval habitat charac¬teristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) in Kashan County, central Iran, 2019. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 15(1): 69–81.
35- Poudat A, Edalat H, Zaim M, Rezaei F, Sal¬im Abadi Y, Basseri HR (2023) Spe-cies composition and geographic distri-bution of Culicinae mosquitoes and their possi¬ble infection with West Nile Virus in Hor¬mozgan Province, southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 52(4): 809–817.
36- Ghanbari MR, Rakhsh Khorshid A, Salehi M, Hassanzehi A (2005) The study of physical and chemical factors affecting breeding places of Anopheles in Iranshahr. Tabib-e-Shargh, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci. 7: 221–227 (Persian).
37- Abai MR, Saghafipour A, Ladonni H, Jesri N, Omidi S, Azari-Hamidian S (2016) Phys¬icochemical characteristics of larval habitat waters of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu¬licidae) in Qom Province, central Iran. J Ar¬thropod-Borne Dis. 10(1): 65–77.
38- Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Ha-midian S, Mousavinasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Esfandyari SY, Enayati A (2017) Correlation between mosquito lar-val density and their habitat physico-chem¬ical characteristics in Mazandaran Prov¬ince, northern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11(8): e0005835.
39- Nikookar SH, Azari-Hamidian S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Nasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A (2016) Species composi-tion, co-occurrence, association and af-finity indices of mosquito larvae (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in Mazandaran Prov¬ince, north¬ern Iran. Acta Trop. 157: 20–29.
40- World Health Organization (1975) Manu¬al on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. WHO, Geneva.
41- Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar lar¬vae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078: 1–33.
42- Tischler W (1949) Grundzüge der ter-restrischen Tierökologie. Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig.
43- Heydemann B (1955) Die Frage der topog¬raphischen Übereinstimmung des Le¬bens¬raumes von Pflanzen- und Tierg-esell¬schaf¬ten. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges Er-langen. 19: 444–452.
44- Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Meth-ods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Chapman and Hall, London.
45- Silver JB (2008) Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods. Third Edition. Spring¬er, Dordrecht.
46- Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS (2012) Standard Methods for the Ex-amination of Water and Wastewater, 22 nd Edition. American Public Health As-sociation, American Water Works Asso-ciation, Water Environment Federation, Cenveo Publisher Services, Richmond.
47- Saebi ME (1987) Morphological Study on Anopheline Larvae and their Distribu¬tion in Iran. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.
48- Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Harbach RE (2009) Distri-bution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of diro¬filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial lar-vae in naturally infected local mosqui¬toes. Med Vet En¬tomol. 23: 111–121.
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| Issue | Articles In Press | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dominance; Larval habitat characteristics; Water physicochemical features; Affinity index; Association index | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sofizadeh A, Arzamani K, Bahlekeh Y, Soudmand M, Azari-Hamidian S. Bionomics of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Golestan National Park, a Biosphere Reserve, Northeastern Iran†. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;.
